alireza shokuhfar

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementary irrigation and foliar spraying with salicylic acid and humic acid on the biochemical properties of dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) under Khorramabad climatic conditions at Visian Research Station. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot-factorial based on a randomized complete block design for two years of 2017- 2018 and 2018-2019 in Khorramabad city.Experimental treatments consisted of supplementary irrigation at four levels (including control, budding stage, flowering stage, and budding stage + flowering stage) as the main factor; foliar spraying with salicylic acid at three levels (including control, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM) as the first subfactor, and foliar spraying with humic acid at two levels (including control and 1 mM) as the second subfactor. In this study, different characteristics such as shoot nitrogen content, shoot phosphorus content, shoot potassium content, shoot copper content, shoot iron content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll total were evaluated. According to the results, various levels of supplementary irrigation and foliar spraying with humic acid and salicylic acid significantly affected the above characteristics. Mean comparison results revealed that the highest nitrogen content in the shoot (3.74%), shoot iron content (182.33 mg g-1), chlorophyll a (5.18 mg g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (5.18 mg g-1 fresh weight) chlorophyll total (5.18 mg g-1 fresh weight) were recorded in the first year under treatment with supplementary irrigation at the budding stage and foliar spraying with salicylic acid (1 mM) and humic acid (1 mM).

In order to effect of potassium nano chelate on physiological and yield characteristics of barley in irrigation cut-off conditions, this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main treatment consisted: full irrigation, no irrigation at the beginning of stem elongation, and no irrigation at the pollination stage and sub treatment consisted: no foliar application (control), 35 mg.L-1 and 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano chelate. results showed that the effect of deficit irrigation cut-off and potassium nano-chelate on number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, weight of 1000 seeds, grain yield, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature and relative water content leaf were statistically significant at 1% level of probability. Interaction irrigation cut-off and potassium nano-chelate number of spikes, weight of 1000 seeds, in canopy temperature and relative water content leaf were significant at 1% probability and stomatal conductance at 5% probability level. The highest grain yield was in full irrigation (control) (5308 kg.ha-1) and 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-chelate (4854.9 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was in irrigation at anthesis (3169.4 kg.ha-1) and no foliar application (control) (3588 kg.ha-1). the maximum relative water content of leaf was in complete irrigation (control) and foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer (73.13%) and the minimum was in non-irrigation at anthesis and non-foliar application of potassium nano-fertilizer (35.99%). maximum stomatal coductance was in complete irrigation (control) and foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer (185.87 mlmol.m-2s-1) and the minimum was in non-irrigation at anthesis and non-foliar application of potassium nano-fertilizer (47.99 mlmol.m-2s-1). as a result, foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer at different irrigation cut-off periods cause improves grain yield and leaf water in comparison to control (no foliar application) and is recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of nutrition management of different potato cultivars, on the quantitative and qualitative traits and nutrients content in the potato tuber, an experiment was conducted in Safi Abad Agricultural Research Center of Dezful as split plot based on completely randomized block design with three replications during two cropping years 2016-2017. The studied treatments are nutrition at three levels (application of urea, triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate fertilizers (180, 150 and 100 kg.ha-1, respectively), nutrition with humic acid organic fertilizer and phosphorus Barvar-2 (1kg and 100 g.ha-1, respectively) and combined nutrition treatment with chemical fertilizers + humic acid+ phosphorus Barvar-2) in main plots and potato cultivars (Sante, Arinda and Savalan) in sub plots. The results showed that chemical fertilizer treatments had a higher percentage of dry matter than other nutritional treatments and nutritional treatment with chemical fertilizer+ humic acid+Barvar-2 was in the next rank. Also, findings showed that Sante cultivar in the second year with application of chemical fertilizer had higher percentage of dry matter than other treatments by 27.69 percent followed by Savalan cultivar was in the same nutrition treatment in the second year of cultivation 26.47 percent dry matter. Based on the results of mean comparison, the nitrogen content of potato in the second year increased significantly compared to the first year and the highest nitrogen content was observed in the studied treatments in the second year of the study. The highest amount of phosphorus was the humic acid+ Barvar-2 treatment in the second year by 3.31 mg. g-1 in Arinda cultivar. Generally, humic acid treatments were better than other nutritional treatments in terms of phosphorus levels. Also, according to the qualitative traits, the lowest levels of solanine toxin were obtained in the first and second year in Savalan cultivar, by 546.4 and 632. 2μg.g-1 dry matter respectively. In chemical fertilizer nutrition treatments, Arinda cultivar had the lowest amount of solanine toxin in both years of research. Overall, the results of this study showed that Savalan cultivar had better performance than other cultivars and in general, the application of phosphorus Barvar-2 and humic acid improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of potatoes in the northern Khuzestan climatic conditions.

