فهرست مطالب dr. mohammad ghahramani

Criminal policy, which is a set of responses of the society in specific mechanisms to the criminal phenomenon and its control and containment, pursues its goals with development oriented responses in terms of the rights of the victim, the criminal and the society.

By collecting information from library resources in a descriptive-analytical method, the research has been presented with an applied purpose.

The differential criminal policy of children with an emphasis on children's rights has a gentle approach based on welfare and expediency with educational goals. The difference of children requires more support and covering the vulnerabilities of puberty, in order to prevent their social breakdown. Every criminal policy is based on principles that predict the scope, criteria and quality of possible reactions against criminals. The principles of children's criminal policy explain the values and ideal concepts of the society in facing the dangerous situation of children and the regulation of the child-centered criminal justice system with regard to the human rights and citizenship of children.

By studying and examining children's rights documents, we found 60 principles of children's criminal policy, which shows that it is differential. The principles of children's criminal policy are an expression of society's sensitivity towards children, which leads to the initiative of the criminal policy apparatus and the necessary coordination in the legislative, judicial and executive fields. Knowing these principles in the best possible way to adopt a protective and restorative approach to the dangerous situation of the child will help child justice activists.

The behaviors and reactions of people towards social issues can be different regarding the same issues under various factors. In the meantime, the factor of cognition and perception has a great impact on behavior in the way of perception and interpretation of surrounding information. In criminology, theories based on the causes of delinquency have been presented about the cognition and thinking of criminals, which affect the decision-making and calculation system of criminals. Cognition and understanding can be the reason for behavior because it organizes the motivation of criminals. In this view, cognition, like behavior, has the possibility to be learned and is identified as the main variable in the development of crime in terms of the dynamic factor of crime. Incorrect and non-uniform cognition among citizens can lead to the formation of criminal cognitive presuppositions. Under the influence of crime dynamic factors, criminal preconceptions bring potential criminal behaviors to actuality. Presuppositions negate the scope of analytical thinking and logical performance in response to social phenomena. The formation of cognitive presuppositions may be caused by false and distorted information or otherwise, which is done by arranging foregrounds in backgrounds. Presuppositions are the information acquired in the mental processes arranged due to the backgrounds that influence the interpretation of new information and bear on it. Presuppositions may cause hatred, anger and prejudice towards certain subjects or people in the potential criminal and intensify his dangerous state. The concept of jihad of clarification, focusing on the cognition and perception of the audience with a preventive nature, aims to prevent false perception and the formation of an incorrect calculation system in the mind, and misinterpretation and misunderstanding of events. The place of the concept of jihad of clarification in the criminal policy, considering the modern social relations, can be a smart approach with the participation of the society. The concept of jihad of clarification, in terms of its features and formulations, tries to persuade and resolve cognitive conflicts in a reasoned and documented way, and it can play a role in the rehabilitation of criminals.

The general purpose of this study is to identify the barriers and solutions for the development of graduates' employability from the perspective of faculty members, employers and experts in the field of employment for a bachelor's degree in behavioral sciences courses. The current research is a qualitative research of the phenomenological type. The participants of this research are faculty members, employers and employment experts. The sampling method in qualitative research is the purposeful sampling method of the theoretical sampling type. Among the interviewees were 15 faculty members and 12 employers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The content validity of the interviews was reviewed by 5 higher education experts and was used after confirmation. The obtained data from this study were analyzed by the Thematic analysis method. The analysis of the first interview began with open coding and finally reached theoretical saturation in interview 27. A total of 109 themes related to the challenges and barriers to the development of graduates' employability were obtained from these interviews. Finally, a total of six major barriers were classified as "individual barriers", "academic barriers", "social barriers", "cultural barriers", "economic barriers" and "political barriers". Furthermore, in 21 sub-obstacles including: cognitive-behavioral problems, motivational weakness, avarice, lack of entrepreneurial skills, weakness of academic and Job Competencies, lack of quality training courses, academic weakness, curriculum defects, lack of appropriate social contexts, incompatibility of organizations, cultural weakness, lack of employment plans, employment injustice, inadequate needs assessment, economic problems, a mismatch between human capital and the labor market, poor connection between human resources and the labor market, financial resources shortage, lack of effective management, inefficient policies, and a reduction of international interactions. Also, the results showed that the most important solution for the development of employability from the perspective of faculty members and employers is the need to review and revise the curricula.

