amir pakpour

Self-care behaviors and commitment to health responsibility are regarded as measures against Covid-19 disease when there is no widespread access to vaccination. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health responsibility and self-care behaviors related to Covid-19 in Kurdistan citizens.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 in Kurdistan province and included 1008 participants above 15 years of age. Using convenient sampling method, people referring to health centers were entered into the study. Online data collection was performed via Whats App or Telegram using Covid-19 Self-Care Behavior and Health Responsibility Questionnaires. Using SPSS software version 22, data analysis was performed by Spearman correlation and chi-square test.

The study included 642 women (63.7%) and 366 men (36.3%), with mean age of 38. 6 ± 11.63 years. The correlation between health responsibility and self-care behaviors was positive and significant (p <0.001, r = 0.33). Self-care behaviors and health responsibility were not significantly different in terms of age, occupation, marital status, and city of residence (p > 0.05). A higher proportion of women compared to men were in the category of good health responsibility (60.8% vs. 39.2) and self-care behaviors (67.8% vs. 32.2) (p <0.001).

In the epidemics of diseases such as Covid-19, and especially in the absence of widespread vaccination and effective treatment, emphasis on the importance of commitment to health responsibility in order to perform self-care behaviors is the most important measure for prevention and control of diseases.

Improving the health literacy in the different   populations regarding COVID-19 may be useful in the control of its prevalence. This study examined the psychometric properties of a newly developed disease-specific measure of health literacy related to COVID-19 to be used as a standard measure. Relevant literature was reviewed to identify an item pool, and an expert panel was convened to choose items that might be included in the scale. Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) was determined and face validity was examined by calculating the impact score in a group of social media users. The factor structure of the initial scale was examined in 590 Iranian individuals participating in online social networks in September 2020. Internal consistency of the scale was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability of responses was measured by Pearson correlation coefficients.  A five-factor solution for the 51-items scale was obtained through exploratory factor analysis. The five main dimensions were understanding, communication, information seeking, analysis, and behavior. The dimensions explained 47% of the variance in scale scores. Participants whose scores fell in the high category (27%) were significantly different compared to those whose scores fell in the low category (27%) on all dimensions (p<0.001). The CVR values for all items were greater than 0.85 and all items also got CVI values higher than 0.79 based on nine-person expert panel.  The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale was 0.89, and it was ranged from 0.71 to 0.90. Test-retest reliability for the scale was high (r=0.89).      Health Literacy Scale for protect against COVID-19is a valid and reliable measure for Iranian population.  This measure should be translated, and administered, in other settings to replicate the results obtained here.

Psychological disorders such as stress, anxiety and depression are examples of problems that threat mental health of military forces. Current study was carried out for psychological assessment of a military sample in term of these problems and to find related factors.

A total number of 206 military personnel were selected through a convenient sampling from October to December 2020. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) along with a demographic questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using statistical tests such as Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis to assess likely associations between independent and outcome variables (stress, anxiety and depression). 

The mean scores of stress, anxiety and depression were: 4.7±4.6, 3.5± 4.3 and 3.9±4.3 respectively. However, around 16 and 10 percent of participants were diagnosed with severe and very serious states of anxiety and depression respectively and this percent was only 6 about stress. Assessing the relationships between the variables indicated some variables including age, time of military service, and marital status had significant associations with all these three disorders, whereas variables such as job type, military rank and health status had significant relationships at least to one of these disorders. 

Regarding relatively high prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders in the sample under study, it is suggested that more exact studies to assess such disorders in different military forces be performed. The mental health promotion programs especially for high risk people such as those who are older or with higher years of service along with people with higher military ranks or those with chronic disorders are needed.

COVID-19 has been recognized as one of the important public health issues and affected many regions of the world. Assessment and improving health literacy regarding this pandemic disease may contribute to control its spread. So, the current study designed with an objective to measure health literacy in a sample of general population and identify the likely associated factors.

Using a cross-sectional study a number of 590 Iranian people included in a convenient sample who were users of nationally authorized social virtual networks were assessed.    A demographic questionnaire as well as Health Literacy Scale on Prevention and Control of COVID-19 (51 items) were used to collect data. Student t test and one way analysis of variance using SPSS software version 24 were administered for data analysis.