According to Iranian water resource limitations it is mandatory to find water efficient strategies for crop production in accordance with reduction of chemical inputs. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in 2018 based on randomize complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of biochar and nitroxin application on growth traits and yield of cowpea under different irrigation regimes. Experimental treatments were irrigation regimes (0, 90, 120 mm) evaporation from water pan class A which were considered as no stress, mild water stress and Sevier water stress, respectively. Irrigation treatments were arranged as main plot and three levels of biochar (0,4, 8 t.ha-1) and nitroxin (inoculated and no inoculated) considered as factorial subplots. Results showed that dry matter accumulation and relative crop growth rate exhibited a sigmoid pattern while leaf area and growth rate followed gaussian pattern. Based on model output DMTmax was 467 g.m-2 and RGRmax was 0/100 g, LAImax 3.65 and CGRmax was 12.6 g.m-2 which reach to 50% of final value in 55/9, 65.9, 40.5 and 31.7, respectively. Application 8 ton/ha biochar with nitroxxin resulted in 12% RWC and 10%, 27% improved nitrogen and phosphor status under severe stress condition. Irrigation at 120 mm evaporation caused 33% reduction of grain yield and nitroxin application at normal condition caused 19% increase in grain yield but at 120 mm evaporation it did not exhibit significant effect. Application of biochar at no stress condition led to 37% increase in grain yield and such changes reach to 29% at 120 mm evaporation from water pan class A. The highest grain yield (266 g.m-2) obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar at no stress condition and the maximum biological yield was obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar with nitroxin (809 g.m-2). Application of 8 t.ha-1 biochar incorporated with nitroxin could provide satisfactory yield for cowpea crop under water limited condition.

The present two-year research (1397-1398) investigates the effect of Mycorrhizal inoculation. For this purpose, it takes the combined ratio of Auxin/Gibirlin and Ascorbic acid on the yield and yield components of corn, in the form of split factorial design in the form of randomized complete blocks in three replicates in  Shahid Salemi farm. It has been done north of Ahvaz city. The main factor of the treatments include Mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices species) at two levels (inoculation and non-inoculation) before planting and the secondary factor includes the ratio of Auxin hormone to gibberellin at three levels (0, 300/600, and 600/300) mg/liter and ascorbic acid at three levels (0, 100, and 200) mg/liter are applied as foliar spraying. The results show that Mycorrhiza has a significant effect on the dry weight of leaves, stems, and cobs, seed weight and yield, as well as biological traits, respectively, the highest seed yield amounting to (7410.72) kg is related to the treatment levels of Mycorrhizal inoculation, the ratio of Auxin to gibberellin is 600 mg to 300 mg and in 200 mg of ascorbic acid and the highest yield of stem dry weight (100 grams) . In the triple interaction of the experimental factors in the treatment levels, there has not been any Mycorrhiza inoculation. For not using the hormonal compound and using 100 mg of ascorbic acid, the highest seed yield in the row (45.46%) has been obtained in the ratio of Auxin to gibberellin of 600 mg to 300 mg and using 200 mg of ascorbic acid. According to the positive effect of the use of experimental factors, the use of Mycorrhiza and the mentioned hormones, and ascorbic acid are recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of cycocel and micronutrient consumption on yield, physiological traits, and antioxidant content of maize under low irrigation conditions at the end of the season, a split factorial experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in Safiabad Agriculture Research Center in Dezful during two cropping years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The main treatment included water stress with three levels control (without water stress), water stress in female flower formation stage and water stress in grain swelling stage. Also, foliar application of cycocel at three levels of control (no use of cycocel), 442.5 ppm, and 885 ppm and three levels of micronutrient fertilizers, namely control (no fertilizer application), foliar application of 1000 g. ha-1, and foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 were considered as the sub-factors. Results of the combined ANOVA showed that the interaction of the effects of year, stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on relative water content, proline and grain yield and also the interaction of the effects of stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on hydrogen peroxide, glutathione peroxidase, and soluble proteins were statistically significant (p≤0.01). The results also showed that the highest activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme was obtained under stress conditions at the grain swelling stage, which showed an increase by about 37% compared to the irrigation treatment under optimal conditions. Foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 micronutrient and 885 ppm cycocel in non-stress conditions increased the average grain yield (11500 kg. ha-1) in the second year by about 85% compared to stressed condition at grain swelling stage and no application of micronutrient and cycocel. In general, to increase grain yield under optimal irrigation conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel with a concentration of 885 ppm and micronutrient foliar application at 1500 g. ha-1 are recommended.

