فهرست مطالب ahmad fatahi

Food security and productivity are very important variables that affect social welfare and production level. Since a large proportion of employees in Semirom are engaged in apple gardening, this study aims to investigate the effect of increasing the productivity of all factors of apple production in improving the level of food security in Semirom city.

In order to answer the research questions, using Cochran's formula, 139 gardeners were selected and the required data were collected through interviews and completing a questionnaire by cluster sampling in 2020. First, the productivity of all factors of production and the level of food security of the surveyed households were measured using the Household Food Insecurity Access (HFIA) index.

The results of this analysis showed that gardeners are not in a good food security situation. Then, using Shazam software and estimating the coefficients of the variables in the logit model, the relationship between productivity and food security was investigated. The results showed that productivity had a positive and significant effect on food security of the studied farmers. Based on the final effect, the variables of productivity, income, and savings had the greatest effect on food security of the farmers. In order to create more employment and increase income for gardeners and their families, apple-related processing industries should be established.

The results of the study showed that apple gardeners of Semirom do not have good food security. It is recommended that younger people be educated by experienced farmers in the region.

Extended abstract
Introduction and

The activity of distributing sesame products has a high risk due to the lack of complete knowledge of consumers in different regions of the country. One of the methods of informing about the benefits of the offered products is advertising, which, if successful, leads to a reduction in the risk of the activity and, as a result, improves the business related to the distribution of these products in the country. But success in advertising depends on choosing the type of advertising and information.

In this research, considering different criteria in prioritizing advertising tools and using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method, advertising criteria, and advertising tools were ranked.

Based on the results, the criteria of trust building, audience coverage, and the possibility of product testing were ranked higher than the criteria of cost, advertisement life, and advertisement effectiveness. Also, broadcast media, person-to-person marketing, and print media are three tools that have a higher priority according to experts.

Results showed that sales managers and suppliers of sesame products, considering the quality level of the product should use broadcast media in the field of introducing this product. Because this work covers a large part of the audience and compared to other advertising tools therefore, it is more effective. Of course, due to the high cost of broadcast media, they can use one-to-one marketing tools because it allows the customer to use the product as a sample test and create a measure of trust in the consumer.

Water is the most valuable asset to human beings, especially in Iran, where large areas are covered by arid and desert regions, while Iran has the highest freshwater extraction (90-94 percent) for agricultural use. . Virtual water integrates agricultural and economic concepts with emphasis on water as a key factor in production. On the other hand, one of the most important economic policies of governments on agricultural products is a guaranteed purchase policy to protect the producer. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of guaranteed purchase policy on virtual water in Yazd province for the period 1368-1977. The results of estimating self-verification and error correction models showed that the variable of virtual water index, production amount, average cost and virtual variable had a significant positive effect on the guaranteed price of wheat. and between the guaranteed price, vitual water and the average cost there is a causality and positive long-term relationship Also, the change in price from the guaranteed price variable has a negative and decreasing effect on the virtual water over a period of ten years, but at the end of the shock and long-term it is moderately positive in the positive region with little downward effect. Consequently, it should be considered as an important factor in the adoption of supportive policies, especially the guaranteed purchase policy, as well as to support the manufacturer of the guaranteed purchase policy with respect to the virtual water variable.

Public health has always been one of the main concerns of policy makers in different countries, while the speed of economic growth that has led to an increase in emissions of polluting the environment has added to this issue. OPEC member countries are turning to the expansion of the industry based on their oil revenues, which has added to the problems caused by degradation of environmental quality and the level of public health. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between economic growth, environmental quality and general health in OPEC member countries, which is estimated using panel models for the years 2016-2000. The results of estimating economic growth models, environmental quality and public health among OPEC members showed that increased economic growth does not improve the environment and there are no conditions for accepting the Kuznets environmental hypothesis. Increasing and improving the accumulation of per capita capital, urbanization rates, public health and education will increase economic growth. In the health sector, promoting health education and increasing the share of per capita health expenditure and reducing CO 2 emissions will improve public health. Therefore, it is recommended that the national development models of the member states contribute to the sustainability of oil revenues in all sectors of the economy.

