ali pakdin parizi

Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) is a valuable photosynthesizing prokaryote with numerous industrial and food applications. Fatty acid desaturase enzymes (FADs) are responsible for the production of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the present study, the genome of A. platensis C1 was investigated using bioinformatics methods in order to identify ApFAD genes family. A total of 8 ApFAD genes were identified in Spirulina genome and classified into Omega, Sphingolipid, CrtR_beta-carotene-hydroxylase and Acyl-CoA groups. Four conserved histidine motifs that are essential for binding to the di-iron structures and catalytic activities were identified. Investigation of post-translational modifications of ApFAD proteins revealed a wide range of glycosylation and phosphorylation changes. Evaluation of FAD gene promoter regions revealed different types of cis-regulatory elements responsive to phytohormones and stress conditions, especially in Omega (ApFAD-6) and Acyl-lipid (ApFAD-3) desaturases. Also, protein-protein interaction networks showed the relations between ApFADs and genes involved in dealing with stresses through the biosynthetic process of secondary metabolites and electron transfer. Analysis of RNA-seq data of orthologous genes in Arabidopsis showed the potential of Omega and Acyl-lipid genes, such as ApFAD-3, ApFAD-6 and ApFAD-7, in response to various environmental stresses. In general, the results of this study can contribute to a more complete understanding of the function of FAD genes in Spirulina and lay the basis for the transgenic study of these genes with the aim of increasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids, improving the nutritional value of oils, as well as promoting the stress tolerance of plants.

Salinity is a serious problem and one of the main factors in reducing agricultural productivity worldwide. The use of microorganisms to improve plant growth in low quality soil is a potential solution to address this problem. The salinity resistant microbiome improves the health of the salinity affected soils, maintains ecological functions and enhances plant growth. Salt tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (ST-PGPR) are able to adjust the salinity stress adverse conditions for their symbiotic plants through several mechanisms. This study aimed to isolation, identification and investigation the characteristics of salt tolerant-plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from the rhizosphere of halophyte plants.

Salinity tolerant plant growth promoting bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of native halophyte plants collected from the north of Iran. Bacterial isolates were selected according to their ability to growth in 2 M sodium chloride and traits of the motility, inorganic phosphate solubilization ability in PKV-Agar medium using phosphate solubilization index calculation, and siderophore production capacity in CAS-agar medium by calculating of its production index. Then, the top 10 isolates were selected and the ability of nitrogen fixation in Burk's medium, potassium dissolution in Aleksandrov's medium by using potassium solubilization index, as well as, the production of intrinsic IAA and the tryptophan-dependent IAA were investigated. Finally, molecular identification of selected bacterial isolates was performed based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing.

Four genera of Bacillus, Klebsiella, Proteus and Halomonas were identified after 16S rDNA gene sequencing. All isolates were motile. The most of isolates belonged to the genus Bacillus. Species belonging to Klebsiella and Halomonas genera had the highest salt tolerance. Klebsiella genus showed phosphorus and potassium solubilizing ability more than other isolates. The highest amount of siderophore production was observed in the isolate belonging to Proteus genus. All isolates were able to fix nitrogen. Among the studied isolates, Bacillus isolates had the highest rate of intrinsic IAA, and the tryptophan-dependent IAA production in B. licheniformis was higher than other isolates.

Isolation of wide range of salt-tolerant bacteria with favorable characteristics from the rhizosphere of halophyte plants indicates the microbial richness potential of this area, which provides the possibility of finding useful microorganisms that promote plant growth and reduce the adverse effects of stress in plants. Keywords: Plant growth promoting bacteria, Salinity stress, Halophyte plants, Indole acetic acid

Castor (Ricinius communis L.) is one of the oldest medicinal plants in the world. The assessment of genetic diversity in castor beans plays a vital role in identifying superior genotypes to use in plant breeding programs. For this reason, the diversity and genetic association of 22 castor ecotypes were investigated. Out of 26 screened primers, 19 primers that produced the most polymorphic bands were used. Totally, these primers generated 188 bands, of which 180 bands (95.58 %) were polymorphic. The studied ecotypes were divided into two separate group’s using cluster analysis. The highest similarity was observed between ecotypes 4 and 5 (collected from Sari) and the lowest similarity was observed between ecotypes 1 and 14 (Sari and Babolsar).The highest Nei's genetic diversity (H) and Shannon index (I) were observed in population No. 2 including 12 ecotypes. According to the genetic structure of populations performed by Structure software, ecotypes were divided into two subpopulation clusters. The molecular analysis of variance showed that 37% of genetic variation attributed to between group's and 63% to within group's, which can be used in its breeding programs.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the most important oil crops whose yield can be affected by drought stres

In order to investigate the drought stress tolerance as well as yield and yield components of 45 soybean genotypes in greenhouse conditions, an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2019. The experimental treatments included different soybean genotypes and three levels of irrigation regimes include normal condition, moderate and severe drought stresses with 15, 40 and 75% soil moisture depletion, respectively.