This study with the aim of investigating the professional ethics component of managers of the national Iranian oil company based on the global ranking model. In terms of methodology, is applied research and based on the nature of the method, it is descriptive and in the category of survey research. The statistical population included 440 people, 242 people were selected based on Cochran's formula, and due to spread of corona, and 156 complete questionnaires were returned. The validity of the tool was confirmed with the supervision of 8 experts. Based in Cronbach's alpha, the reliability coefficient of questionnaire was estimated at 91%. The results of the analysis showed that social responsibility, creating peace in the work environment and strengthening and expanding the observance of ethical standards, have the highest mean and the items of attentions to the environment; conflict recognitions skills, conflict and adherence to tax laws, budgeting, Regulations and budget law had the lowest average.

Legal education should be along with legal Instruction. A lawyer gradually gets to know legal rules and principles from the time of learning law and uses them when needed. The need to have a correct legal attitude and insight based on Islamic thoughts in creating purposeful and directed habits and behavior systems leads to the growth and excellence of the legal personality and prevents undesirable abuses in decisions and legal inferences based on Lawyers internal talents. Creating habits and behavioral characteristics in certain mechanisms in the face of personal and social relationships increases and stabilizes the legal taste and creativity of lawyers in academic and professional situations. Legal education means fondness for justice in the attraction of truth and the repulsion of falsehood. This research, while benefiting from the viewpoints of Islamic values and ethics, explains the behavioral patterns of a lawyer in learning the knowledge of law for the development of legal personality and advancing legal issues based on the profound hadith of "Onvan Basry" in a descriptive and analytical method using library sources.

Given (considering) the importance of human resource development, especially the development of managers as the key to the development of the country, the present study aims to provide a model for the development of managers of the National Iranian Oil Company. In the research, the mixed method has been used. In the qualitative section, using Delphi method and purposeful sampling, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 15 senior managers of national Iranian oil company in order make a questionnaire, which was thematically analyzed and coded in MAXQDA software. In the quantitative section after collecting information about 156 questionnaires from the spatial territory of all training and development units in the national Iranian Oil Company, to confirm and test the conceptional model, confirmatory factor analysis of the SPSS and LISREL software has been used. The results showed that among the dimensions of development of world-class managers, the individual dimension has the highest correlation with the latest variable and we do not see a significant difference with the desire level. After that, the group dimension is less different from the desired level, but in the organizational dimension with a global level, we see a significant difference. Given (considering) the importance of human resource development, especially the development of managers as the key to the development of the country, the present study aims to provide a model for the development of managers of the National Iranian Oil Company

The present study has comparatively examined the indicators of higher education development in Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey. Afghanistan's higher education has made significant strides in increasing students' access, but in terms of quality - number of faculty members with PhD degree, infrastructure, training equipment, and number of articles and books - has deteriorated over the past three decades. In the field of the three functions of higher education system (production, transformation and dissemination of science), the Iran higher education system has experienced a high proportion of progress. Also, this system has moved away from the two policies of knowledge production and application of science in society and emphasized transfer of knowledge - in the form of a slight expansion of education and an increase in student admission. Turkey has achieved technological readiness and surpassed Afghanistan and Iran by slightly expanding educational structures, increasing share of technical-vocational education, improving enrollment rate of higher education skilled workforce, share of research & development costs, and improving overall indicators. The findings of this study are expected to help Afghan higher education planners to use positive experiences of higher education development in Iran and Turkey.