The mean score of health literacy was 3.49 from 4 with SD=0.28. Measuring health literacy in the sample showed despite a relatively acceptable score in all domains, the score was higher in behavior domain. However, the scores in communication and analysis domains were lower than other dimensions. Also, based on findings factors such as age, gender, education level, academic major, and economic status were associated significantly (p<0.05) with health literacy.

Findings revealed that to improve health literacy of community on prevention of the disease further planning and educational interventions for theoretical domains of communication and analysis may be required. Also it is suggested any measurements or attempts toward health literacy promotion of Iranian population would be considered based on factors such as age, sex, academic major and economic status that may be associated with this concept.

One of the most important problems that may threat military forces health is mental disorders. The present study aimed to assess surveys regarding common mental health disorders in military forces and evaluate its prevalence and extent in Iran as well as entire world.

Using a systematic review design a number of databases in English and Persian language including PubMed, Web of Science and SID were sought from January, 2010 to September, 2020 and two independent researchers evaluated the studies based on inclusion criteria to select proper ones. Related keywords provided by MeSH database were used to find suitable surveys. Finally PRISMA checklist was applied to write systematic review.  

Overall, 265 articles from both English and Persian databases found and after removing duplicated cases and screening, 43 full-text articles were examined in term of inclusion criteria conducive to finally 12 articles for final analysis (8 cases in English and 4 cases in Persian). In general, more than 90% of samples were male and their mean age was 29.8±5.2. Depressive disorder with 13.3% pooled prevalence was the most prevalent mental health problem and disorders such as anxiety and PTSD placed after that. While the most prevalent disorder in studies conducted in other countries was depression (pooled prevalence of 13%), in Iran the most prevalent mental health disorder found to be anxiety with 18.5% pooled prevalence.

Disorders such as depression and anxiety are prevalent mental health problems amid military forces. So applying needed measures to prevent and control such problems especially among active military personnel is necessary. Next studies may target categorizing mental health disorders based on factors such as type of military service, deployment status and military rank.

Epilepsy, which develops in the elderly, is recognized as a major health burden. Although health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an essential element in the medical treatment of elderly patients with epilepsy, it is a question whether epilepsy and its treatment effectively influence the quality of life (QoL) in the elderly.

The current study aimed at evaluating the relationship between demographic and clinical aspects of epilepsy in HRQoL of elderly patients. Since HRQoL scores are bounded, the Kumaraswamy (Kum) regression model was used to analyze the data.

The current study was conducted on 766 elderly patients diagnosed with epilepsy taking at least one antiepileptic drug (AED) selected from six neurologic clinics in Iran. In addition to demographic information, the Liverpool seizure severity scale (LSSS), medication adherence report scale (MARS-5), and quality of life in epilepsy (QoLIE-31) questionnaire were completed for patients. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression (MLR) and the Kum regression models.

Most of the patients included in the study had focal (70.2%) epilepsy. Mean duration of disease was 17.71 ± 4.56 years and the average number of seizures was 3.4 ± 3.2 episodes per month. The Kum regression model indicated that seizure frequency (β = -0.157, P < 0.0001) and LSSS score (β = -0.003, P = 0.009) were significant and negative predictors of overall QoLEI-31 score; MARS-5 score was a positive predictor of overall QoLEI-31 score (β = 0.014, P = 0.002). However, disease duration and serum AED level had no significant effects on overall QoLEI-31 score.

The findings suggested that increased seizure frequency and severity were associated with lower QoL and medication adherence was directly associated with HRQoL. The Kum regression could be a suitable alternative to the methods currently used in the analysis of HRQoL data

To reduce the complications of pregnancy and childbirth, it is necessary to identify the most effective way to provide integrated services. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the factors affecting the delivery of prenatal care using the theory of planned behavior. This descriptive - analytic cross - sectional study was conducted in 2018-2019. The study population included women who participated in pre-marriage training classes, of which 150 were randomly selected. For the tool, a questionnaire was developed in the framework of planning behavior theory. Descriptive statistics, linear regression and univariate analysis of variance were performed using SPSS software version 22. The mean age of participants was 24.67 ± 5.96 years. The mean score for attitude was 41.01 ± 5.88, the mean score for subjective norms 25.53 ± 4.92, mean score for perceived behavioral control 24.77 ± 4.94, and mean score The behavioral intention of individuals was 32.06 ± 5.85. In the first stage, attitude was the most predictive of behavioral intention, and in the second stage, the combination of perceived behavioral control with an attitude of intention to do behavior increased by 12% (p = 0.0001). Women have a positive attitude towards the importance of preconception care, but their perceived behavioral control is low. Strengthening perceived behavioral control increases behavioral intent. Moreover, training men in this area will increase the positive mental norms.