The results of variance analysis indicated that the interaction between genotype and stress were significant for all the studied traits and also means comparisons of the traits shows that the negative effects on yield and yield components are more evident with increasing stress intensity. The highest seed yield in normal irrigation and moderate drought was related to Columbus genotype, whereas higher yield under severe drought stress was obtained for the OhioFG2 genotype, which is due to an increase in number of pods, number of seeds per pod and seed weight. Correlation between agronomic traits indicates that in all three stress levels, seed yield has a positive and highly significant (p<0.01) correlation with number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant. Based on the results of regression analysis, in each of stress levels, seeds number per plant and seed weight were entered into regression model, and in normal condition, moderate and severe drought stresses justified 97, 84 and 97% of the changes related to the seed yield, respectively. The means comparisons of the tolerance indices in normal condition-moderate drought stress showed that the highest indices for mean productivity (MP), harmonic mean (HM), stress tolerance index (STI) and geometric mean productivity (GMP) were related to genotypes Columbus and Hill, while genotypes Emperor and Bonus had greatest value for the indices in normal condition-severe drought stress, which indicates the existence of resistance potential for these genotypes. Based on the results of cluster analysis of the tolerance indices in normal condition-moderate drought stress and normal condition-severe drought stress, genotypes are placed in three separate groups. Accordingly, genotypes placed in the first, second and third groups were identified as tolerant, semi-tolerant and sensitive genotypes, respectively. The result of principal components analysis showed that two components justified 93.34% in normal condition-moderate drought stress and 96.54% in normal condition-severe drought stress of total variations. Also, first component of geometric mean productivity (GMP) and the second component of stress susceptibility index (SSI) had highest values in both conditions. By using biplot analysis based on the first and second components, Columbus, Hill and Williams genotypes were placed in high yielding and stress tolerant area.

The cultivars of Columbus, Hill, Williams, Bonus, Emperor and Ohio FG2 have tolerance potential compared with other genotypes and are suggested as tolerant genotypes to drought stress.

Plant diseases are one of the major limitations in agricultural production. Citrus blast disease is one of the most common diseases in citrus producing regions of the world, with the exception of tropical regions. Plants respond to bacterial pathogens by activating genes encoding defense proteins. One of the defense mechanisms of plants against pathogens is the accumulation of Pathogenesis related proteins associated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of several defense genes against Pseudomonas viridiflava after treatment of seedlings with Salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid.

The expression levels of PR1, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, POX, LOX pathogenesis related and PAL genes in the early stages of citrus blast disease in Citrus aurantium were assessed using RT-PCR. In this study, UBI gene was used as a housekeeping gene. The total RNA of the samples was extracted and after cDNA synthesis, the expression level changes of the declared genes were calculated and measured using the formula 2 - (ΔΔCT).

Increased expression of PR1, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, POX, LOX Pathogenesis related and PAL genes in the early stages of citrus blast disease in sour orange mostly occurred at 24 and 48 hours after challenging with the citrus blast causal agent P. viridiflava.

The results of this study was showed that salicylic acid treatment had a greater effect on the expression of PR1, PR2, PAL, POX and PR5 genes than jasmonic acid and jasmonic acid treatment was showed a greater effect on the induction of PR4, PR3 and LOX genes than salicylic acid. Furthermore, the expression of PR1, PR2, LOX, PR4, PAL and PR5 genes peaked in 24 hours after infection in sour orange plant by both treatments and it seems that these mentioned inducer of resistance genes involved in citrus blast disease resistance in host plant

Arbuscular mycorrhizas are able to reduce the adverse effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on crops. To investigate the effect of inoculation with Glomus mosseae on physiological characteristics of two rice cultivars under water deficit conditions, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in the greenhouse. Irrigation conditions included flooding, stop irrigation up to 70% and 50% of field capacity. In general, in both groups of plants, inoculated and control plants (non-inoculated), increased levels of phenol, tannin, glycine and betaine, as well as polyphenol oxidase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes were observed under water deficit conditions. However, the change amount of each trait in inoculated plants was significantly higher than the non-inoculated plants. In case of stopped irrigation up to 70% of field capacity, the amount of proline, antioxidant enzymes in Nemat cultivar was higher than Tarom Hashemi, while Glycine betaine, tannin and phenol content was higher in Tarom Hashemi than Nemat cultivar. In case of stopped irrigation up to 50% of field capacity, the amount of phenol, tannin, glycine and betaine as well as antioxidant enzymes in Nemat cultivar was higher than Tarom Hashemi, which can be a reason for different effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the response of rice cultivars to water deficit conditions. Based on the results, it seems that inoculation of rice plant with mycorrhizal fungus can play a role in reducing the adverse effects of water deficit in case of water shortage conditions during the critical stages of plant growth.

