فهرست مطالب a.khalili

Climate change scenarios, in terms of water resources and environment, do not predict a prosperous future for Iran. The main solutions for managing climate change are based on mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and adaption to it. Adaption to climate change is more beneficial and practical for arid and semi-arid regions, especially for developing countries. According to the IPCC 2022 report, Iran is, unfortunately, one of the few countries that have not taken effective actions at the strategic, political and planning levels in order to mitigate climate change. It seems that the involvement of the country's legislative/executive bodies in the issue of climate change adaptation is the most effective way to overcome the existing problems and shortcomings, and this is despite the fact that the draft of the 7th Development Plan seems to be silent on this matter and no separate chapter has been assigned to it. Since the climate change foresight is one of the main requirements of planning, the proposal and approval of the Iran's Integrated Climate Change Law, which includes the national action plan to promote adaptation to climate change, can make it possible to achieve the goals of the plan. Adaptation to climate change also creates new research issues in many fields, including agriculture and food security. Fortunately, this issue is included in the 7th Development Program Bill, with the aim of improving the productivity and effectiveness of research, emphasizing on academic research, including postgraduate theses. Evaluation of research topics is done in the communication line of the Ideas and Needs System: https://nan.ac. Studies related to Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change, which is almost neglected in national studies, is also a topic that can be considered in this research field.

With the current issue, the journal of agricultural meteorology starts its tenth year of publication among Iranian-scientific journals. On the other hand, 2023 is the fiftieth year of the establishment of educational, research and implementation activities in the field of agrometeorology. On this occasion, the editorial topic of this issue is dedicated to a brief introduction of agricultural meteorology and its fifty-year advancements in Iran. Agricultural meteorology entered the circle of applied sciences when in the early 1930s scientists attentions were focused on the physical processes of agricultural soils, crops micrometeorology and other factors affecting crops yield enhancement. Therefore, by the late 1950s, many of the physical laws of physiological processes of agricultural crops, water-soil-plant relationship and crops microclimates were known. The use of meteorological data, from the 1970s onwards, for optimizing of agricultural and horticultural operational managements, entered the practical stage in most countries of the world. From the end of the last century until now, the technology of remote sensing and smart agriculture has been used and developed. In Iran, the organized activities of agricultural meteorology started at the end of 1973, therefore, the following plans were made: 1) training of agricultural meteorology experts, 2) designing and implementing of agricultural meteorology network, and 3) equipping the necessary technical tools for this network. Unfortunately, only the first step was relatively managed, while the other two steps were not put to actions for several years. The objectives of Iranian agricultural meteorology expansion, for this period, were pursued and resumed from 1991 onwards. In the final part of this note, the process of intensifying education, research, advisory services and challenges are mentioned. Currently, the agricultural meteorology postgraduate studies are active in universities of Tehran, Ferdowsi, Sari, Semnan, Buali Sina and Azad up to the doctoral level. Mashhad Climatology Research Institute, which has a positive and older experience, is also considered one of the strong arms of agricultural meteorology in Iran. The Ilam Agro-meteorological research institute is also a relatively new fundamental research center, which established in this field. Based on these findings, the country's educational and research performance in the discussed field would be evaluated positive, but absolutely insufficient.

The World Meteorological Day 2023's theme is “The Future of Weather, Climate and Water across Generations” and it refers to the situation that the future will face. These three components together with the soil element form the main fundamentals of food security. The current note states that although the quantitative and qualitative unfavorable variations of these three components have global dimensions and covers many regions of the world , but what differentiates countries from each other in terms of the degree of damages due to these changes is the ways of managing and balancing water resources and water consumptions, as well as the implementation of resistance, resilience and adaptation programs in the face of crises. This study deals with the damages caused to the weather, water and climate in Iran and emphasizes that climate change and drought alone are not the cause of environmental crises. Especially, the effects of drought and climate change in the occurrence of water crisis are much less compared to the effect of water resources management. It has been concluded that drought like wet year is a natural, expectable and repeatable climatic phenomenon. Based on the 120 years rainfall data analysis of four old stations in Iran (Isfahan, Bushehr, Tehran and Mashhad) it has been concluded that the one, two, three, four and five consecutive years lasting droughts in Iran, regardless of their severity, occur once every four, eight, 17, 33 and 40 years in average. In fact, the water wealth of the country is the rainfall that the spatial average of which fluctuates between 140 and 350 millimeters in different years and it is necessary to consider this limitation as fundamental assumption in weather climate, water and soil challenges of the present and future generations.