The general purpose of this study was to identify the main and secondary components of graduates' employability from the perspective of faculty members, employers, and experts in the field of employment for a bachelor's degree in behavioral sciences at Shahid Beheshti University. The present study was a qualitative research. Participants in this study are faculty members, employers and employment experts. Sampling method in qualitative research was purposive sampling of the theoretical sampling type. Among the interviewees were 15 faculty members, 12 employers, and employment-related officials. The analysis of the first interview began with open coding and finally reached theoretical saturation in interview 27. In this study, an interview tool was used to collect the required data and the interview questions were designed in a semi-structured manner. The content validity of the interviews was reviewed and confirmed by 5 higher education experts. Also, to determine the accuracy and validity of the data, three criteria of acceptability, reliability and verifiability were used. The obtained data from this study was  analysed by the thematic analysis method. A total of 94 themes related to employability were identified and finally in 15 sub-components and 4 main components of individual competencies, professional competencies, cultural competencies, and social competencies were categorized. Academic practical knowledge and skills were identified at the top of the employability components.

The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and investigating the educational, research and organizational challenges of new academic staff members in Afghanistan in accordance with the new standards of education and research from the perspective of experts using a quantitative and qualitative combined method. In the qualitative part of the research. The present participants, including 33 scientists, experts, university professors, university presidents, university academic vice-chancellors, and new professors, were purposefully selected for interviews. In the quantitative part, the statistical population of the present study includes new professors of Kandahar University who have less than 10 years of work experience. The number of our statistical population is 190 new professors. Sampling was determined based on Morgan's table of new professors of Kandahar University. The data collection tools are interviews with experienced and veteran professors and university managers and a questionnaire prepared for the survey of new professors. Data collection was done in the first stage by semi-structured interview method and in the second stage after compiling the questionnaire based on the opinions of the interviewees at the level of Kandahar University. After collecting the data using Spss26 software, the data was analyzed using Friedman's ranking test and at each educational, research and organizational level, based on the opinions of the statistical sample present in the research, the most important challenges were obtained and the challenges They were ranked ahead. Also, the average rank of each variable is reported. The comparison of the average ratings shows that the highest average rating (2.84) belongs to the characteristic of organizational challenges, which means that the most important challenge of novice professors is the organizational challenge. 

The purpose of present study is to evaluate the Rah-e Roshd educational Complex strategic training & development courses according to Noe Strategic Training & Development Model in order to specify the pertinence of this organization in the way of excellence.

The methodology was adopted to obtain information on training strategies with mixed method (quantitative–qualitative). The research method in the quantitative section was a descriptive – survey and in the qualitative section was the phenomenology method. The statistical population include (N=200) member of Rahe Roshd educational complex which (N=132) were selected based on Cochran formula by using simple random sampling. The statistical population of the qualitative section were experienced managers and staff of the complex who were selected by purposeful criterion sampling. Semi-structured interview was conducted to collect information until the researcher achieved theoretical saturation. Data collection was done in a quantitative section using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the Noe strategic training & development model. Using the questionnaire, the challenges existing in the strategic training & development courses of the complex were identified and used as questions in the qualitative section of the research. In order to analyze the research data in the quantitative section, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Yu Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis) were used and in the qualitative section Strauss and Corbin coding method were used.

The results of descriptive section research showed that based on the Noe strategic training and development model, the complex faced with some challenges like: needs assessment, outsourcing, team working and sharing knowledge, satisfying and job rotation, reducing time and cost strategic training and development. In the qualitative section, there were identified suggestions and mechanisms for addressing these challenges, including six main categories of "strategic educational planning", "reviewing in needs assessment requirements", " conducting group training courses with the supervision and participation of managers, "utilizing the benefits of outsourcing under ideal conditions, "improvement and correction management  of Courses in cooperation with the monitoring and evaluation Unit," and "organizational measures to improve and promote training through monitoring and evaluation".