In agronomic management of corn, in addition to providing suitable hybrid seeds, other factors such as plant hormones are also important. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of hybrid seed type and leaf application of gibberellin and kinetin hormones on growth, biochemical and yield indices of corn in Ahvaz. The basic design of randomized complete blocks was done as a split plot in two cropping years with four replications. Single-grain corn hybrids 704 (late ripening), 616 (medium ripening) and 71AS (medium ripening) were studied as the main factor and kinetin/gibberellin foliar application at three levels of 0, 150/200 and 300/400 ppm as the secondary factor. The results showed that the simple effect of hybrid type and kinetin/gibberellin foliar application on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophylls a, b and total and the percentage of grain protein was statistically significant. Also, the effect of kinetin/gibberellin foliar application × hybrids on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophylls a, b and total and hybrid interaction in kinetin/gibberellin foliar application had a statistically significant effect on leaf area index per year. The results showed that the highest values of the studied traits in both cropping years were obtained in single cross 704 maize and after kinetin/gibberellin foliar application at 150-200 ppm. The kinetin/gibberellin ratio of 150/200 ppm in all hybrids had a better effect on various morphological and biochemical traits. The highest biological yield, grain yield and harvest index, which are very important traits, were related to single-cross corn hybrid with hormone foliar application at the rate of 150/200 ppm. According to the obtained results, the use of single-cross corn hybrid of corn and foliar application of maize plants with gibberellin and quinine in the ratio of 150/200 ppm is recommended.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) as one of the important beans, has 20-25% protein and is a protein supplier that is needed by humans and plays an important role in this regard. Increasing yield per unit area is one of the most important factors for increasing production. Humic acid is a natural organic polymer compound that results from the decay of soil organic matter, peat, lignin, etc., which can be used to increase the product and its quality. One of the important benefits of using humic acid is the ability to chelate various nutrients such as potassium and magnesium and other elements to overcome the lack of nutrients. Humic acid also creates more space for water to penetrate through physical modification and improved soil granulation. Nanotechnology as a leading science in solving problems and issues of agriculture has well proven its place in agricultural sciences and related industries. Potassium is the most suitable cation with a capacity to activate plant enzymes because in addition to its high concentration in the cell and its amount in nature, this cation has an extraordinary mobility inside the plant. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of combining humic acid and potassium nano-chelate fertilizer on the characteristics of cowpea in Ahvaz.
 
In order to evaluate the effect of compilation of the humic acid and nano-potassium fertilizer on physiological, morphological and yield characteristics of cowpea (Vigna sp.) in Ahvaz, a factorial study was conducted in Ahvaz city in the year 2020 based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental factors included humic acid at three levels: zero (control), 2 and 4 liters per hectare and levels of potassium nano-chelate fertilizer as soil application at 3 levels including: zero (control), 2 and 4 kg ha-1 in Ahvaz region. Field preparation included plowing, disks and leveling. After preparation of the field, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were mixed with the disk machine at a depth of 15 cm. Nitrogen from the source of urea (46%) was 50 kg nitrogen per hectare and phosphorus fertilizer from the source of triple superphosphate at a rate of 80 kg/ha P (48%) was used. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.2 and comparing of the means was based on LSD method at 5% probability level.
 
The experimental results showed that the effect of different levels of potassium and humic acid nanoclate on grain yield, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, biological yield and protein percentage were effective and affected these traits. The highest grain yield of 4 kg/ha potassium nanoclate and 4 liters/ha of humic acid at the rate of 226.29 g/m2 (which was not statistically significant with the treatment of 4 kg/ha potassium nanoclate and 2 liters/ha of humic acid) It was found that compared to the non-application of humic acid and potassium nanochlate, it showed a 25% increase. In general, application of 2 liters per hectare of humic acid and 4 kg per hectare of potassium nanoclate can be recommended to increase the yield and percentage of protein in cowpea plant. Due to the persistence of photosynthetic tissues, humic acid increased plant yield and also increased plant yield through positive physiological effects such as the effect on plant cell metabolism and increasing leaf chlorophyll concentration. Potassium nano-chelate leads to improved plant growth conditions and cell division and the production of hydrocarbons and proteins and its rapid transfer to the grain, which increases grain weight and thus increases grain yield.
 
According to the results of this study, it was found that the application of two factors, humic acid and potassium, in plants do not have an inhibitory effect on each other, grain yield and protein percentage. Therefore, these two factors together increase the functional components. Therefore, due to the lack of potassium in the arable soils of Khuzestan, it seems that the use of nano-chelate potassium and humic acid at the rate of 4 kg per hectare and 2 liters per hectare, respectively, is a suitable solution to increase the yield and protein content of cowpea with suggested paying attention to the reduction of environmental pollution caused by the application of fertilizers in the soil.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limiting the growth and yield of plants. In recent years the use of various methods to reduce its negative effects has been considered by many researchers. This experiment was performed as a split plot in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications in two years. The effect of foliar application of different ratios of magnesium and potassium on the morphological, biochemical and functional characteristics of maize (single cross cultivar 704) in different irrigation cycles (50, 75 and 100 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) was evaluated. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of irrigation and magnesium to potassium ratio on the characteristics of height, stem diameter, ear length, number of seeds per ear, potassium uptake, magnesium uptake, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, Carotenoids, proline, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index had a statistically significant effect. The results of the study of the effect of potassium and magnesium on morphological and biochemical changes in drought tolerance in maize (Single Cross 704 cultivar) showed that consumption of these elements significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, ear length, number of seeds per ear, uptake rate Potassium, magnesium uptake, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index in water deficit conditions; So that the highest value of these traits in evapotranspiration conditions was 50 mm from the evapotranspiration pan and application of 200 kg of magnesium sulfate/ 300 kg of potassium sulfate. Also, foliar application of different concentrations of potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate by increasing the uptake of potassium and magnesium, preserving leaf chlorophyll, resulting in more effective photosynthesis as well as increasing the concentration of proline in plant leaves, moderate the negative effects of water deficiency and corn tolerance to conditions. Improve water shortage.

