amirreza safaei

As the population increases, the need for high-quality animal protein sources increases. Using agricultural waste and biological waste in animal feed is a good solution to reduce costs and increase profitability. The aim of this research was to study the effect of fermentation time and processing of rumen contents with molasses and urea on rumen degradability using nylon bag method. Dry matter degradability of rumen contents processed with 4% urea and molasses during one and four days of fermentation was determined using three Talshi bulls cannulated in the rumen with the nylon bag method at different hours of incubation. The results showed that the degradability of the rumen contents finally reached about 57% and the fermentation time of the silage mass did not have much effect on improving the degradability, but the addition of urea as a nitrogen source caused a significant increase in the degradability, as well as, the combined use of molasses and urea at the level of 4% was effective in increasing the degradability, the use of urea caused a significant increase in the water-soluble fraction (a), and the combined use of molasses and urea also had the same effect in increasing the water-soluble fraction, the use of molasses and urea at the level of 4% significantly increased the slowly degradable fraction (b) and the potential of degradability (a+b) for processed rumen contents and fermented for four days increased to 76.07 percent.In relation to the passage rate, it was observed that adding urea in feeding maintenance requirements conditions increases the passage rate of feeds, but the combined use of 4 percent urea and molasses did not affect the passage rate of feeds in feeding of twice the maintenance requirements. It seems that the processing of rumen contents with 4% urea has increased the effective degradability, and its use with molasses has significantly improved the degradability potential, therefore, considering the price of urea and molasses and its effect on improving and increasing the potential degradability can be used in processing and increasing the nutritional value of rumen contents.

Supply of cheap fodder with good nutritional value is one of the important issues of tropical countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of replacing different levels of peanut silage with corn silage and the effects of this replacement on performance and blood parameters of Moghani lambs. In this research, peanut fodder was replaced with corn silage in proportions of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100% and silage was prepared for four weeks. A number of 30 Moghani male lambs with an average weight of 30 kg were selected and fed with experimental diets in the form of a completely randomize design in separate locations in 5 treatments and each treatment with 6 repetitions for 70 days. One day before the beginning of the experimental period and one day before the end of the experimental period, blood sample was drawn through the jugular vein of the lambs. The results of this research show that replacing 25% of peanut fodder with a treatment containing ensiled corn fodder had no significant effect on the average daily weight gain and the final weight of lambs compared to the control treatment, but with the increase in the level of peanut fodder replacement, the daily weight gain increased; and as a result, the final weight decreased significantly. Although no significant difference was observed in terms of dry matter consumption between the experimental treatments, but the feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by the experimental treatments. The most appropriate feed conversion ratio was related to the control treatment and the treatment containing 25% peanut fodder and with the increase of the replacement level of peanut fodder from 25%, the feed conversion ratio increased significantly. Regarding the tested blood parameters, no significant difference were observed in terms of albumin and cholesterol between the experimental treatments, but total protein, triglyceride and blood glucose were significantly affected by the experimental treatments. The complete replacement of peanut fodder silage instead of corn silage caused a significant drop in the blood glucose of the lambs, while the lowest amount of blood protein was observed in the control treatment. In general, it seems that peanut fodder silage can be substituted for corn silage at the level of 25% in the diet of fattening lambs without any negative effect on performance and blood parameters.

One of the destructive effects of climate change is the reduction of precipitation and global warming which is leading to shortage of water resources. Therefore, it seems necessary to introduce water-resistant plants that are resistant to heat and drought (as sources of new forage plants). In this regard, the cultivation of dehydrated and drought-resistant forage (such as new cultivars of amaranth) was on the agenda. There is little information about the silage formation and nutritional value of forage of new Amaranth cultivars (in hot and humid Golestan province). The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of silage, fermentability, digestibility, energy and metabolizable forage protein of three new cultivars of amaranth cultivated in Golestan province.