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between learning climate and organizational agility in managers of Marivan Education Department. Regarding the classification of the research based on the method, this study was a descriptive correlational research. The population consisted of all managers (150 people) of Marivan Education Department in 2019-2020. The members of the statistical sample were 106 people. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size. This study used a random sampling method. To collect data, Marsick and Watkins's (2003) questionnaire of learning climate quality and Sharifi and Zhang's (2004) organizational agility questionnaire. First, 20 questionnaires with confirmed validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the learning climate quality questionnaire was 0.73 and for the organizational agility questionnaire 0.86) were distributed, and then 86 questionnaires were distributed and the results were collected. To answer the main hypothesis of the research, the structural equation method and PLS software were used. The results showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between the learning climate and the variables of organizational agility. Also, it was found that the variable of learning climate could predict the changes in the variable of organizational agility and its components. Besides providing the appropriate learning climate for the staff of the organization through education, an increased sense of trust in all organizational levels will increase the organization and staff agility.

The present study aimed to identify the dimensions and components of the learning community of university faculty members. This research is a qualitative study in which the phenomenological approach has been employed. Participants were selected from among the professors and faculty members of the university. Sampling was based on purpose and snowball sampling method to reach theoretical saturation with 15 participants. The main method of data collection, using semi-structured interviews and data analysis method was done using Granheim's thematic analysis method. The validity and reliability of the present study were assessed by the method of review by participants, review by non-participants (university professors and research colleagues) and also by frequent reference and comparison of various codes and consultations with experts. Findings included 67 basic open codes, 9 core categories and 4 main themes: 1) Common goals and perspectives 2) Collective learning 3) Common professional practice 4) Common professional reflection. Also, the results show that the components included in the model of the professional learning community are steps of a continuous cycle of continuous improvement in the university that can continue until the desired results are achieved.

Learners have been introduced as one of the main determinants of success and effectiveness in e-learning courses because the nature of e-learning is learnercentered and they are responsible for their own learning. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the learner characteristics that are effective in elearning. To this end, a qualitative research approach and a phenomenological strategy were adopted. Faculty members and instructors of e-learning courses in universities constituted the statistical population of this research. Participants were selected using criterion-based purposeful sampling method. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews until the twelfth interview in which theoretical saturation was achieved. The obtained data was analyzed first qualitatively through content analysis in the three stages of coding, subcategorizing, and categorizing. Based on the findings of the twelve interviews, 102 codes, 13 subcategories and six categories were found, including “The learner-centered in the e-learning process”; “learner interaction in the e-learning process”; “learner as assessor in the e-learning process”; “learner's Literacy”; “self-directed learner”; and “psychological characteristics of the learner”. According to the research findings, managers and planners of e-learning courses in universities should pay special attention to the role of the learner in the success and effectiveness of university e-learning courses.

From the point of many experts, the current system of higher education in Iran does not meet the great demands of its stakeholders and has many weaknesses and gaps in its governance structure. Therefore, there is a need to design a good governance model. Good governance is a key factor in the growth of the quality of the higher education system. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying and compiling indigenous components of good governance in the Iranian higher education system. This research is a basic descriptive-exploratory research. The method of data collection in this study was a semi-structured interview with 23 experts and professors in the field of higher education with theoretical saturation criteria. The data obtained from this study were analyzed through qualitative content analysis with the help of Maxqda software. In order to assess the validity of the research, the opinions and guidelines of a group of experts and the selection of components were used the study of theoretical foundations. Holesti method was also used to evaluate the reliability of the research. Based on the results, 30 different codes / concepts for good governance in the Iranian higher education system were obtained from the interviewed experts, which were placed in the form of the three main components of civic responsibility and sustainable development, continuous and effective evaluation (university performance, finance and university appointments) and good management and leadership.

