alireza sadeghi mahoonak

Protein hydrolysate is a valuable source of bioactive peptides. The production of protein hydrolysate through fermentation is an environmentally friendly approach preferred over enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis in most cases. This research employed Bacillus species, including Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis, to hydrolyze sesame meal protein. The investigated tests included measuring the concentration of peptides by the OPA method, DPPH radical inhibition, and iron ion reducing power, total antioxidant activity, and iron ion chelating activity. The concentration of peptides was evaluated after 24 h for Bacillus species. The lowest peptide concentration (0.656 mg/mL) was associated with the fermented treatment by B. licheniformis, while the highest value (1.38 mg/mL) was observed for the hydrolyzed treatment with B. subtilis. A significant difference (p<0.05) was observed among all the treatments. Results of DPPH radical inhibition showed the highest inhibition was associated with the samples hydrolyzed by B. coagulans (76.6%), and the lowest value was attributed to the hydrolysate by B. licheniformis (57.36%). The sample fermented with B. pumilus exhibited higher reducing power (0.992 absorbance at 700 nm) with a significant difference (p<0.05) observed between the treatments. The highest chelating activity (85.6%) was observed in the sample fermented with B. subtilis. The total antioxidant activity demonstrated that the protein hydrolysate with fermentation by B. coagulans had the highest absorbance value at 695 nm with a significant difference between the treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, the fermentation of sesame meal protein by Bacillus species resulted in the production of protein hydrolysate with substantial antioxidant activity, positioning it as a promising source for inclusion in food formulations.

Nowadays, antibiotic resistance is increasing in all parts of the world and is emerging and expanding globally. Due to their natural antimicrobial properties and low tendency to develop bacterial resistance, antimicrobial peptides can be a good candidate as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics. Bioactive peptides are produced using enzymatic hydrolysis by enzymes extracted from microorganisms and plants, digestive enzymes, and fermentation by proteolytic starter cultures. Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins is performed by commercial proteases or a combination of several proteolytic enzymes. Commercial proteases are expensive due to their specificity. Among the strategies for protein hydrolysis with the aim of obtaining bioactive peptides is microbial fermentation, which is more environmentally friendly and has a high potential for use in industry due to its relatively low cost compared to commercial enzymes. It is a suitable method for the hydrolysis of sesame meal protein. Bacillus species are bacteria that have high proteolytic activity and are able to produce different endopeptidases in the fermentation medium. The activity of endopeptidases in the environment containing proteins causes the production of peptides with small sizes and free amino acids in higher amounts compared to enzymatic hydrolysis, which is one of the advantages of using Bacillus species with high proteolytic activity compared to pure enzymes. In general, the purpose of this research was to produce sesame meal protein hydrolysate by fermentation with Bacillus subtilis and to investigate its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.

In this study, at the first step, sesame meal was defatted with hexane at a ratio of 1:5, then it was dried and sesame meal protein isolate was extracted, and the optimization of fermentation conditions was determined by the response surface methodology (RSM). Independent variables, including temperature (30 to 45 ˚C), time (12 to 36 h), and substrate concentration (2 to 6%), were considered. The antioxidant properties of the treatments, including DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing power, and antimicrobial activity, were investigated, and the optimum treatment was selected. Then the protein hydrolysate was freez-dried and stored at -20 °C.

According to the results, temperature (39.68 °C), time (30.07 h), and substrate concentration (4.85%) were selected as optimum conditions. Under these conditions, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing power of hydrolysate were 63.57% and 0.9951 (absorbance at 700 nm), respectively. The inhibition percentages of Staphylococcus aureus (59.58%), Escherichia coli (6.55%), Listeria monocytogenes (62.43%), and Clostridium perfringens (50.97%) were obtained in the optimized condition. Bacillus subtilis, in the presence of sesame meal protein, showed significant (p<0.05) protease activity over time. After 48 hours, the clear zone diameter was determined to be 22 mm. The clear zone created by this strain showed that Bacillus subtilis has high proteolytic activity and can be a suitable bacterium for hydrolyzing sesame meal protein with the aim of obtaining hydrolysates with the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial activity of the protein hydrolysate can be due to the higher degree of hydrolysis. By increasing the hydrolysis time, peptides with low molecular weight are produced, which cause better interaction with the microbial cell membrane, disrupt the membrane, and lead to the inhibition of the microorganism. According to the results, the sesame meal protein hydrolysate showed more inhibitory effect against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Researchers reported that the difference in sensitivity to antimicrobial compounds between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria can be attributed to the structure and composition of the cell envelope (cytoplasmic membrane or outer membrane, and cell wall). In general, the bioactivity properties of protein hydrolysate depend on the amino acid composition, sequence, and molecular weight of the amino acids. The antioxidant activity can be due to the high content of polar and aromatic amino acids. By further hydrolysis of proteins, peptides and polar free amino acids are produced that interact with free radicals and converted into safe and stable intermediate products.

In this study, Bacillus subtilis strain was used to ferment sesame meal protein, which is a rich source of protein, to produce protein hydrolysate with maximum antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Results showed that the protein hydrolysate obtained from sesame meal protein isolate had antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. It can be used as a natural antimicrobial or antioxidant agent in the formulation of food or pharmaceutical industry to improve the health of society.

Soy whey (SW) is a byproduct from tofu and soy protein isolate (SPI) production that contains various nutrients such as protein, amino acids, minerals, carbohydrates, isoflavones. In this study, SW was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with the aim to enhance total phenolic contents (TPC), Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and antioxidant activity. Eight different LAB strains were selected and the activity and cell counts of the most potent strains were investigated during fermentation. The results showed that all the isolates were able to grow in SW and the increase in incubation time led to significantly (p<0.05) decrease the pH of all samples from 5.75 to 4.5. Among eight LAB isolates, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MCM4 and Weissella confusa MDM8 showed higher activity in terms of acid production, increase in TPC content and proteolytic activity. The sample fermented by L. plantarum MCM4 had the highest content of free amino acids (1.73 mg/ml) and the unfermented sample with 0.9 mg/ml had the lowest content. GABA concentration varied from 6.15 mg/mL (unfermented) to 24.175 mg/100 mL (SW fermented with L. plantarum MCM4). In this research, it was found that fermentation increased the antioxidant capacity of SW in such a way that the highest amount was observed in sample fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MCM4. A positive correlation (R2= +0.72) was found between viable cell counts and proteolysis. It can be concluded that, fermentation with L. plantarum MCM4 and W. confusa MDM8 can be applied as an approach to valorize SW.