Due to the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children and the importance of this developmental period, self-management plays a very important role in disease management. This study was designed to determine the relationship between self-monitoring of blood sugar (SMBG) and self-management behaviors in children with type 1 diabetes.

The present study was a correlational-descriptive study which carried out in Besat’s Teaching University hospital in the city of Hamadan, 2021. Through simple random sampling, 92 children with type 1 diabetes, aged between 9 to 12 were included to the study. Subjects completed the demographic, self-monitoring and diabetes self-management questionnaires validated by Cheraghi et al. (2013). Data analysis was done by independent t-test and Pearson correlation in SPSS-20.

The average scores of self-management dimensions were obtained, including blood sugar measurement range (14.63±3.50), compliance with insulin therapy (39.39±8.49), compliance with diet (41.84±10.36) and physical activity (19.60±4.69). There was a direct and significant relationship between total self-management behavior score and self-management dimensions’ score with blood sugar self-monitoring (p<0.001).

There was a significant relationship between self-monitoring of blood sugar and self-management behaviors in children with type 1 diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended that self-monitoring of blood sugar by children with type 1 diabetes should be done more carefully and regularly so that the children with type 1 diabetes can have better self-management upon this disease.

Innovative and sustainable agricultural water management is critical in adaptation programs to climate variability and change, and emerging, eco-friendly irrigation technologies are expected to play a key role in the world's future water and food security. The current study was carried out with the aim of discussing pros and cons of new irrigation and agricultural water technologies in the world, and the possibility of application of these technologies in Iran. These techniques are classified into seven categories: smart technology, nanotechnology, greenhouse technology, superabsorbent technology, cloud seeding technology, deep water technology, and seawater desalination technology. These technologies are analyzed in terms of economics, water and energy usage, and certain environmental factors (such as toxicity and greenhouse gas emissions). The state-of-the-art of modern irrigation and agricultural water technologies in Iran is examined, and the issue of their domestic application is matched with the country’s potentials. According to documentary studies, our country is at the beginning of the road in terms of intelligent technologies for agricultural water management and nanotechnology, and further study is required to employ these technologies. However, intelligent irrigation management utilizing crop growth and yield models, mobile phone applications, and micro-irrigation implementation was proposed as a feasible solution. The use of silver nanoparticles was suggested for the disinfection of water in remote areas, and the use of titanium dioxide for areas that do not have power supply problems. Employing the vertical farming is not recommended in the country due to the problems of electrical power supply and air pollution and presence of unlimited arable land. The technology of artificial light and solar panels has been adopted in Iran and more research is needed to justify their applications in greenhouses. Cloud seeding, deep water, and seawater desalination technologies have become indigenous to Iran. Cloud seeding is ineffective to alleviating droughts and strengthening aquifers. Because of the environmental consequences, the employment of deep-water technologies is not recommended. Employing of seawater desalination technologies for drinking and industrial (not agricultural) uses is cost effective.

De Martonne climate classification is one of the first generation of classifications that are mainly aimed to assess plant ecology and the degree of aridity of areas in relation to their natural vegetation. This classification is quantitative and its climatic ranks are defined based on the values of the aridity index  (P is average annual precipitation in mm and T is average annual temperature in °C). In order to increase its efficiency in climatic identification of different regions, especially those located in the middle latitudes such as Iran two extensions have been applied to this classification (Khalili 1988): 1) due to recognizable difference that can be seen in the vegetation geography of the arid zone areas, its climate , was divided into two sub-climates named Extra-arid and Arid desert climate; 2): Due to the importance of the role of winter temperatures in the plant ecosystem, each climate class was divided into four sub-climates: very -cold, cold, moderate and warm based on the average minimum daily temperature in the coldest month of the year (m) .The article states that the two parameters (T) and (m) can represent the annual temperature regime, and for this reason, the (m) parameter increases the classification accuracy. The thresholds (a) and (m) of this classification are presented in Table 1 in the main text. A comparative study of the researches carried out for the preparation of two climate maps of Iran in the E.D.C. showed that the differences are primarily due to the density of the network of stations and their dispersion rather than the difference in climatic periods. In this article, an attempt has been made to classify the climate of the world in the Extended de Martonne system. The aridity index is indeterminate or meaningless in areas where the average annual temperature is equal to or less than -10 °C, so their climate cannot be defined in E.D.C.. Because there is such a situation in the arctic as well as in the high latitudes, their climate was named " polar" which covers 15% of the world's land .In addition, it has been shown that the (a) index does not provide an accurate assessment of the aridity of the environment in areas where the average annual temperature is in the range of -5 to -10°C. The climate of these regions was called quasi-polar, which is discussed in this article. About 8.5% of the world's landmasses have this feature.