There is a relationship between nutrition pattern and sleep status. The role of demographic and dietary factors on the sleep quality in Iranian children are unclear. To determine the sleep pattern in children aged 7-12 years and its relationship with demographic factors and dietary pattern. In this cross-sectional study, 264 students aged 7-12 years old were invited using multistage random sampling from schools of Qazvin in 2015-2016. The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and 24-hour diet-recalls questionnaire were used to determine the sleep pattern and dietary pattern, respectively. Findings: The mean age of the subjects was 9.5±1.53 years. The prevalence of sleep disturbances (CSHQ score > 41) was 77.5%. There was no significant relationship between 4 macro-nutritious types (fat, protein, carbohydrates and energy) with sleep pattern and its subscales. There was a significant relationship between bedtime resistances with mother education; sleep onset delay with weight and school grade; sleep anxiety with father education, weight and sex; frequent night waking, parasomnia, and sleep disordered breathing with sex and father education. The prevalence of sleep disturbances was high in our study. Although there was no relationship between dietary pattern and sleep pattern, but sleep pattern was significantly associated with demographic factors. Therefore, it is recommended that programs should be developed to raise awareness in communities, focusing towards parents.

Questionnaires are used mostly as a tool in medical research. Due to the different varieties of questionnaires, we may face different score distributions. In many cases multiple linear regression assumptions are violated. Beta-binomial regression model has the high flexibility and compatibility with this situation. In previous studies there were no comparison between beta-binomial accuracy and other models to fitting quality of life data. So in this study, our aim is to compare the accuracy of models to prediction. Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study we collected the quality of life data from 511 healthy women in Qazvin, Iran. The data were used to compare accuracy of betabinomial model and with some other models. Since beta-binomial considers the discrete response variable, so it should be compared with other similar models which are mostly used such as multinomial, dirichlet-multinomial and ordinal regression models. The main method that we used in our study was cross-validation to determine the accuracy of different models. To compare the different aspects, vast variety of situations were made and considered. Regarding to the accuracy of models that were obtained by cross-validation in different situations, beta-binomial model had better accuracy among all models. According to the results, we have concluded that beta-binomial model is more accurate in prediction and fitting to the quality of data than the other models. The main advantages of this model are its simplicity, more efficacy and accuracy than the similar models.

Identifying and investigating the factors influencing self-efficacy and eventually health related quality of life (HRQoL) can be an important step toward the prevention and treatment of the obesity. The aim of the study was to compare weight self-efficacy and HRQoL among normal-weight, overweight and obese Iranian adolescents.
In this case-control study, 118 obese and overweight adolescents (case group) and 118 adolescents with normal weight (control group) were recruited. Adolescent's anthropometric characteristics were measured. The Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire (WEL), pediatric quality of life inventory (PedsQLTM 4.0) and self-reported physical activity were completed by the adolescents.
Multivariate logistic regression adjusting for various confounders indicated that overweight and obese adolescents were less likely to be physically active (adjusted odds ratio, AOR= 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48 to 0.911), had lower ability to cope with social pressure (AOR= 0.54; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.93), involved in less positive activities (AOR= 0.53; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.75), and felt more negative emotions (AOR= 0.23; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.36) than their normal-weight counterparts. Moreover, obese and overweight adolescents were more likely to report deteriorated quality of life in all PedsQL subscales than those with normal weight P Weight management programs should focus on increasing adolescent’s control on situations related to negative emotions to improve their HRQoL.