Drought stress is a major environmental stress that effects on plants Therefore, it is necessary to know the mechanism that plant shows in encounter of stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on physiological and biochemical traits of castor plant, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 1397-8. The first factor was 22 castor ecotypes and the second factor was drought stress with 5 levels, full irrigation, four levels (irrigation was cuted at the primary of spike growth) (11, 22, 33, 44 days after Irrigation cut off). In this study, traits including superoxide dismutase (SOD), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenol, flavonoids and protein content, as well as morphological traits such as plant height and leaf area index were measured.

The results showed that activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the amount of protein, phenol and flavonoids increased significantly with increasing the intensity of stress while the amount of photosynthetic pigments and carotenoids as well as plant height and leaf area index showed a significant decrease with increasing level of stress. According to the results of cluster analysis under drought stress, castor ecotypes were divided into three clusters. Differences between ecotypes in the resistant group compared to sensitive ecotypes under drought stress in superoxide dismutase (SOD), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenol, flavonoids, protein content, plant height and index Leaf area were 83.41, 83.33, 85.57, 84.21, 82.08, 88.7, 86.44, 86.81, 78 and 80.9%, respectively. According to the results, ecotypes 2, 3, 5, 8 and 19 were introduced as resistant ecotypes for future breeding. Programs.

In general, it seems that resistant ecotypes due to the severity of damage less in terms of growth indices and further increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and accumulation of proteins, phenols and flavonoids, more resistance in Showed against drought stress.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) from the Linum genus and Linaceae family is one of the oldest oil products in the world. A natural population with sufficient genetic diversity is necessary to select the desired phenotypic traits, so the study of genetic diversity and the correct selection of essential tools is the main breed of plant. Agriculture faces many challenges, including human population growth, climate change, land degradation, malnutrition, poverty, hunger and other stressors. Overcoming these difficult challenges will be more difficult in the absence of plant genetic improvement to increase agricultural productivity by addressing the problem of reduced yields and its relationship to pest management and climate change. However, agriculture must change to meet the growing demand of the global population by shifting agricultural growth to the effective development of modern agriculture. In this regard, the study of the diversity of existing populations is of great importance.

100 new imported flax genotypes in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of ORDC (Oilseeds Research and Development Company) in the 96-97 crop year, morphological traits, yield and yield components were studied.

The results showed that the studied genotypes collected from different geographical areas had a good diversity for all studied traits. Plant yield among the studied traits had the highest correlation with capsule weight per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of sub-stems, number of seeds per plant and biological yield in a positive direction. The factor analysis results showed that 4 of the factors together explain 80% of the data changes. According to the type of traits, these factors were listed under the headings of yield and yield components, traits related to grain, ripeness and number of grains. The cluster analysis results for all traits evaluated them into four groups and showed that the classification of genotypes was not related to the geographical distribution of genotypes, and most genotypes were grouped based on morphological differences.

High genetic diversity among genotypes has provided the valuable genetic potential for the genetic improvement of flax. Considering that the study population is a collection of genotypes from different parts of the world with different appearance characteristics, it is a diverse and valuable population for breeding studies to create cultivars adapted to the climatic conditions and environmental changes of our country. Plant yield among the studied traits had the highest correlation with capsule weight per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of sub-stems, number of seeds per plant and biological yield in a positive direction. It can be concluded that genotypes with higher capsule weight per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of sub-stems, number of seeds per plant and higher biological yield have higher yields. This also indicates that these genotypes were able to maximize resource utilization and thus produce more capsule weight per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of sub-stems, number of seeds per plant and more biological yield. Genotypes 132, 108, 179 and 275 have good potential in terms of grain yield and can be used in future breeding programs.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis could mitigate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses in various plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of AMF-inoculation on expression of several stress-responsive genes in two rice cultivars under different water conditions. The seedlings of Tarom-Hashemi and Nemat rice cultivars were transplanted in soil with or without G. mosseae spores. At the tilling stage, the AMF-inoculated (+AMF) and AMF-uninoculated (−AMF) plants were subjected to flooded and water deficit conditions (70% field capacity (FC) and 50%FC). The genes expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR and reported relative to control (flooded, -AMF) plants. The results showed lower expression of osDREB2A in +AMF plants in comparison with –AMF plants under water deficient conditions. The expression of OsPIP1;2 was significantly increased in roots of +AMF to –AMF plants. But, the expression of this gene was decreased in shoots of +AMF and –AMF plants in comparison with control plants. The stress-responsive gene transcripts, OsPIP2;3, OsGH3-8, OsLTP, OsAOS2 and OsADC1 in +AMF rice cultivars was higher than -AMF plants at both water deficit conditions. Expression of OsP5CS in +AMF and –AMF plants was increased in comparison with control plants, though, their differences was not significant. In 70%FC, OsEXP15 gene expression of +AMF and –AMF root plants was increased in comparison with control plants. However, under 50%FC the gene expression was decreased and not changed in -AMF and +AMF plants, respectively. It seems AMF induced changes in rice genes expression may enhance tolerance to water deficit conditions.

