دکتر حسین پرورش

The Persian Gulf is one of the most polluted seas in the world, and various factors play a role in this pollution. One of the causes of pollution in the Persian Gulf is the problems caused by the ballast water of ships. In this research, the challenges of ballast water in incoming ships to Shahid Rajaei port in Bandar Abbas were studied and prioritized so in the first step criteria and challenges were studied from existing documents and expert comments, 3 criteria and 22 challenges were identified and then criteria and challenges were prioritized using AHP method. Results showed that the execution criterion (with 0.367 weight) is the most important of 3 criteria and from 22 challenges that were identified, regional cooperation (with 0.102 weight) is the most important challenge and in the second place there is the participatory activities challenge (with 0.095 weight), also results showed that the lesser challenges are public participation (with 0.0184 weight) and operation ability in all situation with 0.018 weight.  Therefore, it is recommended that regulations be developed to focus on managing the marine environment and coastal areas and that codified environmental monitoring programs be included in the agenda of the relevant organizations.

Mangrove forests in Iran are spread over about 11,000 ha and in the shores of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, between 25º 11 to 27º 52´ from Goatar Bay in Sistan and Baluchistan province to Bardkhon in Bushehr province. These forests are valueable due to the having sensitive biophysical resources, breeding important and biodiversity. At the same time, they are in the rank of one of the most important marine sensitive areas and need proper management. The purpose of this study is to assess the risks of mangrove forests in the international wetlands of Rud-e-Shur, Rud-e-Shirin and Rud-e-Minab using the DPSIR model. Based on the studies of existing documents, as well as the opinions and experts, environmental hazards were identified in the investigation of Driving Forces, Pressures, State, Impacts and Responses models. Finally, using the Delphi phase, out of a total of 78 factors threatening of wetland, a total of 30 environmental risks were identified and prioritized. At the second stage, the intensity of the effect, the probability of occurrence and the sensitivity of the environment accepting the specified risks and threats are scored in five categories: very high, high, medium, low and very low (in the numerical range of 1 to 5) and finally using the method TOPSIS and TOPSIS Solver software were rated. The results of the study showed that 30 risky factors including 24 human and 7 environmental origin cases; put living and existence of International Wetland into danger and risk. 5 threat indicators with human origin include population growth, human activities, excessive harvesting of ecosystem services, aquaculture, and management weakness; 2 threat indicators with environmental origin include drought and climate change have been prioritized. Based on the results of risk factors rankings, human and aquaculture activities were identified in particular order with 0.912 and 0.648 coefficient as two intolerance ranks among threat indicators factors in the international wetland. Also, oil smuggling, destruction of habitat, and transmission of shrimp farming effluent into Wetland, was classified as 1, 0.87, 0.75 respectively, ranking in the first to third risk factors. According to the amount of Cli, two factors of oil smuggling and destruction of habitats are categorized in intolerable risks. Two factors of the transfer of wastewater from shrimp farms to the wetland and water pollution are categorized at the noteworthy category, as well as the countless traffic of vessels inside the lagoon and the creation of shrimp farm channels in the estuaries leading to the lagoon are in the category of tolerable risks, respectively, in the first to sixth priorities, which require control measures to reduce environmental risks. In order to protect the studied international wetland, it is necessary to promote public information about the ecological characteristics and effects of the wetland in the environment of the province, as well as the threats facing them through public education. Educating everyone about the necessity and method of protecting the environment of wetland and the effects of neglecting its destruction, drafting laws, regulations, criteria and executive standards regarding fuel smuggling, along with the appropriate executive guarantee of the government and finally the organization's forecast. Implementation guidelines and mechanisms to include environmental considerations in the country's development plans are the pillars without which the desired goals cannot be achieved.

The aim of this study was to identify the type and frequency of microplastic particles in the soft tissue of banana shrimp species on the shores of the Persian Gulf. Five stations along the west coast of Bandar Abbas with different levels of industrialization and urbanization were selected. A sampling station on the beach of Bandar Moallem was also selected as a control sample. Preparation and digestion of samples for separation of microplastic particles using flotation method were performed after collection and biometrics of biological samples. Then the properties of microplastics such as shape, color, size and type of particles were examined by microscope and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-FTIR. To ensure the accuracy of the measurement and the recovery rate of the proposed method, spike matrix samples were prepared and analyzed under the same method as for the original samples. The identified forms included fiber, part and film that fiber and film microplastics were the highest and lowest forms detected in the studied species, respectively. The detected particles were classified into three categories: 0.25-45, 25-250 and 250-500 micrometers. Most of the particles (66%) were in the size range of 0.45-25 micrometers and had black and blue colors. In addition, the polymers of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene and polyamide were the most common polymers identified. The average frequency of microplastics in the studied samples of banana shrimp on the west coast of Bandar Abbas was 2.57±1.23, and on the coast of Bandar Moallem was 1.57±1.15. The results of correlation analysis showed that there is a positive correlation between the frequency of microplastic particles in the soft tissue of the studied samples and their body size (weight and length) at the level of 0.01. All the samples contained microplastics, which due to the fact that banana shrimp plays an important role in the food chain of the people in this region, can potentially cause many health problems in the long run.

