فهرست مطالب ahmad saie

A developmental state is characterized by having strong state intervention, as well as extensive regulation and planning.A Developmental State is a state where the government is intimately involved in the macro and micro economic planning in order to grow the economy”, with the addition “whilst attempting to deploy its resources in developing better lives for the people”.Brazil officially the Federative Republic of Brazil is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.The Economy of Brazil is the world's eighth largest economy by nominal GDP and eighth largest by purchasing power parity. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silvais a Brazilian politician and former union leader who served as the 35th President of Brazil from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2010.In the 8 years of the lula da silva presidency ,economic successes went hand in hand with social this is called redistributive or inclusive growth. GDP per capita growth rates were higher in the poorer quantiles of the population, than in the richer groups. Unemployment rates declined, formal employment and average earnings increased. Income inequality (also its spatial dimension) and poverty declined.Lula da Silva by implementation of Programs Bolsa Familia, Bolsa Escola, Growth Acceleration Program Improved the poverty in brazil.

The novel model of foreign policy adopted by the states in the globalization era is based on the effort and competition for achieving such goals as enhanced power and dignity. The rea- lization of such goals is, however, dependent on the successful progress of the so-called economic plans. Economic development cannot be achieved unless the existing resources are appropriately utilized under the circumstances imposed by the surrounding environ- ment. A primary requirement for this is to actively apply diplomacy to establish a develop- ment-oriented foreign policy. In the present article, an attempt was made to analyze the con- sequences of the foreign policy adopted by the ninth/tenth Iranian government in the con- text of the economic development in Iran. The findings indicated that the ninth/tenth gov- ernment set the scene for the formation of an extensive global coalition against the Islamic Republic of Iran by adopting contending-aggressive foreign policies in the international arena based on ideological – security foundations. This has led to such complications as im- posing an international sanction against Iran, the securitization of the state, the emergence of security threats against the regime, inaccessibility of the national resources on interna- tional premises, loss of opportunities and domestic resources, and intensified self- destructive phenomenon. The mentioned consequences have left the economic development engaged with fundamental challenges. This is descriptive-analytical research performed based on the firsthand library, documentary, and online references.

This paper aims to understand the nature and causes of fragility of bureaucracy in Iran from the perspective of political economy. Starting from the presupposition that bureaucracy crisis is first and foremost the reflection of the nature of state and its structure of capital accumulation, the present research argues that the twofold nature of Sultanist–rentier state in the second Pahlavi period gradually caused the structure–role distortion of bureaucracy, a decline both in the quality of bureaucratic elites and in the relative autonomy of bureaucrats from politics, the predominance of prebendal spirit and morality, the growth of bureaucratic bourgeoisie, and finally the emergence of a fragile bureaucracy which, in Weberian terms, intermediated between the Sultan and society. Such an intermediary position of bureaucracy exacerbated the crisis of legitimacy of power elites since bureaucracy not only lost its modernist spirit but also later turned into an obstacle to modernization. This situation eventually led to the inability of bureaucracy in performing its intermediary role and making a compromise and balance between the interests of state and social classes on the one hand and to the function of bureaucracy as a factor contributing to the dialectic of state and society, a delay in political development in society, and the facilitation of revolution on the other hand.

There are certain debates on the proportionality of “Divine Law and Natural Law” in the context of rational discussions and revelation in the Christian world dating back to the Middle Ages. Saint Thomas was one of the theologians who took a different stance in late Middle Ages on proportionality of the Divine Law and the Natural Law. Until his time, the intellectual foundation of Aquinas encompassed two major contradicting groups, i.e. the first group prioritized revelation, consequently supporting superiority of Divine Law over reason and the second group favored superiority of reason over revelation and the Natural Law as such. Aquinas adopted a third approach by introducing Aristotelian philosophy, intending to establish a sort of “coordination” between reason and revelation. In terms of practical wisdom, he followed such coordination through conflation of Divine Law and Natural Law. Aquinas’s innovation manifested itself in politics with the centrality of state and law, i.e. secularization of politics. On this basis, we have studied Aquinas’s political philosophy through reviewing text- and thematic-based methodology of Quentin Skinner in its intellectual basis.

Relatively good geo-economic conditions, abundant oil and gas resources and abundant actual and potential comparative advantages of Khuzestan province, require this province to become one of the most developed regions of the country, but this has not been achieved so far. The present research tries to investigate the issue. Although various components and factors can be involved and influential in the underdevelopment of this region, but the article hypothesis, wrong policies and decisions of the elites and the continuation of government rentier construction as important causes of underdevelopment in the province and emphasize it. he does. The purpose of this study is to analyze, explain and analyze the consequences of economic development policy of the ninth and tenth governments in Khuzestan province. The government's economic policies have been implemented for reasons such as not paying attention to the requirements of practical and economic rationality and paying too much attention to the requirements of political rationality, different from what was promised and expected. Findings show that due to the policy of the government, more than fifty percent of important industrial and production centers and units in Khuzestan province face serious and fundamental challenges such as; Stagnation, closure or forced cessation of the production process. These challenges led to a decline in development indicators and, consequently, to social anomalies and a waste of intergenerational capital and rights. The research method is a combination of descriptive-analytical type using the analysis of data collected by the library method and a survey of questionnaires and face-to-face interviews.