Reducing of the existing economic risk in agricultural activities and increasing security for investment is one of the important functions of agricultural insurance. This function is the main factor in creating tendency in private sector to improve investment in this sector. Insurance models and risk management methods of agricultural product, which are always designed and implemented by governments, are intended to compensate for any of these risks. In this study, first using a sample of 500 Rafsanjan pistachio producers, the willingness to pay for pistachio insurance was obtained by two methods of integration and proportional ratio, then the premium was determined and the factors affecting income insurance using Contingent Valuation Method and a one-dimensional dual questionnaire was investigated. The results of this study showed that there is a reverse relationship between the willingness to pay with the offers of premium rate, number of households, income, predictability of yield and increase in income compared to last year. But the education of farmers has a direct relationship with the willingness to pay. The average willingness to pay by farmers according to the income quarters derived from the completion of the questionnaire for the five income scenarios was 144, 447, 616, 729 and 907 million Rials per hectare. The average willingness to pay for income insurance for Rafsanjan pistachios was estimated 35734405 Rials per hectare. According to the results of the research, in order to reach the comprehensive plan of pistachio farmers' insurance, it is recommended that income insurance be considered.

The lack of proper management and adequate water supply in agricultural sector has been followed by many harmful social- economic and environmental side effects. The main objective of the present study is to estimate the value of supplying adequate water and to compare it with the lost agricultural income due to the lack of adequate supply of agricultural water from the Latyan and Mamlu dams in the city of Varamin. To achieve the objectives of the field research study in 1395, Using the Michael and Carson method, the number of samples was selected and, by completing 320 questionnaires, information was obtained from farmers in Varamin plain. In order to estimate value of water supply, the conditional valuation and single bounded dichotomous choice technique were utilized. The results show that the water supply value is 1575 rials per cubic meter, compared with the values obtained in water (300 rials per cubic meter) higher. According to the construction of two dams and Mamlou Latyan that the allocation of 160 million cubic meters of water to the plains of Varamin is, Water was estimated total value of 252.000 million riyals. Also, based on the price of products in 1395, the lost income of farmers was estimated at 3.251.850 million rials due to insufficient supply of water; By comparing the total value of water lost income of farmers was found that the supply of water from the perspective of farmers due to loss of income of farmers and the harmful effects of social-ecological entered the plains of Varamin due to lack of adequate supply of water. The results of this study can be used to planners and policy makers in the water sector it may act as a criterion in estimation of the benefits of new water transfer projects and water supply for reliable and adequate irrigation.

Extraction from underground waters more than natural discharge of watershed has led to balance deficit and lowering level of water tables and water shortage in many regions. The current research mainly aims to estimate economic and environmental consequences of extraction from underground waters in Ardakan County. In order to determine final personal cost of consumers, sum of annual pumping costs and sum of well drilling costs were calculated 63 billion and 290 billion Rials respectively. In section of additional costs due to extraction, the sum of protective value of underground waters was estimated 22 billion Rials in Ardakan County, using conditional valuation and a two-dimensional technique. The cost for reducing production of farming crops as a part of additional costs caused by extraction was estimated 1’211 billion Rials with respect to statistics of years i.e. 1987-2016. Much difference between additional cost of extraction and personal cost of consumers may be useful in changing attitude of the officials and sectors of industry and agriculture as the greatest consumers of water supplies for optimal consumption of subterranean water supplies. Also, sum of cost for extraction from underground waters (1’586 billion Rials) contribute to the government and policymakers to justify alternative for water transfer in this zone.

Water Most expensive Wealth is That At Authority Human beings is, Especially At areas Dry That Wide area From Country We Take At Picked up Is The main objective of this study was to estimate the value of the river for water use and non-use of functions using contingent valuation method and the double-D questionnaire, as well as estimating the value of water in agriculture for crops of wheat and barley in East cascade network and Rvddsht and not using the waste was done. The value of water in the industrial sector for Mobarakeh Steel industry using cost and gross margin was estimated. The results show the average willingness to pay per household 6/3 people in 1396 Working for the use of monthly 29943 to 41216 is the monthly performance of non-use. However, the value of each cubic meter of water in agriculture in 1394 for wheat waterfall network Rial and 1191.6 to 2033.3 Rvddsht network and for the barley crop waterfall network 308.76 and network Rvddsht 210.5 Rials. In addition to the value obtained for each cubic meter of water for industry and Mobarakeh Steel is equal to 764,000 Rials. Hence, it is suggested by providing the fields of education and increasing awareness among citizens, especially among people with low education level of the water resources function, increase willingness to pay is provided.