This experiment was carried out in split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping years in Khuzestan province. The main factor, consisted as water shortage stress with four levels of irrigation after depletion of 45, 60, 75 and 90% of plant usable water was optimal irrigation, mild stress, severe stress and very severe stress, respectively. The levels of 100% chemical fertilizer, 75% and 50% combination of chemical fertilizer with 100% nitroxin and plant density at three levels of 57, 71 and 95 thousand plants per hectare were as sub-factors. The results showed that the interaction of water shortage stress, combination of nitrogen biochemical and chemical fertilizer and plant density had a significant effect on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, number of seeds per head, harvest index and biological yield. The highest seed yield was obtained from the optimal irrigation treatment by combining 75% of chemical and biological fertilizers and a density of 95,000 plants per hectare, which showed a 75% increase compared to the very severe moisture stress treatment with 75% of chemical and biological fertilizers and a density of 57,000 plants per hectare. The interaction of moisture stress and density and fertilizers on oil percentage and leaf area index was significant. In general, the use of nitrogen from both chemical and biological sources at a density of 95,000 plants per hectare may reduce the effects of moisture stress on the sunflower plant in the experimental condition.

The high cost of fertilizers has increased the production expenses so that the farmers are using imbalance fertilizers, which results in lower nutrients uptake and then lower quality of plants. Bio-fertilizers play a very significant role in improving soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, both, in association with plant roots and without it, insoluble soil phosphates and produces plant growth substances in the soil.
This was study was done to assess the effect of nutrition matter (chemical and biologic fertilizer) and tuber weights on plant height, LAI and tuber yield.
This research was carried out via split-split-plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main plots included feeding by chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer (a1: 180 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer from urea source, 150 kg.ha-1 P2O5 from triple superphosphate source and 100 kg.ha-1 potassium from potassium sulfate source, a2: 1 kg.ha-1 humic acid and 100 grams per hectare phosphorus biofertilizer, a3: chemical fertilizer, humic acid and phosphorus biofertilizer). The sub-plots included three tuber weights (b1: small or less than 75g, b2: medium or between 70-140g, b3: large or more than 10g), and potato cultivar (c1: Arinda, c2: Savalan and c3: Sante) belonged to sub-sub-plots.
According result of analysis of variance effect of fertilizer (instead plant height), tuber yield and cultivar on studied traits was significant. The results showed that the highest potato yield of 33.4 tons per hectare was obtained in the Savalan cultivar with tuber size less than 75 grams and feeding with humic acid + phosphorus biofertilizer, which was not significantly different from the Sante variety with the same nutritional conditions and tuber size (33.06 tons per hectare).
In general, the use of phosphorus biofertilizer and humic acid improved the studied characteristics of potatoes in the climatic conditions of North Khuzestan. Therefore, it is recommended to use mentioned fertilizers and Savalan cultivar with a tuber size of less than 75 grams in these areas.

In order to investigate the effect of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza values on yield and remobilization rate of maize under water shortage tension, the present experiment was conducted in the form of split split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications during the crop years 2016- 2017 and 2017-2018 at the research farm of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. The main factor included water shortage tension including control (irrigation in all stages), lack of irrigation in 10-leaf stage (vegetative growth), lack of irrigation in pollination stage (flowering) and lack of irrigation in seed stage (milk paste) and superabsorbent polymer sub-plot included control or non-application of superabsorbent, application of 100 kilogram per hectare and application of 200 kilogram per hectare and mycorrhiza sub-sub-plot included control or (non-application) and application of mycorrhiza. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of water deficit and superabsorbent tension interaction on grain yield, one thousand-grain weight, number of grains per ear, number of grains per row, remobilization rate and remobilization share was significant. The highest grain yield (6674/29 kilogram per hectare) was related to irrigation treatment in all growth stages and application of 200 kilogram per hectare superabsorbent. Although with cessation of irrigation in 10-leaf stages, pollination and seeding reduced grain yield by 11, 14 and 12.5 percent, respectively, but this reduction was not significant in these treatments because the consumption of 200 kilogram per hectare in superabsorbent was able to compensate for the water deficit tension in these treatments. The interaction of water shortage and mycorrhiza tension on grain yield, number of grains per ear and number of grains per row was also significant. In general, due to the long-term stability of superabsorbent in soil, it can be said that the application of 200 kilogram per hectare of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza in irrigation conditions at all stages of growth can increase grain yield, corn yield components and overall production improvement.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal grains that is cultivated in more than 180 million hectares, and its production is over 1000 million tons. The occurrence of water stress causes metabolic disorders in plant cells, such as the increase in the production of active forms of oxygen such as radical superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and radical hydroxyl as one of the major factors in metabolic abnormalities in the cell. Plants against oxidative stress induced, efficient defense system that can destroy or neutralize free radicals. This defense system includes superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Correct management practices and the application of advanced techniques to maintain moisture storage and increase water holding capacity are effective measures to increase the efficiency of irrigation and thus improve the utilization of water resources. One of the new methods for increasing irrigation efficiency is the use of superabsorbents. Superabsorbent polymers can absorb large amounts of water or aqueous solutions and swell. These water storage tanks, when placed in the soil, absorb irrigation water and rainfall and prevent it from quenching. After the environment is dry, the water inside the polymer is gradually evacuated, and thus the soil for a period of Long and no need to re-irrigate, it's moisturizing, it also increases the impact of plant and nutrients, and, on average, reduces phosphorus losses by 84 percent, reducing nitrogen to 83 percent. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron, zinc, and superabsorbent application of water deficit stress on quantitative yield and corn antioxidant enzymes activity in Shushtar climate.