The subject of this article is to examine the relationship between traditional political culture and the citizenship and instability of the parties of the constitutional era. The main question of the article is what effect the component of political culture had on the formation and collapse of the parties of the constitutional era. Therefore, in this article, the effect of political culture as an independent variable on the life cycle of political organizations as a dependent variable has been investigated. The hypothesis of the article is that The prevalence of intellectual imitation political culture, which was influenced by Western political experiences and superficial information of political activists influenced by Caucasian immigrants, In addition to ignoring the indigenous-Islamic political culture, it provided the basis for the instability of the party's experience in the constitution. The results are shown, the lack of a stable tradition of participatory political culture and the reliance on imported and imitative political culture (from the Western and Caucasus channels), and the disregard for indigenous-Islamic culture, made the existence of constitutional political parties virtually impossible. The method of data collection was Documentary and the method of descriptive analysis was the sociological explaining of political culture.

The geo-economic conditions and abundant oil and gas resources and many relative actual and potential advantages of Khuzestan province require this province to become one of the most developed regions of the country, but this has not been achieved so far. The present study aimed to find the roots of this problem. Though various components and factors can affect the underdevelopment of this region, this study hypothesizes that the continuation of forming a rentier state and incorrect policies made by the elites are among the important causes of underdevelopment in the province of Khuzestan. The rentier state is basically in-capable of advancing the development goals, due to adopting an egalitarian approach, pur-suing ambitious goals, implementing populist-type distribution policies, the discrepancy between goals and methods, and the inability to extract resources from the society and redi-stribute them. The present study aimed to analyze the outcomes of the economic develop-ment policy of the ninth and tenth rentier states in the province of Khuzestan. The results showed that, due to the policies of these states, more than fifty percent of the important industri-al and production centers in Khuzestan province faced serious and fundamental challenges such as stagnation, closure, or forced cessation of production, leading to the decline of development indicators and, consequently, increased unemployment, poverty, deprivation, and social anoma-lies, as well as the loss of intergenerational capitals. The methodology used in this study was field study using bibliographical studies and descriptive-analytical method.

This article aims to understand the nature and causes of reproducing bureaucratic corruption in transitional societies from the legal sociology view point. According to the authors, since the operation of bureaucratic system firstly is determined by the nature of power elites and the present structural relationships in the society; on this basis, the protector-nurturing mentality and surveillance lacking of dominant elites alongside lacking rule of law is the pivotal factor of growing corruption in transitional societies. This dilemma gradually leads to forming an anomic situation in various structures of bureaucracy and changing it into an arena for rent-based games and thus, causes the process of development to wane and accordingly, causes the society to involve mentally and morally in contradiction and turmoil and from the perspective of political economy subject to increasing passivity and devolution. The final resultant of this situation is social capital crisis and vulnerability in human capital. The article with an expressive approach and in the mold of combination of various sociological theories shows why and how bureaucratic corruption in transitional societies continues reproduction, and finally deals with the foundations of an anticorruption policy and its implications.

Brazil officially the Federative Republic of Brazil is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.The Economy of Brazil is the world's eighth largest economy by nominal GDP and eighth largest by purchasing power parity. The Brazilian economy is characterized by a mixed economy that relies on import substitution to achieve economic growth. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silvais a Brazilian politician and former union leader who served as the 35th President of Brazil from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2010. In the 8 years of the lula da silva presidency ,economic successes went hand in hand with social results this is called redistributive or inclusive growth. GDP per capita growth rates were higher in the poorer quantiles of the population, than in the richer groups. Unemployment rates declined, formal employment and average earnings increased. Income inequality (also its spatial dimension) and poverty declined. Lula da Silva by implementation of Programs Bolsa Familia, Bolsa Escola, Growth Acceleration Program Improved the Human Development Index in brazil.