The purpose of this study is to study the development of educational administration. The statistical population of this study was educational administration faculty members who were interviewed after 10 theoretical saturation. A qualitative and phenomenological research method was used in semi-structured interviews to identify 227 basic concepts, 45 themes and 25 main codes. Research Findings on Weaknesses and Challenges on Lack of Vision and Statement of Comprehensive and Integrated Educational administration Mission in Higher Education, Weaknesses in the Structure, Content and Methods of this Field, Uncertain Future of Education Graduates, New Fields And similarly refers to the rivalry and the lack of active engagement between the Ministry of Science and Education to exploit the capacities of educational management. In the area of strengths and opportunities, some findings also indicate the interdisciplinary nature, applicability and comprehensiveness of the field, and the many entrepreneurial and research opportunities in this field. Thus, 18 strategies include WO strategies (SO). (Adaptive), ST (contingent) and WT (defensive) strategies were determined. The purpose of this study is to study the development of educational administration. The statistical population of this study was educational administration faculty members who were interviewed after 10 theoretical saturation. A qualitative and phenomenological research method was used in semi-structured interviews to identify 227 basic concepts, 45 themes and 25 main codes. Research Findings on Weaknesses and Challenges on Lack of Vision and Statement of Comprehensive and Integrated Educational Management Mission in Higher Education, Weaknesses in the Structure, Content and Methods of this Field, Uncertain Future of Education Graduates, New Fields And similarly refers to the rivalry and the lack of active engagement between the Ministry of Science and Education to exploit the capacities of educational management. In the area of strengths and opportunities, some findings also indicate the interdisciplinary nature, applicability and comprehensiveness of the field, and the many entrepreneurial and research opportunities in this field. Thus, 18 strategies include WO strategies (SO). (Adaptive), ST (contingent) and WT (defensive) strategies were determined. The purpose of this study is to study the development of educational administration. The statistical population of this study was educational administration faculty members who were interviewed after 10 theoretical saturation. A qualitative and phenomenological research method was used in semi-structured interviews to identify 227 basic concepts, 45 themes and 25 main codes. Research Findings on Weaknesses and Challenges on Lack of Vision and Statement of Comprehensive and Integrated Educational Management Mission in Higher Education, Weaknesses in the Structure, Content and Methods of this Field, Uncertain Future of Education Graduates, New Fields And similarly refers to the rivalry and the lack of active engagement between the Ministry of Science and Education to exploit the capacities of educational management. In the area of strengths and opportunities, some findings also indicate the interdisciplinary nature, applicability and comprehensiveness of the field, and the many entrepreneurial and research opportunities in this field. Thus, 18 strategies include WO strategies (SO). (Adaptive), ST (contingent) and WT (defensive) strategies were determined. The purpose of this study is to study the development of educational administration. The statistical population of this study was educational administration faculty members who were interviewed after 10 theoretical saturation. A qualitative and phenomenological research method was used in semi-structured interviews to identify 227 basic concepts, 45 themes and 25 main codes. Research Findings on Weaknesses and Challenges on Lack of Vision and Statement of Comprehensive and Integrated Educational Management Mission in Higher Education, Weaknesses in the Structure, Content and Methods of this Field, Uncertain Future of Education Graduates, New Fields And similarly refers to the rivalry and the lack of active engagement between the Ministry of Science and Education to exploit the capacities of educational management. In the area of strengths and opportunities, some findings also indicate the interdisciplinary nature, applicability and comprehensiveness of the field, and the many entrepreneurial and research opportunities in this field. Thus, 18 strategies include WO strategies (SO). (Adaptive), ST (contingent) and WT (defensive) strategies were determined. The purpose of this study is to study the development of educational administration. The statistical population of this study was educational administration faculty members who were interviewed after 10 theoretical saturation. A qualitative and phenomenological research method was used in semi-structured interviews to identify 227 basic concepts, 45 themes and 25 main codes. Research Findings on Weaknesses and Challenges on Lack of Vision and Statement of Comprehensive and Integrated Educational Management Mission in Higher Education, Weaknesses in the Structure, Content and Methods of this Field, Uncertain Future of Education Graduates, New Fields And similarly refers to the rivalry and the lack of active engagement between the Ministry of Science and Education to exploit the capacities of educational management. In the area of strengths and opportunities, some findings also indicate the interdisciplinary nature, applicability and comprehensiveness of the field, and the many entrepreneurial and research opportunities in this field. Thus, 18 strategies include WO strategies (SO). (Adaptive), ST (contingent) and WT (defensive) strategies were determined.ome findings also indicate the interdisciplinary nature, applicability and comprehensiveness of the field, and the many entrepreneurial and research opportunities in this field. Thus, 18 strategies include WO strategies (SO). (Adaptive), ST (contingent) and WT (defensive) strategies were determined.