This research was carried out in two years between 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in a farm located in Shushtar with a longitude 48 degrees and 49 minutes east and a latitude 32 degrees and 14 minutes north and a height of 110 meters from the sea level. The experiment was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation regime with three levels (irrigation after 30, 40 and 50% field capacity depletion, respectively). Sub-factor was composed of twolevels of polyurethane foam (super-adsorbent, 0 and 200 kg ha-1) and sub-subplots including spraying of nutrients with four levels [control (water), iron spraying, zinc spraying and spraying Iron + zinc].

Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of water deficit and superabsorbent stress on grain yield, 1000 grain weight, number of grain per ear, catalase enzyme and supraoxydisodium were significant. In dehydration conditions, grain yield, number of seeds per ear and ascorbate peroxidase decreased, but the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased. On the other hand interaction of dehydration and superabsorbent stress was significant on grain yield. The highest grain yield (8530.6 kg ha-1) was attributed to irrigation after 40% capacity utilization and application of 200 kg/ha superabsorbent. Spray application of iron and zinc resulted in increased grain yield, number of seeds per ear, catalase and superoxide dismutase.

Overall, the results showed that foliar application of micronutrients and superabsorbent important role in the growth and development of corn plants as well as the fact that the highest values of grain yield and activities of antioxidant enzymes of fertilizer zinc and iron from micro-nutrients are, It can be concluded that using such fertilizers can provide the best conditions for obtaining maximum yield and biochemical traits in corn. On the other hand, iron and zinc micronutrient spraying caused a decrease of 45% damage caused by water deficit stress on grain yield. The superabsorbent effect is also more pronounced in lower moisture content. The application of superabsorbent hydrogels in the soil increased plant yield and saved water consumption, therefore the use of this substance in less water can be effective in increasing the yield and reducing the adverse effects of stress in conditions of water shortage. Therefore, according to the results obtained in irrigation conditions after discharge of 40% of the crop capacity, the application of polyester absorbent and micronutrient application of iron and zinc improved seed yield and biochemical traits of corn.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of salinity on varieties of mung seed germination in pot conditions a research was performed in summer 2013 in the Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Ahvaz. These experiments were  performed in factorial mode in the form of completely randomized designs with two treatments and four replications. The first treatment included hybrid VC6371A, hybrid VC6371B and local Parto varieties. The second treatment included different levels of salinity based on electrical conductivity (EC) of the medium including: zero (control), 16, 12, 8 and 4 ds/m. The analysis was performed in the pot. In these experiments the germination traits such as germination percentage (G%), rate of germination (ROG), mean daily germination (MDG), the mean time of germination (MTG) and daily germination speed (DGS). The results showed that the interactive effects of varieties and different levels of salinity have significant effect on most of the traits under study. Also the varieties and levels of salinity had significant effect on ROG and G% (p < 0.05). In this experiment the specific variables such as ROG and G% of Parto variety were  higher than the hybrid varieties; thus germination of the local Parto variety had greater resistance than the mentioned varieties under high salinity. Thus this appropriate trait could have a significant impact on increasing the final yield of this variety.
 

Environmental stresses such as drought stress are one of the main obstacles in the production of crops in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran. Therefore, in order to evaluate the effect of acidic solution in drought stress conditions on grain yield and absorption of corn grain in different plant densities, an experiment a split plot experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design in three replications during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping years. The main factor was drought stress with three levels (optimal irrigation, irrigation cut off stage 6 to 8 leaf and irrigation cut off at crown stage). Subplots with three levels of foliar application of humic acid (control treatment (no humic acid), 2 and 4 liters per hectare humic acid) and sub-subplots including three plant densities (60, 75 and 90 thousand plants per hectare). The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress and humic acid on grain yield, 1000 seed weight, number of seeds per ear, zinc concentration, iron concentration and protein content were significant. In drought stress conditions, grain yield and nutrient uptake, such as iron, zinc and phosphorus, decreased but the protein content increased. The highest grain yield (9580 kg.ha-1) was related to irrigation. Humic acid spraying increased seed yield, zinc concentration and grain iron content. With increasing water deficit in soil, the effect of humic acid application on seed yield significantly decreased. Grain yield and protein percentage had a positive correlation with increasing plant density. In general, the results of the experiment indicate that application of 4 liters per hectare of humic acid at a density of 75 thousand plants under suitable moisture conditions can increase the absorption of the elements, grain yield and yield components of maize and, in general, improve the production of corn.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) is one of the most important forage crops in the cereal family. Due to its adaptation to arid condition and high-water use efficiency, it may produce satisfactory seed yields in arid conditions. The present study was conducted in Khorramabad province during two crop years of 2016 - 2017. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with split-factorial arrangement with four replications. The stress factor was assigned to main plots through three levels of irrigation, normal irrigation, and irrigation at vegetative and reproductive stages, and sub-factor to subplots, consisted of three levels of biofertilizer, soil NPK application, soil vermicompost application, and vermicompost and chemical fertilizer combining with Sepideh and Kimia cultivars. Initially, combined analysis of variance was performed. Due to the lack of significant year effect and its interaction effects by different factors, analysis of variances was performed on two years data. The effects of stress and the interaction effects of cultivar by stress and fertilizer on some traits were measured. It was found that the quantitative, qualitative and phonological indices of sorghum were directly negatively affected by stress at the reproductive stage. On the other hand, the effect of vermicompost fertilizer on the studied traits was significant and positive. Sepideh possessed the highest vahues for those traits except for protein percent, in comparison to Kimia. Grain yield was about 8 ton at irrigation-interrupt during vegetative stage for Sepideh and 4.36 t.ha-1 for Kimia, but grain yield at irrigation-interrupt during reproductive stage was 7.67 and 4.45 t.ha-1 for Sepideh and Kimia, respectively.