De Martonne's classification is a widely used and well-known method in climatology, which is fast and suitable for zoning regions in terms of aridity evaluation. In the 1990s, in order to increase the efficiency of the method, the author developed the temperature parameter of the above-mentioned classification and based on it he defined several sub-climates for each of the main climate classes, which was named "Extended de Martonne Classification". In the next step, the necessary data processing was done with the participation of the colleagues of the University of Tehran, whose names are included in the map documents, and the first map of Iran's climatic divisions was compiled and published by the proposed method. In the present note while expressing happiness with the recent re-publishing of this map by a research institute, it is regretted that this was done without mentioning the source and by removing the names of the authors and the identification details of its documents. The date of creation of the map is also wrongly mentioned as 2021 and induces a new work which is not acceptable. At the same time, this republishing became a motivation to prepare a note about this classification and related findings about Iran. Also, in the continuation of the work, the map of world climatic divisions based on CRU[1] data was compiled and presented. The above-mentioned article entitled "A Comparative study on climate maps of Iran in extended de Martonne classification and application of the method for world climate zoning" is presented in this issue with the hope that it will attract the attention of climate researchers to criticize and complete the shortcomings of the method. 

One of the effective methods against stress in seed germination is to use the seed priming technique. For this purpose, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete design was carried out on the effect of salicylic acid pretreatment (500, 1000, and 1500 mM) on germination and some seed characteristics of borage (Borago officinalis. L.) under salinity levels (50, 100 and 150 mM). The traits included length, weight, ratio of root and shoot, seed protein concentration, and seed germination percentage. Based on the results in response to salinity stress conditions, seed morphological growth changed drastically, reducing the length of the radicle and shoot as well as their weight decreased. However, salicylic acid treatment by changing the ratio caused maintenance and stability of the morphological activity in borage seeds. In general, salicylic acid treatment under salinity stress can be used to enhance the germination and growth activity of borage.

Polynomial neural network (PNN) is a supervised learning algorithm which is one of the most popular models used in real applications. The architectural complexity of polynomial neural network in terms of both number of partial descriptions (PDs) and number of layers, leads to more computation time and more storage space requirement. In general, it can be said that the architecture of the polynomial neural networks is very complex and it requires large memory and computation time. In this research, a novel approach has been proposed to improve the classification performance of a polynomial neural network using the Whale Optimization Algorithm (PNN-WOA). In this approach, the PDs are generated at the first layer based on the combination of two features. The second layer nodes consists of PDs generated in the first layer, input variables and bias. Finally, the polynomial neural network output is obtained by sum of weighted values of the second layer outputs. Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), the best vector of weighting coefficients will be obtained in such a way that the PNN network reach to the highest classification accuracy. Eleven different dataset from UCI database has been used as input data of proposed PNN-WOA and the results has been presented. The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches such as PNN-RCGA, PNN-MOPPSO, RCPNN-PSO and S-TWSVM in most cases. For datasets, an improvement of accuracy between 0.18% and 10.33% can be seen. Also, the results of the Friedman test indicate the statistical superiority of the proposed PNN-WOA model compared to other methods with p value of 0.039.