Forage of three new Amaranth cultivars including Laura, Sim and Kharkovsky. They were grown on a research farm Arqi-mahaleh in Golestan province and harvested at the time of flowering. These forages were chopped into pieces of two to four centimeters and mixed with a weight ratio of five percent molasses and five percent wheat straw. They were stored in silage in 10kg buckets. After 45 days (in the laboratory of the Animal Science Research Institute), the silos were reopened. Sensory evaluation and silage properties of experimental treatments, were measured. Then chemical compounds including dry matter (field and silage), crude protein, crude ash, crude fat, soluble sugar, were analyzed. Gas production test (by Menke and Steingass method) using ruminal leachate of three cows (by ruminal fistulation) and at different fermentation times including 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours were done. Digestibility, determination of energy and metabolizable protein (in a completely randomized design with six treatments in three replications) was performed. In final, metabolizable energy and protein as well as daily dietary intake of experimental treatments, were obtained.

Dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, water soluble carbohydrate and non-fiberous carbohydrates in forage silage of Laura cultivar were 23.0, 18.8, 0.97, 21.2, 30.5, 2.5 and 28.6 percent, respectively In Laura forage silage, total sensory evaluation, flag point, ammonia nitrogen (mg), acetic acid (mg), lactic acid (mg), propionic acid were 15.8, 7.78, 4.4, 18.4, 0.45 And 1.15 respectively. Gas production in silos of Laura, Sim and Kharkovsky cultivars (during 24 hours of rumen fermentation per 200 mg) were 45.3, 43.9 and 42.1 ml, respectively. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility in forage silage of Laura cultivar were 66.5 and 70.2 percent, respectively. The amounts of digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy and digestibility (dry matter, organic matter and organic matter in dry matter) of fodder and silage of Laura cultivar were higher than the other two cultivars. Relative forage value, relative nutritional quality and feed ratio (g / day / kg body weight during maintenance) in amaranthus silage (Laura cultivar) were 122.3, 108.0 and 43.8, respectively.

Laura forage silage has better silage characteristics and crude protein, gas production, higher digestibility, higher protein and metabolizable energy, as well as relative forage value, relative feed quality and better-feed intake. This silage had a better quality for ruminant nutrition than other silage experimental treatments.

Corn is the most important component of concentrate feeds in livestock which due to climate change and reduced rainfall, its price is always increasing and therefore the use of affordable corn waste, it seems necessary. After corn processing and starch extraction, by-products including corn germ, fiber and gluten are produced which are rich sources for ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, fermentability, digestibility, ME and MP for corn fiber and corn gluten feed. Samples of Corn processing residues including germ, fiber and corn gluten feed were obtained from a company and the samples were transferred to the laboratory of Animal Science Research Institute of Iran and they were milled. Then the chemical composition, gas production and digestibility were measured. Gas production was measured using a mixture of rumen liquor from three fistulated  bulls (Taleshi cow) for different fermentation times, including 2,4,6,8,12,16,24,48, 72 and 96 hours of ruminal incubation. Also, ME, MP and DMI of Corn processing residues were obtained. Amount of Organic Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, NDF, ADF, NFC and starch in corn fiber were obtained 89.3, 14.0, 3.3, 10.7, 70.2, 14.7 and 3.5% respectively; in corn germ were obtained 98.4, 9.4, 52.1, 1.6, 27.3, 9.9 and 10.7% (in order) and in corn gluten feed were obtained 94.9, 20.6, 3.5, 5.1, 53.1, 17.6 and 8.5 %, respectively. The gas production (at 24 hours of fermentation) of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 37.7 and 61.5 (ml/200mg), respectively. The ME content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were calculated 6.2 and 11.6 (MJ/Kg), respectively. OMD of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 67.1 and 80.2%, respectively. The MP content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed (at maintenance level) were calculated 13 and 15.5 (g/Kg) in order. Dry matter intake (DMI) of corn gluten feed on cow, sheep and goat (at maintenance level) were obtained 4226.3, 1102.4 and 932.5 (g/KgW0.75) respectively. Due to the suitability of fermentability and digestibility of gluten corn feed, it seems this wastes is useful for feeding livestock. Corn gluten feed can be used as a substitute for the fibrous part of the ruminant diet. In general, the use of processed corn waste can reduce the cost of feed production in ruminants.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different salinity levels of drinking water on the ruminal degradability of barley grain using the nylon bags technique in Iranian Shal sheep. Ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of barley grain were determined by nylon bags method using eight rumen cannulated rams that received different levels of saline water including control group (480), 4000, 8000, and 12000 mg/l total dissolved solids (TDS). There was a significant difference between experimental treatments in terms of the degradability of DM and CP in all incubation times except the initial time. In the final incubation time, the ruminal degradability of the DM and CP of barley grain were higher in saline water received treatments than the control group. There was a significant difference between the effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP in the experimental treatments. So, the effective degradability of DM and CP of barley grain often increased with increasing salinity. The quickly degradable protein (QDP) fraction was not affected by experimental treatments but the slowly degradable (SDP) protein fraction increased significantly at the maintenance level of nutrition (2%/h); the highest level of SDP was obtained in treatment containing 8000 mg/l TDS. From the viewpoint of metabolizable protein (MP), there was a significant difference between experimental treatments at the maintenance level of nutrition. The lowest MP was observed in treatment containing 8000 mg/l TDS. In overall conclusion, saline water consumption in the experimental animals seems to affect the ruminal degradability of barley grain and leads to an increase in the effective degradability of DM and CP and a decrease in the amount of MP at the maintenance level..