Due to concerns about the safety and long-term health of synthetic antioxidants such as BHT and BHA, the use of natural compounds with antioxidant properties, such as bioactive peptides, has attracted the attention of many researchers. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum hydrolysis time of edible mushroom protein (Agaricus bisporus) with alcalase enzyme to produce protein hydrolyzate with high antioxidant properties. For this study, first edible mushrooms were converted into powder and then was hydrolyzed in different times of 200, 150, 100, 50 and 250 minutes with an enzyme to substrate of 2% at temperature of 50 °C and then appropriate treatment based on antioxidant properties of the produced sample was determined. The results showed that hydrolysis time 200 minutes is suitable to achieve maximum antioxidant properties. Next, the effect of different concentrations (10 to 50 mg/ml) of hydrolyzed protein prepared under optimal conditions on the antioxidant properties of the product compared to ascorbic acid (50 mg/ml) was investigated. In all the tests, the product showed a concentration-dependent behavior and with increasing concentration, the DPPH free radical scavenging, iron ion reduction power and total antioxidant power increased and in concentrations of 40 and 50 mg/ml the antioxidant power was similar to ascorbic acid (50 mg/ml). The results showed that the hydrolyzed protein produced has the potential to be used as a functional ingredient and as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants in food formulations.

Seeds and nuts have received increasing attention due to their nutritional value and the high therapeutic properties of their bioactive compounds. Most of the seeds are used as nuts, and some of them are considered agricultural waste. Pumpkin seeds have a high content of protein (30–40% in terms of dry matter). Proteins are among the vital health-giving components that provide nitrogen, essential amino acids and energy necessary for normal cells. Pumpkin seeds are a good source of amino acids such as valine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine and methionine. Protein hydrolysate is a mixture of peptides and amino acids that can show antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties. During hydrolysis, proteins are broken into small peptides and amino acids. Since enzymatic hydrolysis is performed in relatively mild conditions and no amino acid damage occurs, this type of hydrolysis is preferred over acid and alkaline hydrolysis. Hydrolysates obtained from pumpkin seed protein have bioactive properties, especially antioxidant activity. Pretreatment of proteins before enzymatic hydrolysis acts to improve the release of bioactive peptides from different proteins. Pretreatment can facilitate the unfolding the structure of proteins and thus increase the access of enzymes to peptide bonds. The main properties of microwaves usually show three characteristics: penetration, reflection and absorption. Microwave assisted enzymatic hydrolysis can shorten the time  and improve the speed of the reaction. The purpose of this research was to investigate the antioxidant activity of pumpkin seed protein hydrolysates (Cucurbita maxima L.) by alcalase enzyme in two conditions: without pretreatment and using microwave pretreatment.

In this study, Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) was purchased from the local market of Astane Ashrafieh in Gilan province. The seeds were scooped manuallyand then dried in an oven at 50°C for 72 hours. After the production of protein concentrate from pumpkin seeds, the chemical properties of the concentrate, such as the amount of fat, protein, ash and moisture, were measured. The isolated pumpkin seed solution was exposed to microwave energy with a power of 450-900 watts for 30–90 seconds and was used as a substrate solution in enzymatic hydrolysis experiments. It should be noted that after measuring the total antioxidantactivityr for different powers and times of microwave pretreatment, the power of 600 watts for 60 seconds was selected  and applied before enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis was done by alcalase enzyme with a concentration of 0.5 to 2.5% compared to the protein substrate during 20 to 190 minutes, and the optimum temperature and pH of alcalase were determined in order to produce hydrolysates with antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was measured by using DPPH free radical inhibition, total antioxidant activity and iron chelation activity methods.

Bioactive peptides produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins have significant antioxidant properties. Pumpkin seeds can be used as a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds in various food industries. The results showed that the maximum amount of antioxidant activity without pre-treatment was achieved in 165 minutes with a 2.2% ratio of E/S by using DPPH free radical scavenging activity (40.5%), total antioxidant power (0.79), and iron chelation activity (96.2%) methods. By using microwave pre-treatment, the maximum amount of antioxidant activity was achieved in a shorter time and with less enzyme (105 minutes and E/S ratio 1.5%) using DPPH free radical scavenging (52%), total antioxidant power (0.711), and iron chelation activity (93%). Therefore, it can be concluded that using microwave assisted enzymatic hydrolysis , in addition to achieving hydrolysates with proper antioxidant activity, is a suitable method to save time and reduce enzyme concentrations used in enzymatic hydrolysis.

In this study, the effect of microwave pretreatment at the power of 500 and 900 W on the antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity) of flaxseed protein hydrolysate was investigated in the period of 30-210 minutes. In the next step, the effect of different concentrations (20-100 mg/ml) of the optimum treatment on the antioxidant properties (total antioxidant capacity, Fe reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging activity and Fe chelating activity) was investigated and was compared with the antioxidant capacity of vitamin C as a synthetic antioxidant and unhydrolyzed flaxseed protein. The results showed that microwave pretreatment at a power of 500 W significantly increased the antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity) of flaxseed protein hydrolysate, but higher microwave power (900 W) led to reduction of antioxidant activity in comparison to the sample without pretreatment or the sample with microwave pretreatment with a power of 500 W. The sample with microwave pretreatment with a power of 500 W and hydrolysis time of 180 minutes was selected as the optimum treatment with the highest total antioxidant capacity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Investigating the effect of concentration on the antioxidant properties of hydrolyzed protein showed that the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (52.7 %), total antioxidant capacity (1.35 absorbance at 695 nm), Fe reducing power (0.859 absorbance at 700 nm) were achieved at the concentration of 60 (mg/ml) and the highest Fe chelating activity (50.83%) was obtained at the concentration of 80 (mg/ml). As a result, the flaxseed protein hydrolysate with considerable antioxidant capacity, can be used in the production of functional food products, nutritional supplements for athletes and the elderly.