The aim of this study was to investigate changes process of vegetative characteristics of mangrove seedlings over time and determination of chlorophyll content in different concentrations of desalination sewage. After collecting propagules from 30 healthy mother trees and planting them, propagules were irrigated with water treatments of 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of desalination sewage. Then vegetative characteristics of seedlings were measured every two weeks in different treatments and analyzed using repeated measure model. The amount of chlorophyll a and b were measured by Arnon method and compared using ANOVA. The results showed that changes in height growth, length and radial growth of leaf of mangrove seedlings had significant differences over time. Gradient of height growth and length growth of leaf was sharp at the beginning and then trend increased gradually. Radial leaf growth was slowly increasing with increasing time and was almost zero at the end of the period. The average of height growth, length and radial growth of leaf decreased at high amount of concentration of desalination sewage. The amount of chlorophyll a (5.37mg/g), b (1.30 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (6.67 mg/g) were the highest in the 0% treatment. According to the results, growth slows down over time with increasing age, and at high concentrations, this decline becomes more intense. Therefore, it was recommended that suitable management programs should be used in using of desalination set and sewage removing in order to minimize mangrove forest damages.

Mangrove forests are fragile ecosystems that are very sensitive to human activities. For this purpose, in this study, for the first time, effects of desalination sewage on vegetative characteristics and vitality of mangrove seedlings have been investigated. After collecting propagules from healthy mother trees and planting them in September 2020, propagules were irrigated twice a day with water treatments of 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of desalination sewage. After 6 months, vegetative characteristics and vitality of seedlings were measured in different treatments and compared using ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis test. The results showed that diameter growth (3.40 mm), height growth (50.10 cm), root length (33.58 cm) and leaf area (21.67 cm2) were the highest in the control treatment. Also, the number of leaves and the degree of vitality had significant differences in  different treatments. Also, control and 20% concentration treatments (24 and 30.41 mS.cm) had the least and highest amounts of soil salinity (p<0.05), respectively. The results showed that desalination sewage has a negative role on the vegetative characteristics of mangrove seedlings. The higher concentration of desalination sewage, the greater negative effects on vegetative characteristics. Totally, the critical effect of desalination sewage concentration on the vegetative characteristics of mangrove seedlings could be reported from 10% concentration. Therefore, it was recommended to use suitable management programs in the use of desalination set and sewage remove in order to minimize the mangrove forest damages.

Despite the initial need of seeds and seedlings of grey mangroves (Avicennia Marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) for semi-shade, they are very low under the canopy of trees of this species in Hormozgan province, Iran. For this purpose, in this study, the effects of possible inhibition of pneumatophores and leaves of mangrove trees on the vegetative characteristics of grey mangrove seedlings in greenhouse conditions have been investigated. After collection of propagules from healthy mother trees and cultivating them in September 2020, propagules were irrigated with concentrations of 0, 0.05, 1 and 2% of leaf and root extracts. After six months, the vegetative and biomass characteristics of mangrove seedlings were measured in different treatments and evaluated using two-way analysis of variance and Duncan test. The results showed that the diameter of growth (5.58 mm), height (29.27 cm), root length (27.73 cm), number of leaves (14.58) and root fresh weight (5.65 g) were the highest in the control treatment. Also in control and 2% treatment, root dry weight (1.02 and 0.77 g), stem fresh weight (12.77 and 10.59 g), stem dry weight (3.54 and 2.93 g), root water (4.62 and 3.29 g) and stem water (9.23 and 7.66 g) had the highest and lowest values, respectively. Investigation of organ × concentration interactions showed that leaf extract had a significant reduction effects on root fresh weight and root water in 2% treatment compared to those in the other treatments. According to the results, increasing of leaf and root extracts concentration of grey mangrove trees has a inhibitory role on the vegetative characteristics of seedlings of this species, so in reforestaion and afforestation of gery mangrove trees, the seedlings should be planted at a suitable distance from the trees.

The aim of this study was to compare the richness, diversity, and evenness of soil macrofauna and the factors affecting it during the growing and dormant seasons in Amygdlus scoparia Spach stand in the protected area of Geno located in Hormozgan province, Iran. After the selection of a half-hectare stand of Amygdalus scoparia in the Geno protected area, 10 soil samples were randomly collected in the depth of 15 cm, under the crown of trees in growing and dormant seasons in order to measure physiochemical characteristics and identify soil macrofauna and their relations. After macrofauna separation, samples were transferred to the laboratory for physiochemical analysis. All variables were compared across two seasons using T-Test analysis (p <0.05) and the correlation of variables was analyzed using Pearson correlation (p <0.01). The results showed that all soil properties (nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and temperature) except electrical conduction and soil acidity in the growing season were significantly higher than those in dormant season. The frequency and biomass of macrofauna in the growing season were 1060 in m2 and 5.9 mg.m-2, respectively, comapred to 90 in m2 and 0.7 mg.m-2 obtained for dormant seasons. Further, the indices of Margalef, Menhinick, Simpson, Shannon and Waever, and evenness Pielou and Hill in growing season (2.55, 2.15, 0.79, 1.77, 0.89, and 0.93) were significantly higher than those in dormant season (0.23, 0.53, 0.09, 0.13, 0.49, and 0.19, respectively). Soil macrofauna frequency along with biodiversity, richness, and Pielou evenness indices showed positive and significant correlations with organic carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and soil temperature.