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) is an annual plant considered as pseudocereals and belongs to the chenopodiaceae family. Quinoa has excellent properties as low water demand, resistant to drought, salinity and nutritional quality, which are the reason for the great interest in IRAN. The objective of this study was to determine nutritive value, fermentabiliy and digestibility of 10 genotypes of quinoa crop residues (Titicaca, Red Carina, Gizal, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29 and Q31) in a completely randomized design. In the hardening stage of quinoa seeds, complete quinoa plants were harvested, were dried and then the seeds were separated. The quinoa straw samples were used for determine of chemical composition and fermentabiliy parameters via gas test production method. The concentration of chemical composition were different between different genotypes of quinoa straw. The range of variations were for dry matter between 92.44 to 94.29%, crude protein 3.53 to 11.0%, organic matter 84.25 to 89.65%, ether extract 1.20 to 2.30%, crude ash 9.90 to 15.59%, neutral detergent fiber 57.60 to 72.40%, acid detergent fiber 35.60 to 43.20% and nitrogen-free extract 9.41 to 18.09% and these difference between genotypes were significant (P<0.01), except of DM. The 24h gas production, potential of gas production (b), rate of gas production (c) were different between straw quinoa genotypes (P<0.01). The gas production in Red Carina, Q18, Q26 and Q29 genotypes were higher than other genotypes and (b) parameter in Gizal, Q18, Q26 and Q31 genotypes were higher than other genotypes (P<0.01). Furthermore, the digestibility of organic matter and metabolisable energy in different genotypes had range between 33.30 to 39.39% and 4.88 to 5.97 J/g, respectively (P<0.01). In general, the results have shown that the concentration of CP in Red Carina, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26 and Q29 quinoa straw is higher than cereal straw and other agricultural residues and can be used as a new protein feedstuff for provide nutritive requirement of ruminants, especially ewes.

The quantity and quality of water are of the most important environmental challenges in the world's arid and semi-arid regions, including Iran. In the present conditions, water shortage as well as water salinity are the most important threats to the livestock and poultry industry in Iran and even many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of water salinity on rumen degradability of dry matter and crude protein of alfalfa hay using nylon bags technique in Iranian shal rams. Rumen degradability of dry matter and crude protein of alfalfa hay were determined by nylon bags technique at different times using eight cannulated Iranian Shal rams which received different levels of drinking saline water including control group (480), 4000, 8000 and 12000 mg/L. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental treatments in terms of dry matter degradability in most incubation times, but there was no significant difference in protein degradability (except for 0, 2 and 72 h incubation times). At the longest incubation time, dry matter degradability increased with increasing salinity level. There was a significant difference between the treatments in terms of effective degradability of dry matter; but the effective degradability of the protein was not affected by the experimental treatments. Quickly degradable protein (QDP) decreased and slowly degradable protein (SDP) increased by enhancing salinity level. Metabolizable protein (MP) was significantly different between experimental treatments. The highest amount of MP was observed in the highest salinity level treatment and there was no significant difference between other salinity levels and control treatment. In general, it seems that increasing salinity level affects rumen degradability of alfalfa hay. The treatment containing 12000 mg/L TDS decreased the amount of quickly degradable protein and increased the metabolizable protein.