It has been documented that maternal nutrition is associated with positive birth outcomes. This study was aimed at determining the predictors of healthy eating behavior among pregnant women in Qazvin, Iran in the context of the theory of planned behavior (TBP).
Materials and Methods In this longitudinal study, 182 pregnant women who were referred to teaching hospitals in Qazvin in 2016 were recruited for participation. Data were obtained using TPB-specific questionnaires at baseline. The same pregnant women were asked to complete a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) 3 months later. A series of hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine factors associated with healthy eating behavior among pregnant women.
The pregnant women reported low amounts of whole grain consumption and low-fat dairy product consumption. All TPB variables significantly predicted healthy eating behaviors at three-month follow-up. Perceived behavioral control (PBC) and behavioral intention were found to be the strongest predictors of healthy eating behaviors among pregnant women. The pregnant women’s subjective norms had the weakest relationship with healthy eating behaviors. The TPB model together with age provided a moderate to high explanation of consumptions in low-fat dairy products (R2=0.57, P The TPB explained significant variation in intention and healthy eating behaviors among pregnant women. Future studies should target on the PBC and intention to promote healthy eating behaviors among pregnant women.

Learning style is one of the main components of proper educational planning. The concept of lifelong learning is also one of the valuable concepts regarding professional knowledge and skills, especially for healthcare professionals. The current study was aimed at identifying preferred learning styles among students of health faculty of the Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences (BMSU) and assessing the relationship between learning style and lifelong learning.
In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 209 students from different health disciplines in the School of Health, BMSU were assessed. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Kolb learning style inventory, and the scale of lifelong learning. Chi-square, Fisher exact test, Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA were used with the help of SPSS 20 for data analysis.
The mean age of participants was 26.69 (SD= 8.38) and the majority of them were male (94%). Distribution of learning styles were: diverger (36%), accommodator (34%), assimilator (21%), and converger (10%). Among demographic and academic related variables only grade point average (GDP) significantly was associated with learning styles (p Regarding divergers and accommodators were more frequent than others, it is suggested that these facts be considered for a better educational planning and matching of proper teaching methods. Further research is needed to recognize the relations of learning styles with lifelong learning.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is an important issue in the field of children's health promotion. The aim of this study was to identify the predictive factors of breastfeeding behaviors in order to improve the quality of breastfeeding among Iranian mothers.
A longitudinal study was conducted to collect the data from a large sample of 1445 six-months postpartum mothers referred to health centers in the city of Qazvin, Qazvin province, Iran in 2014. Demographic variables and the constructs of Theory of Planned Behavior (TBP) were measured by a questionnaire. Use of Pearson and Spearman correlation tests along with analysis of variance were conducted to investigate potential associations. Then both hierarchal multiple regression and logistic regression were applied to identify potential determinative factors through SPSS version 21.00.
The average age of the participants was 28.6 ± 5.5 and the majority of maternal were housewives (75.2%). Variables such as age, income, employment and primiparity were associated with EBF (p Interventions to promote knowledge, attitude and behavioral control towards EBF among the young mothers with low socioeconomic status should be considered.

Adolescence is the most dangerous of lifetime regarding the onset of substance abuse and education is one of the most important methods to prevent this problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of an educational intervention in the prevention of substance abuse among adolescents in Qazvin city using the theory of planned behavior (TPB).
This study was a quasi-experimental study. With multi-stage sampling method, 216 students participated in the experimental and control groups. Five focus group discussions (including 8-15 members) were presented to the experimental group mainly based on role-playing, brain storming and group discussions methods. Self-reporting questionnaires were used for data collection consisted of demographic questions, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention and preventive behavior with 5-point Likert response options. Reliability and validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and test-retest coefficient. The data collected before and 2 months after training were analyzed with SPSS 20 and Chi-square, pair and independent t-test, and Fisher's exact test.
The mean scores of attitude (from 26.3±17.4 to 45.7±21.6), subjective norms (from 20.4±14.6 to 33.4±15.2), perceived behavioral control (from 36.6±20.9 to 58.4±27.3), intention (from 6.24±2.2 to 11.4±3.8) and addiction related preventive behavior (from 24.11±9.5 to 40.6±13.7) were significantly improved after educational intervention among the experimental group (p TPB provides an appropriate framework for designing educational interventions to prevent substance abuse among adolescents and its application in health promotion programs in schools and prevention of substance abuse is recommended.