The principal purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant ability of whey protein isolate-inulin mixtures and conjugates to inhibit the oxidation of purslane seed oil. The conjugation variables were WPI to inulin ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1w/w) and incubation temperatures (60 and 80°C) at 79% relative humidity for 24 h. The reaction was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Functional properties of the samples, including emulsion stability, rheological behavior, and thermal stability were evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the glass transition temperature and denaturation temperature of the conjugates increased in comparison with other samples. The results of zeta-potential, particle size and emulsion stability indicated that the WPI-inulin conjugates were the most influential factor at stabilizing O/W emulsions compared with mixture samples. The oxidative stability of Purslane seed oil increased with increasing the incubation temperature of conjugates, so the emulsions stabilized by conjugates produced at 80°C showed lower levels of conjugated dienes and anisidine value. Results indicated that conjugation of WPI with inulin led to improved thermal stability, antioxidant capacity and emulsion stability of the samples.

Nowadays, with the development of technology, following an appropriate diet is of great importance, and different people go on various diets. Moreover, some food intolerance cause people to change their diets inevitably, with celiac disease being one of them. In celiac, which is an autoimmune and hereditary disease, the mucosal mem-brane of the pa-tient small intestine is damaged and inflamed after the consumption of gluten-containing cereal-based products. Accordingly, Rice flour is typically used in the production of gluten-free cake, and given the qualitative defects of gluten-free products, gluten substitutes should be employed. Application of Pickering emulsion (PE) is a way of enhancing the properties viscoelastic of cake. Nowadays, the research about the use of emulsion in the structure of gluten-free products has been expanded to improve its quality features. According to this, one of the practical applications gluten-free food products are important for individuals with celiac disease or gluten-related disorders since they need to follow a strict gluten-free diet. This study provides information on a Pickering emulsion stabilized by soy protein nanoparticles use to boost the physical properties of gluten-free cake batter. Results showed that use of these additives improved the techno-functional properties of the gluten-free cake batter. Therefore, the findings of this study can be use-ful for the production of functional free-gluten food products with health-promoting at-tributes. The aim of this research was to use Pickering emulsion (PE) stabilized by soy protein nanoparticles and xanthan gum in gluten-free cake dough based on Rice flour and monitor its quality indicators during shelf life. Considering the studies conducted so far, PE based on plant proteins like soy protein and microbial polysaccharides like xanthan, has not ever been reported in the preparation of gluten-free cake. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to stabilize PE by soy protein nanoparticles (SPNs), as well as investi-gating its effects on gluten-free rice flour-based cake and evaluation of its quality indica-tors during shelf life.

In this study, Pickering emulsion was prepared from soy protein nanoparticles and xanthan solution 0.1% (w/v). For this purpose, sunflower oil (20%) was gently added to the mixture of xanthan solution (20%) and SPNs (60%), which was sub-sequently agitated using a homogenizer at 11000 rpm. Next, the intrinsic properties of emulsion such as hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index (PDI) zeta potential, and creaming index of the SPNs and the PE were measured. Furthermore, the emulsifying activity (EA) test was performed according to the method presented by Dalev & Sime-onova (1995) with slight changes. Finally, the qualitative and viscoelastic properties of gluten-free cake-containing emulsion were investigated in comparison with the control sample during shelf life.

The results of this research showed that the presence of soy pro-tein nanoparticles along with xanthan gum caused stability, proper dispersion index, ho-mogeneity of particles, and determining the electrical state of the surface of particles in PE. In fact, the prepared PE had an acceptable dispersity, because the lower the PDI is, the more suitable the dispersity is, and the more homogenous the particles are. The zeta potentials of the SPNs and the PE were equal to -13.166 and -30.696 mV, respectively. The high zeta potential of colloidal particles causes an increase in electrostatic repulsive forces between them, thus raising the system physical stability at pH values above its isoe-lectric point. On the other hand, the emulsion prepared using the SPNs and the xanthan solution showed a higher zeta potential. Generally, xanthan solution is negatively charged at neutral pH, due to the occurrence of acidic groups in the structure of this gum. The presence of negative charge in both the SPNs and the gum elevated the zeta potential of the emulsion. The ability of the emulsion to resist the changes during three weeks showed insignificant phase separation and also with 78% emulsion activity. In addition, the pres-ence of PE (20 mL/100g rice flour) in the formulation of gluten-free cake dough im-proved the viscoelastic properties and quality of the final product during the shelf life of one week. In fact, considering the capability and usage of these emulsions in the food industry, especially the bakery industry, it improved the quality characteristics of cake products for the consumer, such as the specific volume and porosity of the cake, its tex-ture strength, and its shelf life. Pickering emulsion increased the moisture content in the cake, which had a positive effect on the hardness of the sample. Whereas, the volume and porosity decreased in the cake containing Pickering emulsion. On the other hand, the col-or of the sample was better maintained over time by adding emulsion during shelf life.

Based on the results of this research, SPNs improved the PE stability. Fur-thermore, xanthan gum inhibited the aggregation of the oil droplets by increasing the PE consistency and forming a network in the emulsion. The presence of PE in the gluten-free cake batter formulation caused a relative decrease in volume and porosity compared to the control sample by creating a coherent and uniform structure. By maintaining more moisture during the storage period, PE had much better viscoelastic and color characteris-tics compared to the control sample.