One of the ways to overcome the limitation of fresh water and lack of sufficient water reserves for agriculture is to use unconventional waters such as seawater. Salinity stress is the most important abiotic stress in seawater application. Identification and planting of salinity tolerant genotypes of a plant species is one of the effective and valuable strategies in reducing the effects of salinity stress. Germination, growth and seedling establishment are among the salinity-sensitive stages in most plants. Therefore, for improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in plants, it is necessary to study the traits and indicators related to tolerance in the germination stage.

A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the laboratory of Plant Breeding Department of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2020. The first factor included the cultivars and the second included 5 salinity levels (control (no seawater), 3, 6, 9 and 11 dS (deciSiemens per meter) obtained from the incorporation of Caspian Sea and urban water. The number of germinated seeds was counted during eight days of salinity stress. Then, germination percentage, time required for 50% germination, seedling vigor index and germination rate were calculated. On the eighth day, radicle and plumule dry and fresg weights, radicle and plumule length and seedling dry weight were measured.

The results of analysis of variance showed the significance of the effect of different salinity levels, genotype and the interaction of salinity and genotype for all calculated indices at p<0.01. Mean comparison of the interaction of different levels of salinity and cultivars and landraces showed that all the studied traits except for the time to reach fifty percent germination decreased with increasing salinity. Among the studied cultivars, Oltan cultivar had the highest value of germination percentage (100%), germination rate (24.17 seeds per day), seedling vigor index (5.03), plumule length (55.67 mm), radicle length (70 mm), plumule fresh weight (62 mg), radicle fresh weight (45 mg), plumule dry weight (4.77 mg), seedling dry weight (6/23 Mg) and the lowest amount of the time required for 50% germination (24.17 hours) in control treatment. In contrast, Pakistani cultivar had the lowest germination rate (3.06 seeds per day), seedling vigor index (1), plumule length (8.33 mm), radicle length (3 mm), plumule fresh weight (10 mg), radicle fresh weight (2 mg), plumule dry weight (0.57 mg), seedling dry weight (0.84 mg) and the highest time required for 50% germination (24.17 hours) in 11 dS / m salinity level. Using the results of this experiment, among the studied cultivars, Oltan cultivar was selected as the most tolerant and Pakistani cultivar as the most sensitive cultivars to salinity stress at the germination stage.

The studied cultivars and landraces showed different reactions in terms of germination indices when treated with salinity from seawater. The high significant difference in this experiment indicated the high genetic diversity among the studied genotypes. It is possible to choose from these genotypes for salinity tolerance breeding programs in sesame plant.

Citrus bacterial blast disease is one of the prevalent diseases in most citrus-growing regions in the world. Plants use a wide range of mechanisms to defend against pathogens, and the plant-pathogen interaction induces the expression of genes involved in the plant resistance. Furthermore, symbiotic association between plant and mycorrhizal fungi could effectively promote growth and protect the plant against adverse environmental conditions. In the present study, Serendipita indica-root colonized sour orange seedlings were infected by Pseudomonas viridiflava and the expression patterns of PR1, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, PAL, POX, and LOX genes in the early stages of citrus blast disease were investigated using the qRT-PCR at different sampling times. According to the results, the response of defense genes to bacterial infection was time dependent. In the S. indica-colonized sour orange plants, the highest level of PR1, PR4, PAL, POX, PR3, and PR5 genes expression was observed at 48 h after infection, but the expression of PR2 and LOX genes was increased at 72 h after infection compared to the control plants. It seems that S. indica can induce systemic effects and prepare the host plant to increase the expression of defense genes more rapidly once it receives a signal for the presence of the pathogen.

Cancer is one of the important problems affecting public health worldwide. The use of medicinal plants and their effective compounds is an alternative solution to prevent and treat cancer. In the present research, the synergistic effects of lemon balm hydro-alcoholic extract and graphene nanoparticles on cervical cancer cells were investigated. Dilutions of 100 and 200 ug/ml total phenolic compounds equivalent to gallic acid were prepared and the effect of these extract concentrations in combination with graphene nanoparticles (0, 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml) on the survival of Hela cancer cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. Based on the results, the treatment with lemon balm extract had a significant effect on reducing the cell survival (p≤0.05). Addition of graphene nanoparticles to the plant extract only at a concentration of 200 μg/ml caused a significant reduction of cells in both concentrations of the extract compared to the treatment without graphene nanoparticles. In general, the hydro-alcoholic extract of lemon balm is able to prevent the growth of HeLa cells. On the other hand, synergistic anticancer effects were observed in the combination of plant extract and graphene nanoparticles, which can be a solution to increase the efficiency of medicinal plants to fight cancer cells.