Awarding half of the 2021 Physics Nobel Prize to climate change scientists, as well as holding the UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in October 2021 is the editorial pretext of this issue.a) Syukuro Manabe & Klaus Hasselmann have been able to take a deep look at the nature and quantity of variables that shape and effect the earth's climate system. They laid a solid foundation for the development of physical climate models and increased the level of their reliability and outputs and also confirmed the man-made nature of global warming. Based on climate models, it is now possible to predict the future conditions of the earth and lands under different scenarios of human behaviors with the environment.b) The Glasgow Climate Change Conference (COP26) has confirmed that the global average temperature has increased by 1.1 degrees Celsius since the beginning of the industrial revolution, and 90% of this increase, which is mainly due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is human-induced. The main motivation of the conference was to coordinate and commit countries to achieve the following goals: 1) Secure global net- zero emissions by the mid-century, and keep warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius to prevent catastrophic events; 2) Agreement and compatibility for protecting communities and natural habitats; 3) Collaborate to mobilize financial resources to implement these objectives; and 4) Finally work together to deliver and implement the goals of the Paris agreement (the detailed rules that make the Paris Agreement operational.c) The quantity and quality of our national researches on climate change is evaluated positive, however it seems necessary to redefine research topics in the agricultural sector towards mitigation of agricultural-induced GHG emissions, and adaptation to climate change.In conclusion, though, the achievements of the conference to save our planet are disappointing, but at the same time, the agreements reached are positive steps in slowing down the global warming.

The draft of Iran’s new water law has recently been released by the Ministry of Energy for reviewing and further examination of the draft by experts and public opinions. The bill will soon to be sent to Parliament for approval. This editorial note proposes a concise summary of the 78 comments posted on the Ministry of Energy Website, commented in the country's newspapers as well as viewed by virtual groups of professionals, specialists and academicians long engaged in the water industry. In this note all comments and responses have been divided into three categories: positive standpoints, raising questions, and theoretical criticisms. Regardless of their differences, these views have emphasized on the need for investigation, analyzing and assessing the causes of the unsuccessful implementation of the previous law before taking any action. Commentators widely emphasize on the need for a multidimensional approach to water management including managements of water supply diversification, water use and control, water demands and consumption, and moreover, clarification of strategies for desired changes in water governance. Almost all views make strong recommendations for a profound analysis and evaluation of the structure of the bill. Finally, the writer concludes that since the current government term will end within a few months, it would be wise and rational to postpone the implementation of the new regulation until after the formation of the new cabinet. This will provide a sufficient time for experts and professional to review, evaluate and examine all raised questions and address the issues and the matters of concerns.

Fish as a main source of omega-3 and protein is widely consumed across the world. However, fish muscle is susceptible to putrefaction during storage. The aims of this study were to compare the effect of free and nano capsulated saffron petal extract on (bio) chemical, microbial and sensory properties of rainbow-trout fillet. Free saffron-petal extract (FSPE) and its nano capsulate (NSPE) were prepared by enzymatic-hydrolysis and coating with the core (FSPE), wall (50:50 maltodextrin/whey-protein concentrates MD/WPC) ratio of 1:4 respectively. The fillets were soaked into three solutions of FSPE and NSPE at 10% w/v as well as ionized water (control), dried with ambient-air, packed in aerobic condition and polyethylene bags and kept in refrigerator (15-day at 4±1ºC). Scanning-electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy of NSPE confirmed the successful coating of particles and interactions between the FSPE and MD/WPC. The total-viable and psychrophilic bacteria-count of samples treated with saffron-petal extract was significantly lower than those of control samples. The difference between NSPE and FSPE samples was not significant (p>0.05). The lowest thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total-volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value obtained in NSPE samples was 1.44 mg MDA/kg and 16.44 mgN2/100g after 9 days at 4ºC storage (p<0.05). The best sensory score was obtained for NSPE samples. The shelf-life of control fish was 5-8 days, while this time for NSPE and FSPE samples were 9-13 and 8-13 respectively. Overall, encapsulation of free saffron petal extract with maltodextrin/whey protein concentrate is recommended for its higher protection against chemical and microbial degradation.

In this paper, a dynamic model is provided to obtain the waveform of the unbalanced magnetic force in the wound rotor induction machines with static eccentricity. The provided dynamic model is based on the voltage state-space equations of the coupled circuits in the eccentric induction machine. In the model the slotting effect and saturation is neglected and the slot ampere turn is distributed on the slot opening. To avoid computation of the air gap flux density and evade of magnetic pressure integration in each time-step of Runge-Kutta computations and consequently reducing the computation time of dynamic simulations, a static function of the stator and rotor windings’ currents are proposed for computation of the unbalanced magnetic force. The parameter of the proposed function is obtained by analyzing the air gap field density by using winding function theory. Finally, the waveform of the unbalanced magnetic force of the eccentric induction machine is obtained and verified by time-stepping finite elemnt analysis.