In order to effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological parameters of wheat in deficit irrigation conditions this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. main plots consisted: full irrigation, no irrigation at the beginning of stem elongation, and no irrigation at the pollination stage and sub plots included different levels of humic acid fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L). Results showed that interaction of irrigation and humic acid on number of seeds per spike and 1000 grain weight at 1% probability level and number of spikes per unit area and harvest index was significant at 5% probability level. Grain yield under the effect low irrigation and humic acid was significant at 1% probability level. The highest leaf area index and crop growth rate were affected in full irrigation and 300 mg.L-1 humic acid and least of them were obtained in low irrigation stress conditions in different periods and no foliar application of humic acid. The highest grain yield was obtained in full irrigation (5035 kg.ha-1) and foliar application with 300 mg.L-1 humic acid (4462 kg.ha-1). The lowest grain yield was obtained in no irrigation at the pollination stage (2355 kg.ha-1) and no-humic acid (2667 kg.ha-1). As a result, foliar application 300 mg.L-1 of humic acid in different periods of low irrigation stress improved the physiological indices and increased yield components compared to control (no foliar application).

Corn (Zea mays. L) is an annual monocot plant from poaceaae family. The corn is C4 and is native to the tropical region. The breadth of its degree of adaptation and adaptation makes it possible to cultivate it in temperate and cold regions. The corn is the third highest cereal after wheat and rice production, but its production is equal to the production volume of each of the world's two grains. The agricultural sector and its systems, with more than 90 percent of the country's water consumption, are the largest water consumer, wasting 80 percent of its traditional irrigation systems. Therefore, by reducing water resources, the reform of consumption patterns is the only way to overcome the depleted crisis. About 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, but unfortunately, the water crisis in many countries of the world, including the countries of the dry belt of the earth, such as Iran, is a concern. One of the effective ways to increase organic matter in Khuzestan soils, which are poor in organic matter, as well as increase in production per unit area, is the consumption of organic fertilizers. In Khuzestan Province, with the implementation of the sugar cane cake filter development project and simultaneously with the activities of sugar factories, large quantities of molasses, filter cake and bagasse produced by factories along with leaf and cane can be easily converted into compost as a result of microbial activity and as Organic organic fertilizer with a very favorable efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer of cane sugar cane filter and drought stress on production factors and morphological traits of maize in Hamidyeh weather conditions.

This research was carried out in 2016 in a farm located in Hamidieh with a longitude of 48 degrees and 10 minutes east and 31 degrees and 33 degrees north latitude and 13 meters above sea level. This study was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of drought stress at three levels: 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan as the main factor and the sugar cane cake filter was divided into four levels: 0, 25, 50 and 100 t/ha as a sub-factor.

The results showed that the effect of drought stress and fertilizer on sugar cane cake filter on Plant height, ear length, grain yield, seed number per row and 1000 grain weight affected the traits. The highest grain yield was obtained with an average of 5590.75 kg/ha irrigation with 60 mm evaporation and the lowest grain yield with an average 4170.05 kg/ha was obtained from irrigation 120 mm evaporation from the pan. Interaction between drought stress of 60 mm evaporation and sugar cane cake filter had a significant effect on plant height and grain yield. The highest grain yield (6170.55 kg/ha) was obtained from irrigation 60 mm evaporation and 50 t/ha sugar cane cake filter. On the other hand, the use of large amounts of sugar cane cake filter (100 t/ha) due to high salinity and salt accumulation in the root environment caused secondary oxidative stress and thus reduced economic yield.