This study aimed to determine whether motivational interviewing (MI) could change dietary habit and body mass index (BMI) in obese/overweight women. A cluster-randomized controlled study was performed in four health centers in Qazvin, central Iran. In total, 327 obese/overweight women were selected by a multi-stage sampling method and randomly assigned into control andexperimental groups. Food frequency (using questionnaire; FFQ), BMI, and metabolic markers including blood pressure, total serum cholesterol and fasting blood glucose levels were measured in all participants. Data were collected twice (before and one year after the MI interventions). Data were analyzed using student t-test, and Stepwise Linear Regression. There was a significant increase in daily consumption of dietary fiber, whole grain products, fruits and vegetables in the MI group (P<0.05). The consumption of meat product, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate and total energy intake were also significantly reduced after MI intervention (P<0.05). As a result, body weight and BMI were significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05). MI is suggested to be an effective strategy to change life style and reduce BMI in overweight/obese women in the long term. This effect needs to be further investigated in different gender and age populations.

There are different personality variables such as happiness and self-efficacy that can influence on academic achievement of students. The aim of the study was to investigate relationships among these variables، academic achievement، and some demographics. This was a cross-sectional study performed on 180 students from Baqiyatallah university of Medical Sciences. The sample was selected using systematic random sampling method. A demographic questionnaire along with Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI) and General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE) were used to collect data from students. Academic achievement was determined by the mean of grade point averages from two last semesters. Analyses were performed using student t-test، one way ANOVA، and Pearson correlation tests. All statistical analyses were executed by SPSS for windows version 20. The mean standard score of happiness was 4. 36 (SD=0. 58) and the mean total score of self-efficacy was 61. 60 (SD=9. 09). The mean of grade point averages of two last semesters was 15. 41 (SD=1. 81). Factors such as marital status، age، academic grades and disciplines as well as academic achievement were related to happiness significantly. Similarly، marital status، age، academic grade and academic achievement were also related to self-efficacy. In addition، positive correlations were found between the main variables of the study، i. e. happiness، self-efficacy and academic achievement. Happiness and self-efficacy were related to various demographic and academic factors. Identifying and modifying these factors can lead to improvement of mental function and health among medical sciences students. Therefore، doing more studies to better understand such factors toward enhancement of education is suggested.

Parents and teachers involvement reinforce health promotion programs for children''s health.. The purpose of this study was to evaluate mothers’ lifestyle behavior and its association with children''s oral health.. The study was a cross sectional study on 383 children and their mothers who were selected from 6 primary schools in Tehran, Iran. Mothers and children who participated in this study were asked to complete a questionnaire containing demographic questions, knowledge of oral health, attitude towards the oral health behavior, and oral health behaviors. Furthermore, the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) were assessed by two calibrated dentists. Data were analyzed with multilevel mixed model analyses.. The average age of the children and their mothers were 11.6 and 38.4 years, respectively. Mothers’ higher knowledge, higher educational status, positive attitude, higher frequent oral health behaviors, lower DMFT and lower CPI were all associated significantly with children’s higher oral health status.. The results suggest that to improve children’s oral health, educational interventions should focus on both children and mothers to obtain a more promising outcome..

Beliefs about smoking are important predictors of smoking behavior among adolescents. An alarming fact is the rising smoking prevalence in Asian countries especially in the Middle East، particularly the increasing trend in smoking during adolescence. In a randomized controlled trial study، 150 students e were selected using multistage sampling procedure from boy-specific high schools in Qazvin. A self constructed questionnaire was administered consisting of demographic and the theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs (i. e. attitudes towards smoking، subjective norms، perceived behavioral control and intention to smoke. The adolescents were asked to complete the questionnaire at the baseline and then they were randomly assigned either experimental (n=75) or control group (n=75). The randomization unit was the school. Adolescents in the experimental group received four educational sessions during three weeks while those in the control group did not receive any kind of intervention. The data was collected at baseline and three months after the intervention. The average age of the adolescents was 15. 3±0. 62. Approximately، 1% and 7. 6% of the adolescents had a mother and father who had smoke، respectively. There was no difference between control and experiential groups in terms of demographic variables. The educational intervention resulted in improving for attitudes، subjective norms، perceived behavioral control and intention in the experimental group in comparison with the control group. Furthermore، preventive smoking behavior was increased significantly among adolescents in the experimental group in comparison with those the control group. The results suggest that an intervention based on the TPB to prevent smoking behaviors can bring about promising results among adolescents.