Ensiling total mixed ration can be used as a sustainable alternative to efficiently of feed management, improves digestibility and increase performance of ruminants. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of using total mixed ration silage based fodder corn on the growth performance of fattening Zell lambs.

Fourteen Zell male lambs (19.74± 2.07 kg BW) were randomly allocated to one of two experimental diets similar in nutrient contents. Experimental diets included control diet based on alfalfa and wheat straw (CD) plus concentrate and total mixed ration silage based on fodder corn plus concentrate (TMRS). The animals were fed three times daily in three equal portions over a 12-weeks assay following a 2-weeks adaptation period. Lambs were weighed immediately before the morning feeding at the beginning and at 3-weeks intervals. At the end of fattening period, the lambs were housed in individual cages to evaluate nutrient digestibility of the experimental diets. Furthermore, blood samples were collected from the Jugular veins of the lambs for measuring of glucose, total protein, albumin and liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST).

Average feed intake was not affected by the experimental diets, but final body weight, total body weight gain, average daily gain were greater but the feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) was lower in lambs fed TMRS diet than those received CD diet (P<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were higher (p<0.02) in CD diet that that of the TMRS diet. There was no difference in plasma concentration of albumin, total protein, glucose, ALT and AST between the experimental groups, and all of those parameters were within the normal range for healthy sheep.

It was concluded that ensiling total mixed ration based on the fodder corn was associated with an optimal fermentation and using its in fattening Zell lamb diets caused an increase in final body weight and daily gain, and improved feed conversion ratio. Therefore, ensiling total mixed ration could an appropriate feeing management to improve performance of fattening lambs.

The purpose of this study was to compare feedlot performance and carcass characteristics in Lori-bakhtiari and Romanov-Lori bakhtiari crossbred male lambs. In this opinion, 14 Lori bakhtiari and 14 Romanov- Lori bakhtiari male lambs were selected and their feedlot performance was studied in a completely random design during 100 days of trial. Lambs were fed by a total mixed ration (TMR) with forage to concentrate ratio of 30:70 in diets. Feed intake was recorded daily and the lambs were weighted monthly. At the end of the experiment, lambs were slaughtered and carcass analysis was done. The results of feedlot performances showed that crossbreeding had no significant effect on dry matter intake, final live weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio. Studying the carcass characteristics showed that crossbreeding had no significant effect on the warm carcass weight, empty rumen, lung and liver percent and carcass length (p>0.05), but the percent of heart, kidney and the internal fat weight were significantly affected by crossbreeding (p<0.05). The effect of genotype on the longissimus dorsi muscle area was significant also (p<0.05). Crossbreeding had a significant effect on the percentage of shank, round, brisket, flank and sirioin (P<0.05) and increased them. In general, although the effect of crossbreeding was not significant on the feedlot performance parameters, but improved the proportion of carcass components.

The purpose of this study was to investigate reproductive parameters in industrial dairy herds in Qazvin province. To conduct this study Herds were categorized into five capacity categories of dairy cows including herds by capacity less than 100, 100-199, 200-499, 500-999 and more than 1000 heads, and the data were analyzed in a completely unbalanced randomized design. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference among treatments in terms of mean day of first insemination after calving. The dose of sperm consumed per each pregnancy in heifers was significantly different among the different category of capacities. (P≤ 0.05), It was better than others in treatments 1 and 2 (1.23 and 1.40%, respectively). The open days in the studied herds were 144.55 ±14.57 days on average and there was no significant difference among different treatments. Although there was no significant difference among the herds in terms of cattle fertility but fertility of heifers differed significantly among different treatment groups (P≤ 0.05), and treatments 1 and 2 were better than other capacity categories. Mean dry days in herds were 75.91 ± 0.31 days but there was no difference between treatments. Abortion rate was significantly different among treatments and treatment 1 had the lowest abortion rate (P≤ 0.05).  The results of this study showed that in general with increasing capacity of dairy farms, the reproductive parameters are negatively affected and the incidence of abortion increases.