In recent years, researchers have identified and extracted bioactive peptides with acceptable antioxidant properties from different protein sources. Flaxseed meal, which is the main by-product of the linseed oil extraction process, contains a large amount of protein, which can be obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis to peptides with antioxidant properties. In this research, the effect of hydrolysis conditions (enzyme concentration 2.7-1% and time 30-183.64 minutes), type of protease (pancreatin and alcalase) and ultrasound pretreatment on the degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant properties (DPPH free radical inhibition, Total antioxidant activity, and iron ion chelation) of hydrolyzed protein obtained from flaxseed meal were evaluated using the response surface method. The optimal conditions for the production of hydrolyzed protein with the most antioxidant properties with alcalase enzyme with and without pretreatment and pancreatin enzyme with and without pretreatment, respectively, were hydrolysis time 79, 146.79, 111.77 and 97.21 minutes and enzyme concentration 2.29%, 1.46%, 2.26% and 1.38%; According to the obtained results, by examining the degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant properties of the hydrolyzed proteins of flaxseed meal, hydrolyzed protein with pancreatin enzyme was suggested as the optimal treatment. Hydrolyzed protein with pancreatin enzyme with ultrasound pretreatment was reported to have 75.66% DPPH free radical inhibition, 70.39% iron ion chelating activity, total antioxidant activity with absorbance of 0.86 nm and 80.69% hydrolysis degree. Therefore, it can be stated that the hydrolyzed protein of flax seed meal with strong antioxidant capacity is a bioactive compound for use in food formulations and the production of beneficial products.

Gelatin, a protein-based hydrocolloid widely used in food and drug industries, faces limitations when derived from cold-water fish species due to low gel strength and functional properties. In this regard, this study explores the potential of oak (Q.castaneifolia) phenolic extract as a natural modifier of commercial cold-water fish gelatin (CW-FG). The use of natural crosslinking additives especially oxidized forms of phenolic extract may be suggested as the modification strategy of gelatin hydrogel. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of oak (Q.castaneifolia) extract as chemical and rheological modifier of commercial cold-water fish gelatin.

The scope of the current work was to investigate the effects of concentration of oxidized/unoxidized oak phenolic extract, reaction pH values (7 and 9), and different concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 (mg/g protein) on gel strength, crosslinking degree, color parameters and swelling ratio of commercial cold-water fish gelatin. Further characterisation of the properties of different gelatin hydogels was also conducted by their conformational changes using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The modified CW-FGs demonstrated higher gel strength, reduced swelling ratio and free amino group, and a more compact structure compared to uncross-linked samples and those containing unoxidized oak phenolic extract at neutral pH. The addition of both types of oak acorn extracts at increasing pH levels led to a decrease in L*-value and an increase in a* and b*-values. FTIR analysis revealed hydrogen bond formation as the primary molecular interaction, particularly in CW-FGs modified with oxidized oak extract at pH 9. Additionally, free amino group could be controlled by adjusting the concentration of oak extracts. SEM analysis revealed that CW-FG gel containing Ox-OPP exhibited a non-uniform surface with varying pore sizes, exhibiting morphological differences from CW-FG gel containing OPP, particularly characterized by the creation of large empty spaces and fine filaments. These findings collectively demonstrate the potential for improving CW-FG gel properties through the judicious use of oak acorn phenolic extracts at specific concentrations and pH levels, with Ox-OPP showing promising effects on the gel's chemical and functional characteristics.

Both oxidized and unoxidized oak phenolic extract showed high potential for modification of physico-chemical and functional properties of gelatin hydrogel. Also, crosslinking degree was controlled by concentration changes. Formation of higher molecular weight structures and hydrogen bonds between gelatin and phenolic compounds were determined as important factors for the observed results. These improved physicochemical properties of gelatin could lead to the development of products in the food industry that meet consumer demands.

Oxidation in living organs causes dangerous diseases, including cancer, and in food, it causes spoilage and heavy economic losses. Synthetic antioxidants have adverse and dangerous effects on human health, therefore identifying natural antioxidant compounds is one of the main needs of the food industry. In fish processing industries, about 50-70% of fish, which are potential sources of valuable nutritional compounds such as essential amino acids, are produced as waste. Therefore, finding a way to optimally use these wastes and produce healthy compounds with high added value such as bioactive peptides has great importance. In this research, the effect of hydrolysis conditions (time: 30-300 min and enzyme concentration 0.5-3 %) and type of protease (alcalase and pancreatin) on the degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity, Fe chelating activity, nitric oxide radical inhibition, total antioxidant capacity and Fe reducing power) of protein hydrolysate from skipjack viscera was investigated using the response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum conditions for achieving the most antioxidant properties with alcalase and pancreatin were: hydrolysis time of 146.9 and 171.67 minutes and enzyme concentration of 1.94 and 2.17%; in these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis of the produced protein hydrolysates was 25.12% and 20.35%, respectively. Comparing the antioxidant properties of hydrolysates produced by both proteases showed that the alcalase enzyme led to the production of protein hydrolysates with stronger antioxidant properties than pancreatin. Therefore, it can be concluded that the protein hydrolysate of the skipjack fish viscera using alcalase enzyme as a healthy and value-added product can be used in the production of functional products and health supplements.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women in the world. To date, chemotherapy has been the most common treatment for breast cancer. However, some natural compounds have been used as chemical alternative treatments for breast cancer due to their wide range of bioactive properties and low toxicity in human and animal models. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol with anti oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties. The therapeutic capability of Curcumin is remarkably restricted by its low solubility in water and low bioavailability. Therefore, it needs suitable carriers. Mastic gum is a natural resin obtained from broad-leaved variety of Pistacia lentiscus. The purpose of this research is to investigate the morphological characteristics, zeta potential, particle size distribution, release mode in the simulated oral environment, and the effects of modified Mastic gum microcapsule containing curcumin on MCF-7 cell line.

This study was performed by an in vitro assay and the anticancer effects of Mastic gum microcapsule containing Curcumin were determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). The surface morphology, zeta potential and particle size distribution of modified Mastic gum microcapsule containing curcumin was investigated by FE-SEM, Zetasizer respectively.

The images obtained from the scanning electron microscope showed that the modified Mastic Gum Microcapsule containing Curcumin had a smooth surface, without pores and a spherical appearance. The microcapsule particle size was in the range of 2093-5050 nm, the average size of the particles (equivalent radius) was 3093 nm. Zeta potential was measured -4.66±0.2(mv). Correlation coefficient in the Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model to evaluate the release pattern of curcumin from the modified Mastic Gum Microcapsule containing Curcumin had the highest value. Furthermore, results of MTT analysis demonstrated that modified Mastic gum microcapsule containing Curcumin had more cytotoxic effect (reduction effect) on breast cancer MCF-7 cell line, after 48 and 72 h of incubation compare free Curcumin in same dosage. The IC50 of modified Mastic gum microcapsule containing Curcumin was found to be 3.830 µg ml-1 after 48 h of incubation, while that of free Curcumin was calculated to be about 6.460 µg ml-1. The IC50 of modified Mastic Gum microcapsule containing Curcumin after 72 h incubation was found to be 2.014 µg ml-1, while that of free Curcumin calculated to be about 4.528 µg ml-1.