Fasting school and increasing consumption of low-value meals among children is associated with adverse health consequences and chronic diseases in adulthood. Since most bad hygienic behaviors are rooted in childhood experiences، the present study examined the effectiveness of educational interventions based on application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in improving the breakfast and healthy snacks in elementary school students in the second half of 2011 in Qazvin. Randomly، 150 students، in case and control group، from six schools participated in a quasi randomized controlled experimental study. Variables were evaluated before and 3 months after intervention. In treatment group، the educational program was conducted with targeted educational pamphlets. The program included five 30-minute sessions that developed regarding the beliefs and structures extracted from the qualitative study and constructs of theory of planned behavior. Data regarding TPB were collected using valid and reliable questionnaire with 40 items by self report method. The food frequency checklist was used to assess students'' nutritional habits. Finally، the data were entered into SPSS 17. 0 software and statistical tests such as chi square، independent and pooled t test، McNemar and one-way ANOVA with Scheffe post hoc test were used for data analysis. Student’s average age was 8. 43 ± 0. 83 years old and their sex ratio was equal. Before educational intervention، 57. 3 % in the intervention group and 53. 3 % in the control group did not use the breakfast. After educational intervention، significant improvement of about 12. 6% was seen regarding breakfast eating (p < 0. 001). However، significant changes weren’t seen in the control group. There were no significant differences between two group regarding constructs of TPB in the pretest period، however after intervention significant changes in attitude (from 53. 26±25. 7 to 74. 72±28. 18) (p<0. 001)، subjective norms (from 56. 97±26. 6 to 68. 07±26. 28) (p<0. 001)، perceived behavioral control (from 32. 57±19. 6 to 57. 66±35. 7) (p<0. 001) and intention (from 8. 5±3. 3 to 11. 37±3. 11) (p<0. 001) was seen in case group. Moreover، results showed that consumption of soft drinks and junk food such as chips، etc. decreased from 74. 6 % to 58. 3% in case group after education (p<0. 05). The finding of this study demonstrates the high prevalence of inappropriate eating behavior in this sensitive period. Educational intervention with the appropriate application of psychological theory correct behaviors associated with a healthy breakfast and snacks at the elementary school. According to appropriate educational field and cost-effective educational intervention in schools، generalization of such training programs in other areas seems critical.

Understanding the learning styles of students may help educational planning and improve the learning. This study aims to assess learning styles, and relevant determinants, of students who study in various disciplines of medical sciences at Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences (BUMS) in 2012.

In this cross-sectional study, 180 students from BUMS were selected randomly. Data were collected sing the Kolb learning style questionnaire during April/May 2012. One-way ANOVA, Student t-test, Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used for analyzing the data.

The mean age of participants was 29.3±7.0, majority of them were males. The preferred learning styles were diverger (76.7%), accommodator (12.8%), assimilator (7.8%) and converger (2.8%) respectively. The results showed that the factors such as age, sex, marriage status, father and mother education, grade point average (GPA) and academic degree could be important to determine learning style characteristics of students. The findings also indicate that the preferred learning style among the students with different GPAs or academic degrees are not different considerably.

Regarding the most preferred leaning style by the, proper planning to address proper teaching styles according to the preferred learning styles is necessary.

This study aimed to assess quality of life in patients with esophagus cancer who did not have esophagectomy surgery in Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran, Iran. 70 patients were interviewed and completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-OES18 questionnares. Data were analyzed by performing ANOVA, Pearson Correlation and independent t-test. The analysis indicated that cognitive functioning score was the highest and emotional functioning score was the lowest. In addition, there was linear correlation between quality of life and symptoms scores. Also, there was a significant correlation between quality of life scores and type of esophagus cancer. Symptom scores in patients with squamose cell carcinoma (SCC) were higher than patients with adenocarcinoma. These results represents that patients with esophagus canser need emotional support. In addition patient's symptoms especially in those with SCC should properly be managed.