Continuous education, which is an appropriate tool for enhancing the level of knowledge, skills and insights of any organizationchr('39')s human resources and ensuring their progress and development, requires an appropriate background and overcoming the challenge.Therefore, the aim of this study is reviewing the experiences of nurses and identifying the weaknesses of the educational courses hold by a qualitative study.

This study was a qualitative study using interpretive phenomenological method conducted in autumn 2018. 24 educational supervisors, supervisors, and nurses participated in this study and were selected by purposeful sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done by Colaizzi method.

In analyzing the content of interviews, 4 main categories obtained;Inappropriate content; low level of interaction in classrooms; not paying attention to effective teaching-learning methods; low professional skills of professors.

Currently, in the process of learning and continuing education, the above mentioned issues have reduced the effectiveness of training courses and these courses are used solely to fill nurseschr('39') training hours, therefore, appropriate attention and support is needed to improve this condition.

In recent years, Iran's higher education policies have lacked features such as defensible theoretical tradition, creative adaptation to global and international environmental developments, predictive capacity of actors' behavior, cohesion, integration, applicability, efficiency, effectiveness, ethical elements, Satisfactory conflict resolution, agreement production, favorable social impact. This situation has generally reduced the capacity of policy making in this area. On the other hand, policy research, as a research process focused on presenting policy solutions, can play a significant role in optimizing and enhancing the capacity of Iran's higher education policies. In this regard, the main purpose of the present study was causal explanation of capacity of Iranian higher education policies based on the synergy of policy research institutions. The present study has a mixed research method. In the qualitative phase, in the qualitative phase, by conducting semi-structured interviews with 15 Iranian higher education policy experts and applying the thematic analysis approach, a list of interactive and communicative factors influencing the efficiency and synergy of the policy research process in the Iranian higher education system was developed. According to the literature review, policy capacity was considered as the optimal policy in terms of rationality. The quantitative findings indicated 40% of variable capacity of Iran's higher education policies explained by the Synergistic variable of policy research institutions.

In recent years, due to the emergence of new ideas such as the new public management approach, knowledge-based societies and economies, and globalization, the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in the public sector have attracted more attention on themselves. In this regard, higher education and university have also been affected by these trends, trying to comply with environmental changes and changing their governance approach. It seems Policy making is considered one of the most important aspects of higher education governance. The current state of Iranian higher education policy-making has generally reduced the capacity of policy-making in this area. On the other hand, policy research, as a research process focused on presenting policy solutions, can play a significant role in optimizing and enhancing the capacity of Iran's higher education policies. In this regard, the main purpose of the present study was causal explanation of capacity of Iranian higher education policies based on the synergy of policy research institutions. The present study has a mixed research method. In the qualitative phase, in the qualitative phase, by conducting semi-structured interviews with 15 Iranian higher education policy experts and applying the thematic analysis approach, a list of interactive and communicative factors influencing the efficiency and synergy of the policy research process in the Iranian higher education system was developed. According to the literature review, policy capacity was considered as the optimal policy in terms of rationality. The quantitative findings indicated 40% of variable capacity of Iran's higher education policies explained by the Synergistic variable of policy research institutions. Review of the selected higher education policies also showed a significant low synergy between policy researchers at the policy formulation stage.