Our findings indicated that modified Mastic gum microcapsule containing curcumin had significan reduction effect on human breast cancer cell MCF-7 cell line in compare free Curcumin. Furthermore, our results showed that the surface morphology, zeta potential and particle size distribution of modified Mastic gum microcapsule containing Curcumin were suitable for using in food and drug product basis mouth releasing.

 Free radicals originate from oxidation reactions decrease food quality and also promote incidence of various diseases such as cancer. In this regard, the use of natural compounds with antioxidant properties, such as bioactive peptides, is of interest to many researchers. Food-derived bioactive peptides, can play an important role in the oxidative systems. Ultrasound, as a cheap and green technology, is widely used to extract proteins and antioxidant compounds. Ultrasound pretreatment before enzymatic hydrolysis can open the protein structure and increase the intensity of proteolysis by increasing the exposure of peptide bonds prone to enzymatic hydrolysis; which increases the production efficiency of bioactive peptides. Ultrasound treatment changes the three-dimensional structure of proteins. Therefore, a combination of pretreatment with ultrasound and sequential enzymatic hydrolysis can be a promising way to modify the function of proteins.

 In this research the effect of hydrolysis time and ultrasonic pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of edible mushroom protein by pancreatic enzyme to produce peptides with high antioxidant capacity was evaluated. First edible mushroom was turned into powder and then, in order to optimize the production of hydrolyzed proteins with maximum antioxidant activity, the hydrolysis was performed 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 minutes with a ratio of enzyme to substrate of 1% (based on the result of previous research) and at 40°C in four conditions (1- without ultrasound pre-treatment, 2- with ultrasound pre-treatment with 40% power, 3- with ultrasound pre-treatment with 70% power and 4- with ultrasound pre-treatment with 100% power) by ultrasound probe in 5 minutes before adding the enzyme. In the next step, the antioxidant capacity of hydrolyzed proteins was measured at different times by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, iron ion reduction power, iron ion chelation and total antioxidant capacity.

 The results showed that the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity in untreated and treated samples with 40, 70 and 100% ultrasound power were 69.1, 77.45, 79.07 and 80.27, respectively. In most of the hydrolysis times, DPPH free radical scavenging activity in ultrasound treatment with 100% power was higher than the samples treated with 40 and 70% power. The highest total antioxidant capacity in untreated and treated samples with 40, 70 and 100% ultrasound power were 0.871, 1.025, 1.05 and 1.2 (absorption at 695 nm), respectively. In most of the hydrolysis times, the total antioxidant capacity in the samples treated with ultrasound with 100% power was higher than the samples treated with 40 and 70% power. The results showed that the highest reducing power of Fe3+ in untreated and treated samples with 40, 70 and 100% ultrasound power were 2.03, 2.40, 2.44 and 2.51(absorption at 700 nm), respectively. The highest iron ion chelation power in untreated and treated samples with 40, 70 and 100% ultrasound power were 25.22, 30.40, 26.52 and 41.10%, respectively. By increasing the ultrasound power in most of the hydrolysis times, the chelating power of iron ions in the ultrasound treatment with 100% power was higher than the samples pretreated with 40 and 70% power. The results showed that samples pretreated with 100% power ultrasound have the highest antioxidant properties compared to samples without pretreatment and pretreated with 40% and 70% ultrasound power. Based on the results, using ultrasound treatment with 100% power and during hydrolysis time of 60 minutes, a product with high antioxidant capacity was obtained and selected as a suitable treatment.

 The ultrasonic mechanism is attributed to its thermal effects, cavitation and mechanical efficiency, so that it can increase the mass transfer and increase the contact between the substrate and the enzyme or change the spatial structure of the substrate. The results showed that samples pretreated with ultrasound with 100% power have the highest antioxidant properties compared to samples without pretreatment and pretreated with 40 and 70% power. Therefore, the use of high-power ultrasonic pretreatment shortens the hydrolysis time to achieve peptides with higher antioxidant capacity and thus increases the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis.

The seeds of Cucurbitaceae plants (pumpkin, melon, etc.) are one of the rich sources of protein. Proteins are one of the most important nutritional sources for humans. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pumpkin seed protein by using microwave pretreatment leads to the production of hydrolyzates with bioactive properties, including antioxidant activity. The use of microwave pretreatment causes changes in the 3D structure of proteins, It opens the 3-dimensional structure of the protein and accelerates the access of the enzyme to the peptide bonds. Therefore, the use of microwave pretreatment is a suitable method to save time and enzyme concentration which are used in enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, The solution of pumpkin seed protein concentrate was exposed to microwave energy with a power of 500-900 W for 30-90 seconds and it was used as a substrate solution in enzymatic hydrolysis experiments. Enzymatic hydrolysis by pancreatin, with the concentration of 0.5 to 2.5% compared to the protein substrate, was performed in the time from 20 to 190 minutes, at the optimum temperature and pH of pancreatin, in order to produce hydrolysates with antioxidant potential. Antioxidant power was measured by using DPPH radical scavenging activity methods, total antioxidant activity (Absorbance at 695 nm) and iron chelating activity. The highest amount of antioxidant activity by using microwave pretreatment was in 105 minutes and the ratio of 1.5% E/S and the optimal conditions that provided by the software to achieve the maximum iron chelating activity (95.5%), DPPH radical scavenging activity (51.5%) and total antioxidant (Absorbance at 695 nm) (0.976), was in 102 minutes and the ratio of 1.5% E/S of which 89.5% corresponded with the obtained results.