This article examines the influence of the consequent political culture on the lack of political development in the second Pahlavi era. The main question of this article is how has the causal political culture influenced the lack of political development in the second Pahlavi era? And the main hypothesis of this paper is that the political culture in contemporary Iran, especially the second Pahlavi era, has combined, in a mixed and unbalanced sequence, the turbulent and irregular sequences (elements of tradition and modernity), dominated by the political culture of citizenship and nationality. The field of political participation, political competition and the establishment of civil and legal institutions has made it impossible. Because in the light of political culture, a political party has brought about a kind of political culture, such as extramaritalism, escaping reality, intolerance and disorientation, elimination and destruction, lack of consensus, subjectivism, and distrust. The research methodology in this paper is descriptive, analytical and aggregate of various data from library and document sources in a phishing scene, and has been considered and analyzed with a sociological-historical perspective.

The article seeks to understand the impact of the nature of government on the formation of modern bureaucracy in Iran from the perspective of political sociology. In fact, this study shows how modern bureaucracy is influenced by the social structure and structure of a political system and its factors? The authors hypothesize that the bureaucratic system was formed in accordance with the ideal Weberian characteristics over a period of 1300-1320, both in terms of staff and in terms of the roles, function, and practices of the traditional and patrimonial bureaucratic system. But Reza Shah’s tendency towards the oligarchy in his rule prevented him from having a favorable political structure alongside a favorable bureaucratic structure, thus weakening his personality and government without the support of the people. Eventually, with the outbreak of World War II and the occupation of the country by aliens, his banishment and deportation programs were halted for some time.

Iran's foreign policy during Dr. Mossadegh's presidency was based on a "negative balance" theory that emphasized the preservation of national independence, and the Shah was barred from interfering in the country's foreign policy, but after the coup due to the sensitivity of the oil issue. And international relations, the situation in the Middle East and the Cold War, took the helm of the country's foreign policy. The main purpose of this article is to examine the effects of the coup d'état of 28 August on Iran's foreign policy towards the US and British powers as coup planners and from the perspective of international relations, these effects on Iran's political climate and foreign relations in the region and Explain the world. The main question of the article is: What signs of the coup's effects on Iran's foreign policy can be found? The findings of this study show that after the coup, the thesis of "negative balance" clearly gave way to "positive balance", which changed the nature of the country's foreign policy and one of its most important consequences was to increase the scope. There was American influence in Iran. This study is of theoretical-fundamental type and descriptive-analytical method and based on the discourse of "revolutionary transformation" of Chalmers Johnson, which is a structuralist-functional method and has been done using library resources in which Iran as a peripheral country in The framework of the theory of dependence was defined and integrated

Despite the history of legislative measures in the field of the environment of Iran, the environmental situation of the country based on “the Environmental Performance Index”, “the Global Footprint Network” and “the World Bank” is significantly different from the goal of "Desirable Environment" in the Iran's 20-year vision plan4. In search of the reason, this paper from a public policy perspective seeks to prioritize and explain the challenges of environmental policy making in the Islamic Republic of Iran in the first phase of the Jones staged model
In staged model, the government and decision makers performance are ideally divided into five stages: the process of recognizing the problem and its inclusion on the government agenda(Agenda setting), the stage of the solution proposal (Formulation), the decision-making stage, the stage of implementation and the evaluation stage(Vahid,2004).
The focus of this paper is on the pathology of the recognition and inclusion of the problem in agenda. What is meant by understanding the problem and including of it on the agenda is a process by which ideas and issues are raised through various political institutions to be taken into consideration by a political entity such as the legislative or judicial body. Although there are few places - such as the legislature, the judiciary or the regulatory Commission - that are able to formally formulate policy calendars (agendas), but there are countless sources where subjects of these calendars come from (Shafritz and Borick ,2012).
Considering the nature and limitations of the subject literature in our country, from among existing approaches to research , the mixed methods and exploratory sequential designswere selected. In this formulation of the research project, first the collection and analysis of data is done qualitatively and then quantitatively and ultimately interpreted simultaneously. The main use of this type of research project is to investigate an issue deeply or for the first time for which the researcher does not have a guideline framework or measurement tool for them(Creswell,2003).
Findings of the research showed that the main challenges of environmental policy-making in identifying the problem and placing it in the agenda that led to the decline of quantitative and qualitative indices of the country's vital resources are: prioritizing the country's issues on the basis of economic, political and security considerations (rather than environmental ones), the poor citizen and interest groups participation in identifying and prioritizing local needs, the weak coordination of intergovernmental organizations and government agencies responsible for and influential in environmental issues, the neglect of local communities from the benefits of sustainable development and focus on growth-oriented demands and short-term ones, lack of bottom-to-top mechanisms to express the real public concerns to be included in the environmental policy calendar, the lack of information and accurate statistics on the status quo and future environmental trends, the lack of attention to communication channels such as the media and the press to transfer issues to higher layers for inclusion in the agenda.
Improving Iran's environmental indicators based on the Environmental "Performance Index", "Global Footprint Network" and “World Bank" with the goal of "desirable environment" in the 1404 vision document require solving the challenges of the agenda Setting.