Medicinal plants are widely used in traditional and modern industrial medicine. For this purpose, the effect of salicylic acid pre-treatment on germination and some seed characteristics of borage (Borago officinalis L.), under salinity stress carried out as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with three levels of salicylic acid (500, 1000 and 1500 mM) and salinity stress (50, 100 and 150 mM). Measured traits included root and stem length, seed germination energy, seed vigor, proline content in root and stem, germination rate and final germination percentage. According to the results, the effect of salicylic acid under salinity stress showed significant effect on studied traits. Increased salinity caused decrease in seed and germination indices. In general, application of salicylic acid as a seed pre-treatment improved growth and germination.

Iran with a long-term mean annual precipitation of 254 mm (210 mm in short-term of drought period), mean annual potential evaporation of more than 2000 mm, and dominance of arid and semi-arid climates over 85% of its area is located in one of the driest regions of the world. These factors have led to the dependence of most agricultural productions in Iran on the surface water and groundwater. In this article, based on the statistics and documents collected from the reliable sources, the current situation of agricultural water resources and uses in the country has been studied and analyzed. In addition, the adequacy of agricultural water resources under the current and future conditions, the position of the country in terms of water resources and uses in the world, pathology and solutions to get out of the current situation have been studied and analyzed. Examination of available documents shows that despite the increase in irrigation water efficiency and productivity in the field in recent years, lack of attention to climatic and water resources potentials and unplanned development of agricultural lands to meet the food needs of the country's growing population have led to overexploiting the surface water and groundwater resources, and hence, the destruction of aquifers. Reducing water use in agriculture along with increasing agricultural water productivity and implementing groundwater balance plans have been proposed as the key solutions to the existing challenges.

The plan to merge the National Meteorological Organization into the Ministry of Energy is currently under investigation by the specialized commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament).  The reasoning for the proposal could be due to the very close affinity of technical issues, areas of work on meteorological and hydrological topics, the high information dependence of these two sectors, the parallel works and finally waste of the country's capital. In the present note the tasks overlap of the National Meteorological Organization with those of the Ministry of Energy considers small, and limits just to the measurements of some water balance parameters estimation. As such, it has been argued that creating a Common Database could provide the same result as if merging the two organizations. Therefore, it is suggested that the following two options be considered: 1) either the current status quo be maintained, or 2) upgrade the current organization to a higher level under the presidency. Finally, in both cases, to play a synergistic role in providing qualified data and data processing, the emphasis is on creating a Common Hydrometeorological Database.

Coarse woody debris (CWD) play important structural and biogeochemical roles in forest ecosystem processes. The aim of this study was to determine the wood density and biomass of beech and hornbeam and its relationship with different degrees of decay and diameter classes in Khairud educational and research forest, Nowshahr city, Mazandaran province. First, in an area of 50 hectares, CWD (with a median diameter of more than 7.5 cm) were fully survived and inventoried.  Then, to determine the wood density of CWD, three cubic samples (close to the pith, close to the bark, and between the pith and bark) with dimensions of 2 × 2 × 2 cm were taken from each CWD and transferred to the laboratory. After determining the types of wood density (wet, dry, and critical density) in the laboratory, the samples were grinded, and using standard laboratory methods, the carbon and nitrogen elements of CWD were measured based on different decay grades and diameter classes. The results showed that the wood density types decrease with an increasing degree of CWD decay grade. Also, the dry wood density of Beech CWD and downed Beech CWD decreases significantly with increasing diameter. The results related to the amount of biomass showed that this value increases with an increasing degree of decay. Based on diameter classes, with an increasing diameter of CWD, the amount of biomass showed an increasing trend. The results also showed that with increasing degree of decay and diameter of CWD, their carbon storage increases. But in the case of nitrogen storage, due to the lack of significant differences, no specific pattern was observed. In general, it can be said that the presence of large CWD in the forest is very important ecologically, because stores more carbon. On the other hand, the preservation of CWD in the forest is in line with close to nature management.