One of the phenomena related to air pollution that has been witnessed in western and south-western regions of Iran in recent times is that related to dust, an atmospheric phenomenon that has adverse environmental effects and impacts. Dust storms have had many negative effects on health, economics, society and the environment, resulting in huge damage to human resources, health, industry, and especially agriculture. The purpose of this study is to quantify the tangible (market) and intangible (non-market) damages caused by dust-related phenomena in the city of Ardakan. The data required in this study were obtained from the statistics and data recorded in Ardakan offices, as well as the completion of 244 double bounded dichotomous choice questionnaires in the agricultural sector and 509 questionnaires in the air pollution and urban green areas during 2016 using 30 pre-tests and Michels and Carson. In this study, the tangible and intangible damages of dust are valued using the conditional valuation method and market price. Using the logit model, the factors that affect the willingness to pay are estimated for each section using Shazam 9 and mathematical calculations using Maple Version 18 software. The results of this study showed that income and education variables have a positive and significant effect on people's willingness to pay for air pollution and urban green space. The variables of age, number of households and gender all had a negative and significant effect on people's willingness to pay for air pollution and urban green space in the face of the dust phenomenon. In the agricultural sector, variables such as age, number of employed people, education and income have a positive and significant effect on farmers' willingness to pay for agricultural products in the face of the dust phenomenon. The total value of the damages against this phenomenon to respond to air pollution is estimated at 33,185,478,480 Rials, the maintenance of agricultural products at 50,431,570,000 Rials and the maintenance of green space against dust- related phenomena at 30,736,160,140 Rials per year for the city of Ardakan. Also, the tangible losses from dust-related phenomena in terms of increased water consumption due to washing during dusty days is 2,762,736,640 Rials, the negative impact of dust on physical health and treatment costs and mortality due to asthma and bronchitis diseases at 15,548,414,040 Rials and the negative impact on the livestock sector and treatment costs and cattle losses were calculated 131,451,400,000 Rials using a market approach The results indicate that the total value of intangible and tangible damages for the city of Ardakan in 2016 were 114,353,208,620 Rls is 149,762,550,680 Rials, respectively. The value of the willingness to pay people in agriculture was higher than for other sectors. The livestock and poultry sector also has the highest figure among other tangible costs. Therefore, this estimate provides policy makers and authorities with the guidance needed for controlling the effects of dust on human environments.

The stability of trade patterns may cause economic stability inside the country and increase competitive power at international trade for any country. Therefore, in this article was investigated the trade patterns of selected MENA countries have been identified in three sectors of agriculture, industry and mines, and energy by the aid of calculation of some indices such as Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA). The needed data and information were collected from World Bank website for calculation of the given indices in form of panel data during years 2000- 2014 for three sectors including agriculture, industry and mine and energy. The results showed that the trade pattern for the aforesaid countries has been sustainable in agriculture and energy sectors for long run. However, trade pattern was variable for short-term and Specialization level has been reduced in these countries in terms of trade. In these conditions, governments can contribute to the sustainability of their business models with determining exported goods that have an advantage in different sectors and provide better conditions for trade their goods. Iran due to having active labor force and various advantages in different sectors among MENA countries could provide favorable conditions for itself. Therefore, many studies need to be done in this area to define trade positioning and increase competition power in the region and the globe.

In recent years, increased public awareness of the detriment of consuming common products, during whose production chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used, on the one hand, and also the benefits of organic farming for health and environment, on the other hand, have caused an increase in the demand for organic products. Due to the yield loss in product in organic farming because of the lack of the use of chemicals, the estimation of the consumer's willingness to pay, for surveying the market of these products, and estimating the total economic value of the desired product, seem necessary. In this study, 400 questionnaires were collected from the residents of Dasht-e Marghab County, through random sampling method, in 2015. The logit model is used in this study in order to achieve the desired results. The obtained results show that 70.25% of consumers are willing to pay more to buy organic tomatoes than ordinary tomatoes. Also variables, such as: age, sex, income, education, the weekly consumption of non-organic tomatoes, the environmental index, health index, and the offer price, have a significant effect on the likelihood of consumer's willingness to pay. Finally, it was determined that consumers are willing to buy each kilogram of organic tomatoes for 34,700 rials, and the total economic value of organic tomatoes in the region, considering the yield loss in transition from conventional farming to organic farming, due to the yield loss proceeding from the change in farming system, was determined over 487 billion rials. Also, according to the cultivated area, the economic value per hectare of tomatoes (organic) in a hypothetical market, formed from the demand side, was estimated equal to 1.6 billion rials.