Drought stress has great effect on the yield and quality of agronomy crops and increasing the world population and global changing of the climate, on the other hand, making this more important. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), is one of the most important oil crops that is planting in many rejoins of the world. There is no detailed study about sesame interaction against drought. In this study, the shoot and root morphological traits of two sesame genotypes, which were sensitive and tolerant against drought stress, was investigated in different humidity condition.

two sesame genotypes Darab1 (tolerant) and Moghan (sensitive), were planted in PVC tubes with the height of 100 cm and diameter of 30 cm and after perfect establishment (35 days after planting) of plants up to maturation, humidity treatments were carried out as the amount of 100, 50 and 25 percent of the field capacity. The factorial experiments on the base of complete randomized design with three replications and three plant per replication were carried out. Traits under investigating were contain: plant height, capsule number, stem diameter, length and diameter of capsules biomass of the shoot, and 100 seeds weight, also root traits such as root length and diameter under the crown, volume and fresh and dry weight of the root were measured.

Reciprocal effect of irrigation and genotype, was significant for all traits related to the both of shoot and root. Also, drought stress caused decrease in the value of traits plant height, capsule diameter, capsule length and number, fresh weight of the stem and also, fresh weight and dry weight of the root. In genotype of Darab1, root volume and diameter indicated no significant decrease compared with the control at irrigation treatment of the amount of 50 percent of the FC, and in irrigation treatment as the amount of 25 percent of the FC, Darab1 showed higher values of the volume and diameter of the root compared with Moghan. Root length, had its maximum value at irrigation regimes as the amount of 50 and 25 percent of FC, and in trait of root area at irrigation treatment of 50 percent, this genotype had the maximum value. Results showed that genotype Darab1, with compatibility of root system against drought stress, was able to tolerance unfavorable condition.

Considering the result of this study and the previous ones about the role of the root system in plant tolerance against drought, root characters are good criterion in selecting plant genotypes suitable for planting in water deficit condition and using in breeding programs of the sesame. Genotype of Darab1 owing favorable root system was able to tolerance unfavorable humidity condition and preserving the yield in stress condition.

Ajowan (Trachyspermum Ammi L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants native to the Middle East and Iran. The antibiotic properties of its essential oils are related to the relatively high content of thymol. In this study, the possibility of hairy root production was investigated in a pre-experimental study considering many factors affecting transgenic efficiency, including explant type, immersion time, and the type of culture medium. Optimal conditions for the pre-experiment were set up based on the completely randomized design with seven Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (A3, A6, A7, 4404, AATCC15834, R1000, A4) and six selected Ajowan ecotypes (Ardebil, Shiraz, Arak, Sarbishe, Qom, and Rafsanjan). The root-related morphological characteristics were measured to study the effect of main factors on the hairy root production and the bacterial strains in terms of hairy root induction. Based on the results, the highest percentage of hairy roots in Ardebil ecotype was induced by ATCC15834 strain (50%) and the lowest percentage was related to Rafsanjan ecotype induced by A6 (10%). The highest positive and significant correlation was observed in dry and wet weights (r=0.95), root frequency percentage and root length (r=0.80). The highest amount of phenolic compounds in hairy roots (240 mg/g dry weight matter) was associated with the Ardebil ecotype induced by strain ATCC15834. In this study, Shiraz and Ardebil ecotypes were identified as the best ecotypes, A4 and ATCC15834 strains as the most suitable strains, and suggested for future studies.

Hypericum perforatum is a medicinal plant which Hypericin, Hyperforin and phenolic compounds are its active secondary metabolites. Hairy root induction by Agrobacterium rhizogenes in this plant is difficult and has low efficiency. In the present study two inoculation methods, immersion in bacterial suspension and direct injection of A. rhizogenes has been compared. For this purpose, the best conditions for H. perforatum hairy root induction including A. rhizogenes strains (A4, LBA9402, NCPPB2656), plant explants (Stem, Apical bud, leaves), co-cultivation media (MS, ½MS, B5, and ½B5) and Acetosyringone (AS) concentration (0 and 100 µM) were specified and used for comparative analysis. It was found that strain A4, Stem explants, ½MS co-cultivation medium without AS constitute the best conditions for hairy root induction of H. perforatum. Transgenic nature of the potential hairy roots was confirmed using PCR and specific rolB and rolC genes primers. The results showed that the efficiency of applying direct injection method is four times higher than immersion in bacterial suspension in H. perforatum hairy root induction. In general, the results indicate that direct injection can be the method of choice to successful hairy root induction in H. perforatum.