The current study aimed to characterize the hydroxyapatite, zirconia, and graphene oxide nanocomposite coatings on titanium substrate by the use of electrophoretic deposition. In the first stage, besides the characterization of the created composite coating, the thickness and uniformity of the created coating were evaluated by the use of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Also, the distribution of the Nano-powder particles was investigated by the elemental analysis. In the second stage, by the use of X-ray diffraction analysis, the position of the materials used in the coating was drawn and investigated. In the third stage, in order to evaluate the coating’s corrosion behavior due to the addition of nanoparticles to the hydroxyapatite and compare it with the non-coated sample, the electrochemical analyses in the form of chemical polarization were investigated and analyzed with drawing the related charts. Finally, in the fourth stage, the antibacterial tests on the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus bacteria on the coating were conducted and compared to the uncoated alloy samples. The corrosion test results indicated that the use of nano-composite coating leads to the increase in corrosion resistance of the surface. The antibacterial tests results demonstareted that the use of nano-composite coating effectively decreases the bacteria growth on the surface.

Burn is one of the most common events in childhood. Pain relief in burned patients helps to stabilize the patientchr('39')s hemodynamic parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of auditory deviation on dressing replacement pain in children aged 6-12 years.

In this single-blind clinical trial with a control group, 80 children aged 6-12 years admitted to the burn ward of Besat Hospital in Hamadan were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly divided into two groups of control and intervention. Data were collected using a demographic profile checklist and Oucher pain scale. From two minutes before the end of the dressing, special childrenchr('39')s music was played for the auditory group. In both groups, pain intensity was measured and recorded 10 minutes before dressing, at intervals of two minutes during dressing and 5 minutes after dressing. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software and chi-square tests, one-way analysis of variance and analysis of variance with repeated measures.

The results showed that no significant differences were found in the demographic characteristics of children and parents between the intervention and control groups. The mean pain intensity scores at all times of measurement were statistically significant between the intervention and control groups and in general, the pain intensity score in children in the intervention group was lower than the control group (p<0.001).

In general, the results showed that the method of auditory aberration is effective in reducing the severity of burn pain in children. Therefore, nurses can use this method as a cheap and accessible method that has no side effects on and interference with other therapeutic interventions to improve the pain relief of changing childrenchr('39')s burn dressings.

Todays, modern materials are widely used for construction of various structural elements such as beams, plates, shell and the other elements. One of these modern materials is functionally graded materials (FGMs). The uses of these materials are due to their mechanical properties and thermal conductivity. During the two past decades structural elements made from these materials have received wide applications in aerospace, mechanical and civil engineering. Material properties of the functionally graded materials vary continuously from metal on one surface to ceramic on the other surface. The distribution makes these materials applicable in different fields of engineering, especially in environments subjected to high thermal change. For obtaining the governing equations of the structural elements different theories of elasticity can be used. For solving the problems different analytical, numerical and semi-analytical methods can be applied. Among the numerical methods finite element, finite difference, finite volume, differential quadrature and the other methods may be used for solving the problems. The differential quadrature (DQ) method is an accurate, efficient and robust numerical solver with low computational cost. The DQ method has been used for solving free vibration, dynamic analysis and so on. This method can be used for solving structural elements alone or in conjunction with the other analytical or numerical methods. In this study, the method is used for free vibration analysis of functionally graded beams on two parameter elastic foundation. The elastic foundation has linear and shearing layers. The governing equations are derived based on the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The governing equations and the related boundary conditions are discretized using the DQ method. Then by employing method of separation of variables, the obtained equations are transferred from temporal domain to frequency domain and the frequency of the beam is calculated. Applicability, rapid rate of convergence and accuracy of the proposed method are demonstrated via solving some examples. Influences of different parameters such as linear and shearing layers, boundary conditions and height-to-length ratio on frequency of the beams are investigated.

 The issue of ethics is considered as an essential element in all health professions, especially in the nursing profession. Due to the importance of ethics in nursing practice, the present study was conducted to determine the level of professional ethics from nurses’ perspective and its related factors in educational and medical centers in Hamadan.

 This research was a descriptive-analytical study on 287 nurses working in educational and medical centers of Hamadan in 1398, which was conducted by proportionate-stratified sampling. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire for nurses' performance in observing professional ethics. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software and descriptive and inferential statistics.