This study aims to assess international scientific cooperation of Iranian top universities through using SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) strategic analysis approach. This research has been carried out based on descriptive survey. The statistical population has been consisted of 313 experts who were selected among 6478 faculty members from top 10 universities through a stratified sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed and reviewed by experts as well as its reliability was measured by running on Cronbach's alpha test (816/0). Also, data analysis was conducted through Fuzzy BWM. The most important strengths include the enhancement of researchers’ interaction and attendance in international conferences also paving the way for international development in universities. Inadequacy of the annual grants of faculties’ members as well as lack of awareness of universities officials of International scientific cooperation are the main weaknesses. The tendency of Iranian youths towards changing ways of international interactions as well as international community's achievement to accept Iran in international academic consortiums are considered as the greatest opportunities. In spite of these successes, there are still serious threats such as economic recession in most countries; the lack of political grounds for international scientific cooperation and the spread of both Islamophobia and Iranphobia around the world.

The aim of this study was to identify the content factors of professional development for teachers of special elementary schools for students with intellectual disability in Tehran, Iran. The present study was a mixed methods research. In the qualitative part, the population was composed of all the experts of education, of which 15 were selected through purposive sampling. The statistical population in the quantitative study comprised all elementary school teachers of students with intellectual disability in Tehran (n=347), of which 200 were selected based on Cochran’s formula through simple random sampling. To collect data, semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire were employed. Qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis, and quantitative data were analyzed using the partial least squares method. The results revealed that the content of teachers’ professional development consists of 10 factors: teachers’ attitudes, specialized subject knowledge, variety of learners and their special needs, design of educational strategies, evaluation methods, learning environments and models, participation and collaboration, information and communication technology, group and individual activities, and citizenship and personality education. In total, content factors explained about 95% of the variance in teachers’ professional development. From among these factors, learning environments and models had the highest (0.90) and evaluation methods had the lowest (0.81) factor loading

According to many experts and scholars of higher education, nowadays the most important factor of inefficiency of higher education policymaking in Iran is nonconformity of policies and decisions with scientific, theoretical and research basics. Policy research is defined as a research process, focused on providing policy options and referred to the practice of policymakers and can contribute to reasonable and rational policymaking in the field of higher education.

the main aim of this research was designing and validation of pathology model of Iranian higher education policy research process. For this purpose mixed exploratory approach was used. Process of this research has been conducted in quantitative and qualitative phases. In qualitative phase through semi-structured interviews with 15 policy makers, policy researchers and scientific experts and subsequently content analysis of interviews, a list of the current damaging factors of policy research process in Iranian higher education was adopted. Then, mentioned list is confirmed by participants through Delphi technique (binomial test). Based on the findings of qualitative phase of research, quantitative questionnaire was designed and conducted. Statistical population of quantitative phase were higher education policy researchers and decision-makers including those affiliated to the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (as institute for social and cultural studies, institute for research and planning in higher education, center for international scientific studies and collaboration and etc.), those not affiliated to the Ministry (as national research institute for science policy, Islamic parliament research center, supreme council of cultural revolution), higher education policy-makers and scientific experts. 203 questionnaires were completed by them. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine research questions.

During the present research process, 93 sub-components were identified in the form of 12 main components and 5 dimensions: 26 components for contextual and environmental dimension, 11 components for structural dimension, 23 components for functional dimension (higher education policy makers), 23 components for functional dimension (higher education policy researchers) and 10 components for communicational and interactional dimension.