In this study, the effect of temperature and storage time on biological activity and physicochemical stability of nanovesicles (liposomes and niosomes) containing bee pollen hydrolyzed protein obtained from alcalase and pepsin enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated. 0.2% chitosan was used to coat nanoliposomes. DPPH radical scavenging power, ferric ion reducing power, ACE scavenging power, particle size, particle dispersion index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and release rate of hydrolyzed proteins from nanovesicles during 28 days storage at refrigerator and ambient temperature were investigated. Results of DLS showed that the size of nanovesicles increased significantly by loading with hydrolyzed protein and coated with chitosan (P<0.05). Chitosan coated nanoliposomes had the highest amount of PDI. The zeta potential of nanovesicles reached the highest value by coating with chitosan. Chitosan coated nanoliposomes had the highest encapsulation efficiency. After 28 days, the size of coated and uncoated nanovesicles increased 2-26 times.The encapsulation efficiency of nanonisomes and uncoated nanoliposomes showed the lowest and highest decrease, respectively. The values of the measured factors during storage at the refrigerator were significantly lower than ambient temperature (P<0.05). The decline in the antioxidant activities of nanovesicles was significantly prevented by loading hydrolyzed proteins and coating the nanovesicles with chitosan. The ACE inhibition was lower in the nanoliposomes as compared with the nanoniosomes. After 28 days, the ACE inhibition activity of the loaded in nanoliposomes without coating chitosan decreased slightly. These findings are of great importance for designing and developing nutritious foods containing hydrolyzed protein.

In fish processing industries, 50-70% of primary fish are produced as waste, while they are rich sources of protein and essential amino acids. The optimal use of these wastes and the production of compounds with high added value that have significant health-giving properties is one of the important challenges of fish processing industries. In this research, the effect of hydrolysis conditions (time: 30-300 minutes and enzyme concentration 0.5-3%) and type of protease (pepsin and trypsin) on the degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity, Fe chelating activity, No radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity and Fe reducing power) of hydrolyzed protein obtained from Skipjack viscera were evaluated using response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the production of hydrolyzed protein with the maximum antioxidant properties with pepsin and trypsin enzymes were respectively: hydrolysis time of 179.09 and 143.62 minutes and enzyme concentration of 2.63 and 1.94 %; In this condition, the degree of hydrolysis of the hydrolyzed proteins resulting from the activity of trypsin was calculated to be higher than that of pepsin. Comparing the antioxidant properties of the hydrolysates obtained from the two enzymes used showed that the hydrolyzed protein obtained from trypsin had a stronger antioxidant potential than pepsin. Therefore, it can be stated that the hydrolyzed protein of the Skipjack viscera using trypsin enzyme as a health-giving supplement and with high added value can be used in the production of functional food products and health supplements for athletes and elderly people.

Bioactive peptides are actually specific protein parts that, in addition to nutritional value, have positive effects on body function and conditions that lead to health effects. The combined use of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis causes changes in the physical and chemical properties of hydrolyzed proteins. Microwave pretreatment is a well-known strategy to increase the accessibility of hydrolysis-sensitive bonds, facilitating enzyme cleavage sites and exposure to proteases. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of hydrolysis time and also the effect of microwave pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) protein by trypsin enzyme to produce antioxidant peptides. To conduct this research, first, edible mushrooms were turned into powder after purchase from the market and conducting related processes. In this research, hydrolyzed edible mushroom was produced using trypsin enzyme without pretreatment and with microwave pretreatment at different powers of 120, 200, and 280W and time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 minutes. The antioxidant properties of the hydrolysed samples (DPPH radical scavenging activity, iron chelating power, iron ion reduction power and total antioxidant activity) were evaluated and compared. The results showed that in most of the experiments, pretreatment with microwaves decreased the time of obtaining and increased the antioxidant capacity of the samples, so that the samples pretreated with microwave power of 120W showed higher antioxidant power compared to the other treated samples. In all antioxidant tests, the sample pre-treated with microwave with power 120W and hydrolysed at 90minutes showed higher antioxidant performance, and therefore it is considered as suitable treatment.

Due to the length of the time required for protein hydrolysis, ultrasound, as a cheap technology, can be used as a pre-treatment in protein hydrolysis to shorten the time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrolysis time and ultrasonic pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of edible mushroom proteins by pancreatin enzyme to produce short chain peptides with high antioxidant capacity. In this research first edible mushrooms were turned into powder then hydrolysed during 30-210 min with enzyme to substrate ratio of 1% and at temperature of 40 °C without pretreatment, and with pretreatment by 80 and 40% ultrasound power. Increasing the power of ultrasonic treatment increased the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity at shorter hydrolysis time. The highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity in untreated and treated samples with 40 and 80% ultrasound power were 39.96, 42.91 and 47.76, respectively. The highest total antioxidant capacity for untreated and treated samples with 40 and 80% ultrasound power was 1.64, 1.73 and 1.98 (absorption at 695 nm), respectively. The results showed that the highest reducing power of Fe3+ in untreated and treated samples with 40 and 80% ultrasound power were 2.61, 2.84 and 2.90 (absorption at 700 nm), respectively. These results showed that pre-treated samples with 80% ultrasound compared to samples without pretreatment and pre-treated with 40% ultrasound had the highest antioxidant properties. Therefore, the use of high power ultrasonic pretreatment shortens the hydrolysis time to achieve peptides with higher antioxidant capacity.

In recent years, the production of gluten-free products with good quality is one of the priorities of the food industry to meet the needs of celiac patients. The aim of this research work was to study the effects of MMP on some physico-chemical properties of rice flour-based gluten free batter and cake. MMP was prepared from common millet grain (Pishahang variety) and its physical and functional characteristics were evaluated. Gluten-free batters and low-ratio cakes based on rice flour with three levels of xanthan gum (0, 0.15, 0.3%) and four levels of MMP (0, 5, 10, 15 %) were produced then evaluated for their physico-chemical  and sensory characteristics. The results of physical and functional properties of millet milk powder including bulk density, water absorption and oil absorption respectively 0.652±0.09, 0.615±0.1, and 0.696±0.05 was obtained. Increasing levels of MMP along with xanthan gum increased the viscosity of the batter. The highest viscosity (20 pa.s) was observed in the sample with 0.3% xanthan gum and 15% MMP, which led to a decrease in the volume and porosity of the resulting cakes. Evaluation of the color indices showed the significant effect of MMP on L*, a* and b*. In general, with the increase of MMP, L* and b* decreased and a* increased. The results of sensory analysis for the cake samples showed that with the increase of MMP and xanthan gum, due to the increase in viscosity and decrease in volume, the texture score of the samples decreased, and the highest score was related to the sample with 0.15% gum. It was concluded that the cake sample prepared with 10% MMP with 0.15% xanthan gum was the best treatment in terms of sensory and quality characteristics.