Therefore, in general, the results of this research can be argued that the application of 50 t/ha sugar cane cake filter and drought stress of 60 mm evaporation from the class A pan are recommended in order to achieve maximum Production components. Application of filtering results in homogeneity of germination and accelerates the initial growth of the product, and in conditions without drought stress, increases economic yield. Also, under severe drought stress conditions (120 mm evaporation from the pan), the application of large amounts of sugar cane cake filter due to high salinity and the accumulation of salt in the root environment causes secondary oxidative stress and, consequently, reduced economic yield. Therefore, based on the results of this experiment and considering the abundance of this type of organic fertilizer in Khuzestan province and increasing its use as a soil reformer by farmers, it is suggested that in drought-free fields, after studying the long-term effects of sugar cane cake filter On the soil and nutrient cycle and in case of confirmation of the results, use should be made.

Salinity is one of the important a biotic stresses limiting growth and development and the capacity to tolerate salinity is a key factor in crop productivity.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of sugarcane varieties to uptake and transport of ionic elements under salinity stress.
This research was carried out to via factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications along 2013 year. The treatments included salinity stress (S1: 0 ds.m-1 S2: 3 ds.m-1 S3: 6 ds.m-1 S4: 9 ds.m-1) and different genotypes (V1: IRC9904, V2: IRC9906, V3: C2, V4: IRC9901, V5: C3, V6: C4, V7: CP48-103, V8: CP57-614, V9: CP69-1062). Studied genotypes included of three old commercial varieties (CP69-1062, CP57-614, CP48-103), three new commercial varieties (IRC9901, IRC9904, IRC9906) and three clones tolerate salinity (C2, C3, C4).
According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of salinity, genotypes and interaction effect of treatment on all studied traits was significant at 1% probability level. Salinity stress decreased the concentration of potassium and calcium and also increased the concentration of sodium and chlorine in the roots and shoots, so reduced plant biomass, especially in more sensitive genotypes. It seems that in addition to the importance of the root in controlling the uptake of ionic elements, there are mechanisms in other organs that are involved in the uptake and transport of these elements and genotypes also affects it.
Mean comparison result indicated the highest amount of sodium and chlorine transfer to the shoot was obtained from 9 ds.m-1 salinity level and IRC9906 variety and the lowest one belonged to 0 ds.m-1 salinity level and C4 clone.

Among stresses, drought stress has high impact on limitation of maize (Zea mays L.) production. potash management under water limitation condition is an important factor to obtain high grain yield of maize. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of chemical and biological potash fertilizers and drought stress quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn varieties in 2014 and 2015 in Dehloran, Iran. The experiment was conducted as split split plots in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments included drought stress (normal irrigation, cutting irrigation at 12 leaf stage and at tassel emergence) as main factor, potassium sulfate application in three levels (100% potassium sulfate, 70% potassium sulfate fertilizer with 30% fertile-2 fertilizer, and 50% potassium sulfate fertilizer with 50% fertile-2 fertilizer) as sub plots and three corn hybrids (AS71, NS640 and CORDONA) as sub sub plots. The results of showed that the combined application of potassium chemical and chemical fertilizer with modulating effects Drought stress increased the characteristics of corn. The AS71 hybrid, the most tolerant and hybrid NS640, were the most sensitive hybrid to drought stress. The highest plant height, grain yield and biological yield, total chlorophyll (a + b), seed protein and seed iron content were obtained under application conditions of 50% potassium sulfate fertilizer with 50% fertile-2 fertilizer. The application of this fertilizer recommended in Dehloran region.

Vermicompost in sustainable agriculture is very useful for improving soil porosity and thereby providing more nutrients to crop.

Current research was conducted to evaluate effect of biofertilizer (vermicompost) under different level of irrigation on crop production and protein yield.

This study was carried out via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications along 2018 year. The main factor included different interval of irrigation (I1= 70mm, I2= 90mm, I3= 110mm and I4= 130mm evaporation of Pan) and four level of vermicompost (V1= control, V2= 4 t.ha-1 and V3= 8 t.ha-1).

According result of analysis of variance effect of different interval of irrigation and vermicompost on all measured traits was significant, also interaction effect of treatments on seed yield, number of pod per m2 and 100-seed weight was significant. Result of mean comparison of different interval of irrigation revealed maximum amount of number of seed per pod (7.87) and protein yield (44.1 gr.m-2) was for 70 (mm) evaporation of pan treatment but highest amount of protein percentage (24.43%) belonged to 130 (mm) evaporation of pan. Also the maximum amount of mentioned traits was for use 8 t.ha-1 vermocompost and minimum of those were for control. Mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments revealed the highest amount of seed yield (250.14 gr.m-2), number of pod per m2 (304) and 100-seed weight (11.01 gr) were obtain for 70 (mm) evaporation of pan with use 8 t.ha-1 vermocompost and lowest ones were for 130 (mm) evaporation of pan with nonuse of vermocompost.

The present study revealed that the use of vermicompost is useful for improve growth of mung bean under water stress situation. In order to achieve maxi-mum quantitative and qualitative yield the treatment of irrigation intervals with 90 (mm) evaporation of pan (it doesn’t had significant difference with 70mm evaporation of pan) with application 8 t.ha-1 vermicompost under water stress condition can be advised to the producers.