Plants respond to the destructive effects of salinity through changes in physiological and molecular processes. In the present study, the activity of SOD and APX antioxidant enzymes and changes in the expression of G-types-LecRLK, CIPK20, HSFA1a and C3H-ZF genes, involved in signaling and regulatory networks of Aeluropus littoralis, under salt stress has been investigated. The plant cuttings were cultured hydroponically under controlled conditions. The experimental design was consisted of a control (Hoagland’s solution without NaCl addition) and two treatments (200 and 400 mM NaCl). After 72 h of salt treatment, leaf samples were harvested and H2O2 content, SOD and APX enzymes activity and also changes in gene expression were measured by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the activity of antioxidant enzymes in both 200 and 400 mM NaCl concentration was significantly increased (P<0.05). The lecRLK gene expression was not significantly changed among different treatments. The expression of CIPK20 gene were decreased 7 and 16 folds lower than control at 200 and 400 mM of NaCl treatments, respectively. The obtained results revealed that expression of HSFA1a gene was positively associated with salt concentration (P<0.05). So that, the expression of HSFA1a in 200 and 400 mM NaCl was 11 and 13 folds more than control, respectively. The expression of ZF30 gene was decreased significantly in both 200 and 400 mM NaCl treatments (P<0.05). The results showed that the expression pattern of studied genes is different under salt stress conditions that can be related to the role of each gene, salt concentration and stress duration.

Oat establishes a healthy basis for food products. It has gained relevance in human nutrition because it is one of the few cereals with a high content of soluble fiber namely β -glucan, and is a good source of proteins, vitamins, and minerals (Butt et al., 2008). β-glucan is one such polysaccharide that has received much attention from the past few years due to its several health beneficial properties, including the ability to remove free radicals in a way identical to antioxidants (Gardiner, 2000). β-glucan is an unbranched polysaccharide consisting of β-D-glucopyranose units linked through (1→4) and (1→3) glycosidic bonds in cereals and (1→6) glycosidic bonds in fungal sources (Ahmad et al., 2016). β-glucan from different sources vary in their molecular structure, chain conformation, solubility, number of β- (1→3)- or β-(1→6)-linkage, and thus different biological activities (Descroix et al., 2006). β-glucan is regarded as an important functional ingredient to lower serum cholesterol, promote weight management, reduce glycemic response, enhance immune system, besides having a prebiotic effect (Zhu et al., 2016; Shah et al., 2016). β–glucan from barley and oat at a 3 g/day dosage as recommended by FDA would reduce cardiovascular disease risk including a reduction in blood glucose and also has satiety effects. Therefore, in order to meet the demands of people related to diets that have a low glycemic index and antioxidant property, non-starch polysaccharides like β-glucan can be used as an ingredient in the products to develop new functional foods (Lee et al., 2016). Oat grain’s fat content is more than that of wheat and it is full of lipase, lipoxygenase, and other hydrolytic enzymes. Over time, enzymes lead to the hydrolysis of the fats present in the oat that make the rancidity taste. Due to the effect of enzyme activity on the stability of oat flakes, these enzymes need to be deactivated during oat processing. One of the methods for disabling enzymes is a hydrothermal process (Doehlert et al., 2010). In this study, the effect of the hydrothermal process using autoclave on the physical and rheological properties of oat β-glucans at different times and temperatures has been investigated.

In this study, beta-glucan was extracted from oats using the hot water extraction method. Hulled oat grains, it put into the autoclave for hydrothermal processing, at three different temperatures of 110, 120 and 130°Ϲ in two different times (10 and 20 minutes) intervals, to measure the effect of time and temperature on physicochemical and functional and rheological properties of β-glucan. After extraction, the physiochemical and functional properties of extracted β-glucan such as solubility, foaming, foaming stability and rheological properties were tested. In order to measure the moisture, ash and protein content, the standard methods (AOAC, 2005) were used. The fat content of the flour was measured by the standard AACC method 25-30. The starch was determined by polarimetry method. For solubility measurement, according to Betancur-Anoka (2003) method, after preparing 90 ml of 1% w / v solution from each sample β-glucan, it was divided into 3 equal parts. Then each of them was placed in a warm bath of 25, 50 and 75 °C for 30 minutes. After centrifuging for 15 minutes at about 8000 g, 10 ml of the upper clear solution was transferred to an oven at 125 °C to reach a constant weight. Finally, solubility percentage at different temperatures was calculated.The foaming capacity and foam stability were studied using the temelli method (1997). For this purpose, 2.5 g, β-glucans was dissolved in 100 mL distilled water. The resulting solution was mixed vigorously for 2 min using a hand held food mixer at high speed in a stainless steel bowl with straight sides and volumes were recorded before and after whipping. To determine foaming capacity, foams were slowly transferred to a 1000 mL graduated cylinder and the volume of foam that remained after staying at 25 ± 2°C for 2 h was expressed as a percentage of the initial foam volume (Temelli et al. 1997; Ashraf Khan et al., 2016). β -Glucan gum solutions were prepared in duplicate in the desired concentration (1.0% of gum, w/w) using distilled water. The rheological properties of the samples were studied by an Anton Paar Physica Rheometer (Physica, MCR 301, Anton Paar GmbH, Germany), with a parallel plate geometry.