In recent years, due to concerns about the safety and health of synthetic antioxidants, there has been widespread attention to the use of natural antioxidants. Bioactive peptides are one of these types of natural antioxidants. Turkmen melon seeds are a rich source of protein. The purpose of this study, was to perform enzymatic hydrolysis of Turkmen melon seed protein with pancreatin and alcalase enzymes in the ratio of enzyme to substrate of 1% and at intervals of 20-200 minutes. The degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavengingactivity, Fe3+ reducing power, and total antioxidant activity) of the obtained hydrolysates were investigated. Based on the results obtained from the effect of time on hydrolysis for alcalase-derived hydrolysates, the treatment was 20 to 120 minutes longer than pancreatin, while the treatment of pancreatin-derived hydrolysates for 140 to 200 minutes was higher than that of alcalase. The results showed that there was no significant difference between most of the hydrolysates from pancreatin and alcalase at 180 minutes compared to 200 minutes (about the free radical scavenging activity of DPPH hydrolyzes from alcalase, 160 minutes was determined as the best treatment). The highest scavenging activity of DPPH was total antioxidant by pancreatin enzyme after 160 minutes and 180 minutes of hydrolysis and respectively 72.49% and 1.27 (absorption at 659 nm). The results showed that the produced hydrolysates have a high ability to prevent food oxidation or be used as a medicinal compound.

Free radicals originate from oxidation reactions decrease food quality and also promote incidence of various diseases such as cancer.

In this research the effect of four enzymes, alcalase, trypsin, pepsin, and pancreatin, without pretreatment and with microwave and ultrasound pretreatment under optimal hydrolysis conditions on the antioxidant capacity of edible mushroom hydrolyzed protein was compared. The hydrolysis process to reach the maximum antioxidant activity with a ratio of enzyme to substrate of 1% and at the optimum temperature of each enzyme with and without microwave and ultrasound pretreatment and ultrasound pretreatment with 160W power, then hydrolysis with enzyme was done in 60 minutes and for samples without pretreatment, hydrolysis time was 120 minutes for each enzyme.

The results showed that the highest amount of total antioxidant capacity was 1.64 with hydrolysis by pepsin enzyme, the highest reducing power of iron ion was 2.80 with hydrolysis by alcalase enzyme. The highest iron ion chelation power of 65.08% was achieved with hydrolysis by trypsin enzyme and the highest DPPH free radical inhibition activity of 80.57% with hydrolysis by pepsin enzyme, all in the samples pre-treated with 160W ultrasound in the hydrolysis time of 60 minutes.

The results showed that in order to create the desired antioxidant properties in the hydrolyzed protein obtained from edible mushrooms, a special combination of hydrolyzing enzyme and pretreatment should be used, and ultrasound pretreatment is more effective than microwave in this field. formulations.

 High levels of free radicals can damage biomolecules and eventually cause oxidative stress. Bioactive peptides produced during enzymatic hydrolysis keep high health properties, such as antioxidant properties. The production of antioxidant peptides has received much attention as a new generation of natural antioxidants. Plants are one of the most abundant sources of biopolymers, especially protein. As long as the protein structure is intact, its amino acid sequence is inactive; however, during proteolysis, fermentation, and gastrointestinal digestion, these amino acids are released as oligopeptides ordinally with less than 20 amino acids and below 10 kDa in molecular weight. These peptides are more digestible and can exhibit specific bioactive properties such antioxidant properties. In this regard, the use of food waste containing protein to produce bioactive peptides and increase their value has received increasing attention. Enzymatic hydrolysis can increase their functional properties by converting proteins into peptides without affecting their nutritional value. Pomegranate seed protein is a by-product of the pomegranate seed oil industry and can be a good source of bioactive peptides with antioxidant properties. According to our knowledge, there isn’t any data about the enzymatic hydrolysis of pomegranate seed protein for antioxidant peptides production. In this study, the optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of pomegranate seed protein with trypsin using the responses surface method and the effect of hydrolysis on protein structure were investigated.

 In this study, the protein was extracted from pomegranate seed, and using trypsin the optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of protein was determined by Face-Centered Central Composite design, which is one of the responses surface design methods. The effect of independent variables including temperature (30 to 45 °C), time (30 to 180 minutes), and enzyme to substrate ratio (1 to 3 w/w) on DPPH free radical scavenging activity and Fe+3 reducing power as responses, was evaluated. Validation tests were performed for confirmation of the proposed values by software and the degree of hydrolysis of the samples was determined. In the next step, the unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed protein was evaluated for molecular weight distribution and their surface hydrophobicity was compared. Finally, scanning electron microscopy images were used to confirm the hydrolysis process.

 Under optimal conditions obtained from the response surface method (temperature: 37.6 °C, time: 136.55 minutes, and enzyme to substrate ratio: 2.2%), trypsin-derived hydrolyzate, showed DPPH free radical scavenging power: 87±0.89% and Fe+3 reduction power: 0.293±0.44. Under these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis was equal to 30.1±1%. The optimum conditions of hydrolysis were validated by RSM. The increase in the surface hydrophobicity of the protein after the hydrolysis process indicated the unfolding of the pomegranate seed protein chain and the exposure of its structure during the reaction. The electrophoretic profile of denatured pomegranate seed protein showed smaller peptide bands and lower band intensity, along with losing some of the peptide fractions after hydrolysis. so the efficacy of trypsin at cleaving the protein was confirmed. Evaluation of images obtained by scanning electron microscopy showed that unhydrolyzed protein had complex structures comprised of random sheets of different sizes and shapes and the protein degraded into small fragments and looser structure with many folds after enzyme hydrolysis, resulting in smaller particles compared with untreated samples with the same SEM parameters