In order to reduce the damage of current policy research process of Iranian higher education, some solutions can be considered, including: reforming the system of evaluation and promotion of higher education policy-researchers, need-based establishment of policy-research structures, prioritizing policy-making needs in higher education, more participation of policy-makers in policy research process, Balanced distribution of power between policy-makers and policy-researchers.
nsion.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the existing situation of international scientific collaboration among top universities of Iran and to develop a model for its better management. This research is developmental in terms of approach and uses an exploratory mixed method for data collection. The statistical population for its qualitative section consists of 26 experts involved in international scientific cooperation, who were selected by using purposeful sampling and snowball technique. The statistical population for its quantitative section consists of the faculty members of the top 10 universities of the country (6748 persons), of which 313 were selected through a proportional stratified sampling. The data collection instruments were documents and reports released by the International Scientific Cooperation Center and its branches in top universities, a semi-structured interview and two researcher-made questionnaires. The final model of the management of international scientific collaboration of the top universities of Iran has three main components (objectives, dimensions, status analysis), and the objectives are composed of 10 components, and dimensions includes the educational dimension with 6 factors (46 components), the research dimension with 6 factors (30 components), and cultural dimension with 4 factors (20 components), and finally, the existing situation analysis consists of 4 factors of strengths (15 components), weaknesses (18 components), opportunities (20 components) and threats (20 components) Also, this model has a good fit with the data.

Asymmetric distribution of knowledge and technology in globalization era, and the necessity of global interactions for universities have led them to enter into international scientific collaboration (ISC) and strategic evaluation of status quo is required for effective participation in it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ISC of top Iranian universities using SWOT analysis.
This was an applied descriptive survey. 432 faculty members of the top 12 universities were selected through a stratified sampling. The data-collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by experts and counterparts and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.816. Data analyzed through Fuzzy BWM.
The most important strengths included increasing presence of researchers at international conferences, and the existence of suitable international development platforms in universities; weaknesses included inadequacy of faculty annual grants, and university administrator's lack of knowledge about ISC; opportunities included the youthfulness of Iran's population, the lifting of some sanctions against Iran and international community's new appetence to acceptance of Iran in international academic consortia and finally important threats included the economic downturn in most countries; lack of political platform for ISC and the spread of Islam and Iran phobia around the world.
International Scientific Collaboration is required for meeting many objectives of the Iran development plans, and is strongly influenced by the specific cultural, political, religious and international conditions of Iran. Top universities must meet the international academic standards and audit the requirements of international community.

Research in management is too important and strategic and, over the past years, enormous investments have been done in this area. Evaluating the effects of research would help beneficiaries to assure the quality of their research plans. Present study aims at extracting and prioritizing the indicators of management research evaluation by an exploratory survey and using TOPSIS technique. Likewise, a descriptive evaluation on outputs, effects and outcomes of management researches in 1392 is provided based on extracted indicators. Research population consists of 95 research plans approved by Research and Technology Higher Council Secretariat of which 76 plans were selected as sample by Morgan table. Research collection tool is a questionnaire based on 4 elements and 40 items that its validity is confirmed by relevant experts and its reliability is computed by Cornbach’s alpha (80%). 24 indicators were selected to evaluate scientific/academic and educational outputs as well as organizational effects and financial/economic outcomes. Evaluating the plans by such indicators suggest that applied considerations and radical conceptions are not paid attention in these researches.

In recent decades, the paradigm of development of managers has become an indispensable footing for the sustainable development of organizations, and the strategic development path for managers is education and learning. With such a philosophy of thought, the purpose of the present research is to provide a conceptual framework for designing a managerial training program in the banking industry with a professionalism approach in management. To achieve this goal, the qualitative research approach and semi-structured interview method have been used.
To formulate the research framework, literature and the history of managerial development were studied and emphasized on managerial competencies. Literature review and subject background, framework and interview questions were developed. In the second step, the interviews were executed in the statistical society of the managers of the development co-operation bank by a targeted sampling method. In other words, the study population was bank executives and the sample was 15 of them. The data collection tools were interview forms and analytical method, content analysis.Findings of the research include identifying the elements and design elements of the training program for managers including five groups of managerial factors, namely: 1. Identifying and strengthening intellectual-value competencies, 2. Developing and improving abilities, 3. Improving and developing managerial skills,4- Development of know-how-specialized and 5. Strengthening and promoting interactions and communication capabilities of managers. The results of this study indicate that for training and professional improvement of managers in the field of money and banking, a training program based on five groups of factors should be emphasized on improving and improving knowledge, insight, skills, behavior, experience and characteristics of managers Has been compiled.