β-glucan obtained from hydrothermal process on oat flour at 120°C for 10 minutes had the highest solubility at 25°C and the lowest solubility at 50°C, and 130°C treatment for 10 minutes had the highest solubility at 75°C from hydrothermal process on oat flour at 120°C for 10 minutes had the highest solubility at 25°C, and the treatment of 110°C for 10 minutes and also the treatment of 120°C for 20 minutes had the highest solubility at 50°C and 75°C. The amount of foam in treatment at 130°C for 10 minutes were lower than other treatments and the treatment at 110°C for 10 minutes had the highest foaming stability. In the study of rheological properties, the effect of shear rate on viscosity showed by increasing the shear rate, viscosity decreased in all samples. β-glucan from hydrothermal process on oat flour at 120°C for 10 minutes, had the highest amount of viscosity. In the temperature sweep the parameters included G′ modulus and G″ modulus, the amount of G′ and G″ in β -glucan sample that extracted from hydrothermal process on oat flour were decreased in all samples. Also, G′ and G″ of extracted β-Glucan from hydrothermal process on oat flour at 120°C for 10 minutes was higher than other treatments. In the frequency sweep, at a lower frequency, the amount of G″ was more than G′, and both of them were increased by an increasing frequency and the amount of G′, G″ and η* at 120°C for 10 minutes was higher than other treatments in the frequency of 1 and 10 (Hz). The results showed that the hydrothermal process had a significant effect on the properties and functional properties of β -glucan. Extracted β -glucan sample at 120°C for 10 minutes had the highest solubility at 25°C, and the sample had the lowest solubility at 50°C. The sample treated at 120°C for 20 minutes had the highest solubility at 75°C. The foaming capacity of the sample at 130°C for 10 minutes was lower than other treatments and the treatment at 110°C for 10 minutes had the highest foaming stability. In the study of rheological properties, the effect of shear rate on viscosity decreased in all samples and the treatment of 120°C for 10 minutes had the highest amount of viscosity. In temperature sweep measurement, the amount of G′ and G″ were decreased in all samples and at 120°C for 10 minutes it had the highest amount of G′ and G″. In the frequency sweep, at a lower frequency, the amount of G″ was more than G′, and both of them were increased by an increasing frequency and the amount of G′, G″ and η* at 120°C for 10 minutes was higher than other treatments in the frequency of 1 and 10 (Hz).

Salt stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses which severly affects agriculture in the world. One of the strategies to deal with this stress is to investigate the mechanisms of tolerance in halophyte plants and to use them for crop improvement. The halophyte plant “Aleuropus littoralis” can tolerate salinity levels up to 600 mM. In this study, in order to investigate the mechanism of the antioxidant response of this plant to salinity stress, one-month seedlings were irrigated with Hoagland solution containing 0, 200 and 400 mM NaCl to induce salt stress. After 72 hours, root, stem and leaf tissues were sampled and the response of each tissue to salinity stress was evaluated. The results were compared using Duncan's multiple range test (p<0.05) after ANOVA. With increasing level of stress, protein content in all three tissues increased significantly. The amount of H2O2 in stem and root decreased with increasing salt concentration, but increased at 200 mM salt concentration. Based on the results, the general pattern of change in the activity of antioxidant enzymes was different in response to salt stress. The activity of superoxide dismutase in all studied tissues increased significantly with increasing stress level, so that the highest activity of the enzyme was observed in stem tissue and at 400 mM salt concentration (3.7 times more than the control). However, the changes in the activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase showed a decreasing trend or no significant change, so that the catalase activity in the leaf and at 400 mM salt concentration was almost half of the control and in the root more than half of the control. Finally, with increasing levels of stress, significant increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity was observed in all treatments, except in root tissue and 200 mM salt concentration. In general, according to the results, it can be stated that the balance between the antioxidant defense indices leads to the maintenance of destructive molecules such as H2O2 at a minimal level and plays an effective role in salinity stress tolerance in the A. littoralis.