Considering the consumer’s tendency toward functional foods and present concerns about the application of synthetic additives and according to the results, the hydrolyzed pomegranate seed protein prepared by trypsin shows good antioxidant capacity. In addition, there will be a reduction in waste generated by the pomegranate processing industry. Further studies will need for the isolation and identification of the specific peptides and amino acid sequences and the evaluation of their possible incorporation in food matrices.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of protein sources is a common method in food processing. Hydrolyzed protein is a mixture of peptides and amino acids that have many health properties including anti-hypertensive, anti-cholesterol and antioxidant. Turkmen melon seed is one of the fruit by-product which can be a cost-effective source for the production of bioactive peptides. In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of Turkmen melon seed protein with pancreatin and trypsin enzymes in enzyme to substrate ratio of 1% and time intervals of 20-200 minutes was performed. The degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity, Fe3+ reducing power, total antioxidant activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity) of the obtained hydrolysates were investigated. The results showed that with increasing the hydrolysis time up to 180 minutes, the degree of hydrolysis increased significantly and after that no significant differences was observed in this factor. The maximum DPPH scavenging activity, Fe3+ reducing power and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were obtained by hydrolysis with pancreatin enzyme and after 180 minutes of hydrolysis and were 72.49%, 0.55 (adsorption at 700 nm) and 59%, respectively. The maximum total antioxidant activity of pancreatin and trypsin hydrolysates was obtained after hydrolysis at 180 minutes and there was no significant difference between them. According to the results, compared to trypsin, pancreatin enzyme showed a better performance in the production of protein hydrolysate with maximum antioxidant properties. As a result, the resulting hydrolysates, can be used in food formulation as a natural preservative and the production of functional products.

The aim of this study was to extract and encapsulate the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of wild dill (Grammosciadium Platycarpum Boiss) in sodium alginate hydrogel. In this study, phenol and flavonoid compounds were extracted from Grammosciadium Platycarpum Boiss and then used for encapsulation at three concentrations of 1, 2 and 3%) in sodium alginate with three concentrations of 1.5, 2 and 3%. In the next step, antioxidant activity (total antioxidant, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, OH radical scavenging, reducing power), loading capacity of phenolic compounds of Grammosciadium Platycarpum Boiss extract in alginate hydrogel, encapsulation efficiency and process efficiency, were evaluated. Also, structural properties of encapsulated material including chemical structure using infrared spectroscopy were measured. The ability to preserve phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of the product during 30 days of storage in different environmental conditions (light and dark, and temperature 25 ° C and 4-7 °C) were also evaluated. The results showed the maximum loading capacity of 1.178 mg as gallic acid per gram of extract was obtained for alginate hydrogel containing 3% extract. In addition, it was found that by using this method, a high coating efficiency of about 75% was obtained. The results also revealed a significant difference (P<0.05) in the ability to maintain antioxidant activity against environmental conditions, for hydrogels containing different amounts of extract during 30 days of storage. Similar results obtained with respect to the ability of phenolic compounds retention during storage in hydrogels containing the extract, the maximum retention of total antioxidant properties, free radical scavenging of DPPH, free radical scavenging of OH and reducing power under different storage conditions, were observed for hydrogels containing 2% extract. The greatest reduction in antioxidant properties was observed for hydrogels containing 1% extract under artificial light conditions. The ability to maintain the antioxidant property of the was observed in the artificial light condition about 55/18% and in the dark conditions about 74/15%.the rate of free radical DPPH in artificial lighting conditions accounted for about 36/42 %, and about 84/15 % in the dark conditions. The rate of free radical OH in artificial lighting conditions accounted about 44/11% and about 68/34% in the dark conditions. The rate of power regenerative in artificial lighting conditions was 63/53 % and was estimated at 75/83% in the dark conditions. In this study it was found that 2% alginate containing 2% extract has the best encapsulation and has the highest retention of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties during storage.

Free radicals and hydroperoxides originate from oxidation reactions could reduce food quality and also promote incidence of various diseases such as cancer. In this regard, the use of natural compounds with antioxidant properties, such as bioactive peptides, is of interest to many researchers. Demand for natural and safe antioxidants such as bioactive peptides has increased dramatically due to concerns about the safety and long-term health implications of synthetic antioxidants such as BHT and BHA. Bioactive peptides are defined as hydrolyzed proteins that, after entering the body, show potential ability to stimulate desirable and health promoting activities.

The aim of this study was to optimize the hydrolysis conditions of edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) powder protein with alcalase enzyme in order to produce hydrolyzed protein with potential antioxidant properties. To conduct this research, first, edible mushrooms were turned into powder after purchase from the market and conducting related processes. Then, in order to optimize the production of hydrolyzed proteins with maximum antioxidant activity using response surface methodology, the independent variables selected as time, temperature and ratio of enzyme to substrate and dependent variables was selected as the antioxidant capacity of the hydrolyzed sample (using DPPH free radical scavenging methods, iron ion reduction power and total antioxidant capacity). The temperatures used were in the range of 40-55 °C, the hydrolysis time between 30 to 210 minutes and the enzyme to substrate ratio 1 to 3%, which was optimized by the surface response methodology. In this research, Design Expert statistical software was used to apply the response level of statistical design. The statistical design was prepared with a central composite design with 20 experimental treatments that included a central point with six replications.

The obtained results showed that all the studied parameters (enzyme concentration, temperature and time of hydrolysis) had a significant effect on the antioxidant activity of the hydrolyzed product. The results showed that for the production of hydrolyzed protein of edible mushroom with high antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging methods, reducing power of Fe3+ and total antioxidant capacity) by the alcalase enzyme, the optimal conditions include temperature of 47.5 ° C, the hydrolysis time of 197 minutes and the enzyme-to-substrate ratio 2.1%, which with desirability of 100% was equal to DPPH free radical scavenging of 10.661%, reducing power of Fe3+ equal to 2.45 (absorption at 700 nm) and the total antioxidant capacity of 1.224 (absorption at 695 nm).

The results showed that by hydrolysis of protein of edible mushroom under optimal conditions a product with suitable antioxidant capacity can be obtained, which can be used as natural and functional additives in food formulations.