 The performance of 78.8% of nurses in the study was evaluated in moderate level. In this study, the highest rate of observance of professional ethics codes was related to nurses in the field of nursing and service provision (6.65±1.08) and the lowest rate was related to nurses in the field of nursing and education and research (1.20±0.97). There was no positive and significant relationship between the demographic characteristics of nurses and the principles of professional ethics, except in the "work section" (p=0.14).

 Considering the average observance of ethical principles by nurses, it seems that improving the current situation and identifying the causes of some shortcomings in observing some areas of professional codes ethics, including in the field of education and research, should be considered by relevant officials.

The purpose of this study wasto predict academic performance based onachievement goals and academic procrastination. 300 first grade female highschool students were selected as sample by cluster sampling method. For datacollection the Achievement Goal Questionnaire (Elliot & McGregor, 2001)and AcademicProcrastination Questionnaire (Solomon and Rasblom, 1984)and GPA. The evaluated model had good fitness indicators. Results ofstructural equation modeling showed that the goals of Mastery orientation(p=0/003), mastery-avoidance(p=0/03) and performance-orientation(p=0/03) have direct and significant impact on procrastination.The goal ofmastery-avoidance (p=0/03), Performance orientation (p=0/005) andprocrastination (p=0/03) also had a direct and significant impact onacademicachievement.Academic achievement are anticipated through mastery goalorientation, mastery-avoidance, performance-oriented and academicprocrastination. According to obtained results, by changing of the target'sorientation, it would be possible to reduceor correct academic procrastinationand improve mathematics performance

Gravity current is one of the most important factors in sedimentation and reduction of life expectancy of reservoirs. Forehead part of gravity currents is one of the important parts of these currents that are under influence of many factors. The present research has surveyed the effects of vegetation cover in reducing the velocity of forehead gravity current. To do so، the gravity current is entered the flume with 10، 20، 30 and 40 g/l concentration. Then، vegetation covers with 15 and 20 cm heights and five densities of 0. 6، 0. 8، 1. 0، 1. 2، and 1. 4 percent are located across the currents. Measuring the velocity is done in 6 sections of 5 cm distance. The vertical concentration profile is measured in 3 sections with 1m distance. The results showed that as the density of vegetation cover with different heights increases، the development velocity of current proportion to smooth bed reduces to 13 to 28. 5 % and also the gravity current concentration reduces between 53. 54 to 81. 28 %. The 1. 4% density is the most effective density for reducing velocity and concentration of forehead gravity current. Finally، a relation has been presented for calculating the velocity in smooth bed and the vegetation cover beds with different densities.

In this research, Nanoemulsions of water droplets in gas oil have been prepared using combination of nonionic surfactants. Three formulations of the emulsion containing various amount of water as 5, 10 and 14 volume fractions (based on 100 volume fractions of gas oil) have been prepared, clear and stable, using a mixture of two surfactants containing sorbitan monooleate (20%) and sorbitan trioleate polyoxyethylene (20 mole ethoxylated) (80%) and adjusting the system HLB at 10. The effect of water content on droplets size, fuel calorific value, amount of gas emissions (environmental pollutants) and the exhaust gas temperature have been studied in a diesel engine, and it has been found that the amount of nitrogen oxide, soot, particulates, unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are reduced. This study shows that the average droplet size of water formed (being 19.3-39 nanometers in this research) depends on the total concentration of surfactants and the amount of water used.

The growing season climatic parameters, especially rainfall, play the main role to predict the yield production. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to find out some possible relations among meteorology parameters and drought indexes with the yield using classical statistical methods. To achieve the objective, ten meteorological parameters and twelve drought indexes were evaluated in terms of normality and their mutual influences. Then the correlation analysis between the barley yield and the climatic parameters and drought indexes was performed. The results of this study showed that among the drought indexes, Nguyen Index, Transeau Index, Rainfall Anomaly Index and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI24) are more effective for prediction of barely yield. It was also found that the multivariate regression is better than the univariate regression models. Finally, all the obtained regression models were ranked based on statistical indexes(R,RMSE and MBE). This study showed that the multivariate regression model including wind speed, sunshine, temperature summation more than 10, precipitation and Nguyen index is the best model for prediction yield production in Miane. Average wind speed and Nguyen index were recognized to be the most effective parameters for yield production in the model.