 Agrobacterium rhizogenes results in the formation of hairy root phenotype in plants. The hairy roots have high growth rate and genetic stability and able to produce plant metabolites. In this study, the optimum parameters for induction and growth conditions of radish hairy roots has been investigated.   The effect of explant type (leaves, stems and cultures), co-culture medium (MS, ½MS, B5 and ½B5) and A. rhizogenes strains (A4, ATCC15834 and LBA9402) were evaluated based on factorial experiments in a CRD design with three replications. Transformation percentage was calculated based on the number of appearing hairy roots and was considered as an index for determining the optimum conditions. Transgenic nature of hairy roots was confirmed by PCR and specific primers for rolB and virD genes. The dry and fresh biomass and the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds of hairy roots were measured.   ATCC15834 had the highest ability to induce hairy roots in radish under different conditions. The ½B5 medium was the most suitable co-culture medium and the cotyledon explant was the best plant material for induction of radish hair roots. The growth rate among hairy root clones was significantly different based on dry and fresh biomass and the highest amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in hairy root cultures was 2.9 and 3.6 times more than normal plant, respectively.   The optimum conditions for induction of hairy roots must be determined in each plant and the hairy root cultures of radish have a high capability to produce secondary metabolites.

In this study, the cultivable algae in the coasts of Guilan province in the south west part of the Caspian Sea were isolated, purified and then morphologically and molecularly identified in February 2016. The separated samples were examined by optical microscopy and morphological analysis. Then, 18S rDNA gene primer pair was used for green algae polymerase chain reaction. Totally, 14 algae strains were identified. Among them, four strains were related to the algal branch of Chlorophyta. Considering the importance of the Caspian Sea as one of the largest aquatic habitats in the country, many studies have been conducted on the identification and study of phytoplankton and algae of the Caspian Sea. The seasonal variation of phytoplanktons in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea was studied. During a winter season, 31 species belonged to the Chlorophyta among 32 study stations. The results of this research show that the growth and diversity of the algae in the habitats is affected by seasonal fluctuations and changes in environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, food level, type of bed (due to spread range of sampling area) and a combination of them. In general, research has shown that some factors such as salinity, temperature, source of nitrogen and ambient oxygen, pH, heavy elements, UV rays and other environmental stressors affect the chemical composition and antioxidant activity in algae.

Chlorophyllase catalyzes the hydrolysis of chlorophylls to chlorophyllide and phytol. Recently, several applications including removal of chlorophylls from vegetable oils, use in laundry detergents and production of chlorophyllides have been described for chlorophyllase. However, there is little information about the biochemical characteristics of chlorophyllases.
Material and 35 chlorophyllase protein sequences were obtained from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database. All of the sequences were analyzed using bioinformatics tools for their conserved domain, phylogenetic relationships and biochemical characteristics.
Results and The overall domain architecture of chlorophyllases consisted of the esterases/lipases superfamily domain over their full length and the alpha/beta hydrolase family domain over the middle part of their sequences. Plant chlorophyllases could be classified into 4 clades. Molecular weight and pI of the chlorophyllases ranged 32.65-37.77 kDa and 4.80-8.97, respectively. The most stable chlorophyllase is probably obtained from Malus domestica. Chlorophyllases form Solanum pennellii, Triticum aestivum, Triticum urartu, Arabidopsis lyrata, Pachira macrocarpa, Prunus mume and Malus domestica were predicted to be soluble upon overexpression in Escherichia coli, Beta vulgaris and Chenopodium album chlorophyllases were predicted to form no disulfide bond. Chlorophyllases from Jatropha curcas, Amborella trichopod, Setaria italica, Piper betle, Triticum urartu and Arabidopsis thaliana were predicted to be in non-N-glycosylated form.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Pseudomonas bacteria are the most important plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in different crop plants. In this study، thirty eight Pseudomonas bacteria isolated from corn rhizosphere grown in different parts of Khorasan Razavi province. Initially، all isolates were identified by using recommended physiological and biochemical tests. The results showed that most of Pseudomonas isolates were similar to Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The potential sidrophore production of all Pseudomonas isolates was evaluated using CAS-agar solid medium. The results of this part of experiment showed that the ratio of halo to colony diameter varied from 0. 7175 to 4 after four days of incubation at 27 oC. The quantity of sidrophore production of Pseudomonas isolates was also measured by using spectrophotometry method. The results revealed that the amount of sidrophore production changed from 0. 96 to 132. 5 µML-1 among Pseudomonas isolates. The effect of sidrophore–iron complexes on growth of corn plant was investigated in a hydroponic system under green house condition. The results showed that chlorophyll content، shoot and root dried weights significantly increased when sidrophore–iron complexes was applied to corn plant. The effect of sidrophore-iron complex took out from Pseudomonas fluorescens on iron uptake in corn plant was similar to Fe–EDTA complex. The effect of sidrophore-iron complex extracted from P16 isolate on iron uptake was significantly higher compare to control treatment.