This Experiment was carried out to determine the effects of urea and molasses -treated Corn Single Crosses SC 704 Stalklage in fattening performance of Turky-Ghashghaii male lamb. At first, corn residues were gatherd after harvesting of corn grain by Cambine method and processed with urea and molasses. Then, evaluates its chemical composition and in vivo apparent digestibility. The Corn Stalklage treated and untreated were included in the ration as to replace zero , 30 and 50% of total forage in a completely randomized design in the ration of fattening lambs. The rations (iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic) were fed to 6 Turky-Ghashghaii ram lambs. Results showed that In vivo digestibility coefficients for DM OM, NDF and ADF had significant differences between treated and non-treated Corn Stalklage.  It seems that according to the results of fattening traits and digestibility, the use of treated corn residues with 4% urea plus 10% molasses with ratios of 50% as total forages in feeding lambs in comparison with other treatments, had a better daily weight gain.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of adding dried dairy wastes to the starter diet on growth performance in Holstein dairy calves. A total of 28 female newborn Holstein dairy calves were randomly allocated to four groups (n=7/group) and after two weeks of habituation to experimental conditions and diet, in a completely randomized design, individually fed starter diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, or 30% dried dairy waste up to eight weeks of age. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency (gained weight/consumed feed) were measured weekly, during the experimental period. Results showed that body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were not affected by the treatments. Interactive effect of treatments by week showed that the highest weight gain was for calves fed by the diet containing 10% dairy waste or control group at first week. However, the highest gain was recorded for those that received 30% dairy waste at week five of the experiment (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that the inclusion of dried dairy products up to 30% of calves’ starter diet had no adverse effect on performance, and therefore can be used as an affordable and valuable nutritional by-product of the dairy industry in the nutrition of calves.

Climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emissions has endangered the life of humans. One of these atmospheric pollutants is N2O, which has a lifespan of 165 years and is roughly 310 times more efficient at trapping heat than CO2. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the amount of N2O production by domestic animals in Iran.The number of livestock in the last decade, was obtained from the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture.Domestic animals were divided into five experimental treatments: the cows group, the small-ruminants group, the large-livestock’s group, the industrial-poultry group and the other-poultry group.Then, using IPCC software (Tier 1), the amount of N2O emissions from domestic animal husbandry was obtained. Data wereanalyzedaccording to acompletely randomized design usingSAS software.The covariance among the considered years was estimated using repeated measurementsanalysis intimes.The amounts of N2O emissions in 2017 were 6.34, 79.87, 1.26, 1452.71, and 7.15 million tons, respectively. Total emissions of this gas, feed intake and productions livestock’s during the last decade were about 128.13 Gg/Year, 605.72 million tons and 118.37 million tons, respectively. The covariance structure of emissions was unstructured and heterogeneous among the studied years. It seems that the industrial poultry section is the main producer of N2O gas. Therefore, special scientific attention should be made to optimize the poultry manure management.

Global warming, droughts and the drowning of the island nations are among the most devastating effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions.Therefore, with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with livestock activities and to create a framework for supporting research projects in animal science, this study was conducted.Through the search and collecting the available information on the Internet, libraries and specialized sites, as well as the holding of various meetings and participation in international expert conferences and the setting up of special questionnaire, research strategies were presented as large-scale projects and research projects.In order to reduce greenhouse gases with the origin of animal production and create a complete research chain in Iran, eight research strategies, including studies on livestock species and their number in country, improvement and breeding of ruminant animals, nutritional strategies and increasing the nutritional value of livestock and poultry feeds, improving ruminal microorganisms, research into livestock buildings and facilities, modification of the structure of  slaughterhouses, changing and modifying the pattern of fuel consumption and production of biogas, as well as changes and modifying the pattern of animal protein consumption, in the form of 59 master plans and projects were presented.In general, the implementation of national and international commitments, the presentation and implementation of research strategies to create a complete research chain, research control on animal science projects and public education (people and industrial factory farms) are among the most important strategies.