Advertising is not only as a tool to increase company sales. Fast development of mass communication tools and added new mediums to advertising media have been introduced the advertising as a key element in the success or failure of a company. Due to the intense competition between companies and the fast growth of markets and changes in consumer behavior, advertising is taken into consideration as a major tool to create consumer awareness of products and services. Thus, in order to choose the best advertising method for meat products (sausages and salami), comments of 500 Shiraz citizens are collected by Cochran sampling and used in data analysis by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). After gathering the data, by synthesis the comments of respondents through arithmetic mean, the pairwise comparison matrix of criteria and priorities was formed to estimate the relative weights of them to achieve the goals of "the best method of advertising". The results indicated with respect to citizen viewpoints, the media advertisement, the street billboards, the advertising brochures, the advertising kiosks, and the purchase awards have the highest degree of importance with weight 0.430, 0.238, 0.139, 0.098 and 0.096, respectively. Due to the competition of different meat products factories, to make interest and encourage for purchasing a goods toward the competitor goods, it is necessary to use the persuasive advertisement.

The population growth and the increasing demand for tourism led to an increase in the pollution of Caspian Sea. Considering the importance of Caspian Sea in natural ecosystems and also its impact on the regional countries and even the world, few studies have been done on financial contribution of individuals for its protection. This study examines the effect of interest rate on the amount visitors are willing to pay by using a single dichotomous choice questionnaire and a contingent valuation methods. The results showed that the willingness to pay for conservation of Caspian Sea has a significant negative relationship with 13% interest rate and a significant positive relationship with interest rate of 4%. The results showed that the average of willingness to pay of tourists for protection of Caspian Sea, is 51,215 Rials. According to the households in the area (2.6 person), each tourist family is ready to pay 133,200 Rrials for protection of sea. This study, therefore, provides the necessary justifications for NGOs to provide loans with low interest rates in order to provide protect Caspian Sea.

Economic value of natural resources is increased via tourism resources function. Natural environment in the desert area has great potential for attracting tourists and in this respect it has a nonmarketable value. Making these values marketable may lead to rise up the economic value of natural environment in the desert area. One of the most important natural environments in the desert areas of the Yazd province is Bnadak-Sadat. This area is located on the mountain slope with seasonal rivers as well as areas such as the Chelle cave، attracting many tourists in every year. In this study the economic value of this desert area was determined based on a tourism approach in 2010. To do this، 263 questionnaires based on the Mitchell and Carson method were completed by tourists visiting Banadak-Sadat. The results showed that the tourists had willingness to pay 6760 Rials per visit and the recreational value of this natural environment was estimated to annually be 1. 1 billion Rials. The actual value of this region will become clearer by investing at least up to the recreational value obtained in order to increase the number of tourists and associated incomes.

Since the promenades allocate the part of the country's revenues, therefore, attention to its valuation is very important. Springs in desert area are the most prominent of natural landscapes. More study in country investigates recreational value using double– bounded dichotomous choice. But in this study, single-bounded dichotomous choice has been used because of this approach is more like to market condition. Therefore, this research determinates recreational value of Gharbalbiz area by using willingness to pay with contingent valuation and single-bounded dichotomous choice approach in 2010. Results of research indicate that the average willingness to pay of people is 4786 Rials. Also recreational value for per family and total recreational value are 11702 Rials and 1.22 billion Rials, respectively. Therefore, based on sustainable development and to develop tourism activities in the region, it should be invested at least 1.22 billion Rials for developing tourism in the region.

Water quality is a most important factor in areas facing water crisis the survival of which is based upon it. In a determination of water value the factors that should be attended to are: the given volume، specified quality (preservation value)، as well as the specific time and place. Valuation of water in Iran is dependent on types of exploited water resources which include: human consumption (quality) and non-consumption. Ignorance of the importance and value of changes in water quality، will greatly affect the environment as well as the human life. One of these values is preserving water quality. This study determined the value of preserving water quality in the city of Yazd assessing people''s willingness to pay، making use of contingent valuation method and double bounded dichotomous choice questionnaire in year 1389. The results indicate that the average annual willingness of people to pay for protection water of quality is 217350 Rials. According to family size in the region (assumed as 4people)، each family tends to pay 870120 Rials per capita yearly to protect water quality. Also، residents are willing to pay 120 Milliard rials be paid to maintain water quality. Therefore، these estimates are suggested to provide justifications for the policy makers and officials to maintain and protect water quality.