Nano fertilizers are new products which contain readily available nutrients in the nano scale range and are preferred largely due to their efficiency. This research was conducted to assessment the effect of nano chelated of micro nutrient on agronomic traits of Cowpea via factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications during 2016 seasonal year. The treatments included zinc nano chelated (5, 10 and 10 kg.ha-1) and manganese nano chelated (0, 4 and 8 kg.ha-1). The results of analysis of variance showed that effect of nano chelated of zinc and manganese had a significant effect on plant height, pod length, yield and its components also interaction effect of treatments on number of pods per m2, seed yield, biological yield and protein yield was significant. Result of mean comparison revealed the highest plant height (154.54 cm), pod length (13.14 cm), number of pods per m2 (116.47), number of pods per plant (14.52), number of seeds per pod (11.36), seed weight (23.03) and seed yield (210.08 g.m-2) belonged to 10 kg.ha-1 nano zinc chelate zinc treatment and the lowest amount of mentioned traits belonged to control (no fertilizer). Between different level of nano manganese chelate the highest seed yield and its components belonged to 8 kg.ha-1 treatment. According result of interaction of treatments indicated the highest number of pods per m2 (131.6), seed yield (244.7 g.m-2), biological yield (544.5 g.m-2) and protein yield (76.8 g.m-2) belonged to 10 kg.ha-1 nano zinc chelate and 8 kg.ha-1 nano manganese chelate and the lowest amount of mentioned traits belonged to control (no fertilizer). Finally based on result of this research use 10 kg.ha-1 nano zinc chelate and 8 kg.ha-1 nano manganese chelate improve quantitative and qualitative yield of cowpea and can be advised to farmers.

In order to evaluation effect of different level of humic acid affected drought stress on seed yield, its components and morphological traits of corn a research farm was conducted according split plot experiment based randomized complete blocks design at three replication during 2015 year. Main factor included four irrigation regimes (90mm, 110 mm, 130 mm and 150mm evaporation from pan class A) and four level of humic acid belonged to subfactor (non-application or control, 20, 30 and 40 L.ha-1). According result of analysis of variance effect of different irrigation regime and humic acid on all measured traits (instead number of row per ear) was significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant. Mean comparison result indicated 90 mm evaporation treatment had highest amount of plant height (191 cm), leaf area index (4.1), ear diameter (8.1 cm), ear length (21.4 cm), number of row per ear (14), number of seed per row (40), seed weight (338 gr), seed yield (7120 kg.ha-1), biologic yield (1650 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (48.6 %), instead ear length loses. Also among different level of humic acid 40 L.ha-1 had similar trend and was superior in all measured traits. It should be noted that the amount of organic matter in the soil, type and texture of the soil can be effective on grades of stress, and for each climate and region, the level of water stress and the optimum amount of humic acid can be different. Finally according result of this research irrigation at 90 mm evaporation from pan class A led to achieve highest seed yield and with 40 L.ha-1 humic acid treatment can be advised for studied region.

This experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications during 2013-2014 at the Research and Experimental Field of Islamic Azad University in Ahvaz, Iran. The main plots consisted of three cultivars of barley (Jonoob, Nimrooz, and Zahak) and subplots of plant density with four levels (250, 300, 350, and 400 seeds/m2). Results showed that increasing seed density increased leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), and decreased net assimilation rate (NAR) in all of the cultivars under study. The Jonoob cultivar had the highest (LAI), (CGR), and (NAR). The differences among cultivars in number of spikes/m2, seed number per spike, length of spike and seed yield were significant at %1 and harvest index at the 5% levels of probabilities. The effects of seeding rates on spike length, spike number, seed number per spike, seed yield and stem length were significantly at 1% and, biological yield and harvest index at 5% levels of probabilities. The highest seed yield was produced by Jonoob cultivar by using 350 seeds/m2 (5,561 kg/ha), The Maximum harvest index was obtained in Jonoob cultivar at the rate 350 seeds/m2 (40%). The results showed that the Jonoob cultivar, because of higher physiological indices and yield components (spike length, seed weight and number of grains per spike) and seeding density of 350 and 400 seeds/m2 by increasing number of spikes/m2, produced higher yield.

Soil compaction is a main factor that reduces sugarcane yield in Southwest of Iran, especially in ratoon cropping system. Therefore, sub-soiling practices could alleviate adverse effects of compaction and increased yield. In according to this aim, a study was conducted to study the effect of on cane yield. Ratooning practices consist of control (no subsoiler), two and four shanks subsoiler in two content of soil moisture condition, before irrigation and after irrigation. Soil bulk density was measured in two depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm, as an indicator of soil compaction. Sub-soiling with two, and four shanks significantly (p<0.01) reduced soil bulk density. The results were similar in both depths. The practice of compaction improvement was not affected in before or after irrigation. The effect of sub-soiling was not significant on cane height, sheath moisture, leaf nitrogen purity, and refined sugar. Reduction of soil compaction significantly (p<0.05) increased stalk weight, cane and sugar yields. Statistical analysis showed that sub-soiling and irrigation treatments treatments had significant (p<0.01) effect on reduction of fuel consumption.