esmaeel kalantari

This study aims to develop scenario planning as a method for policy laboratories. The institutional structure of science and technology policy in Iran was selected as the case study, with in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted with 20 experts and informants in Iranian science and technology policy. Schwartz’s eight-step scenario planning method was applied. Based on this, two key uncertainties—1) Structure (open/closed) and 2) Rules of Conduct (collaborative participation vs. contentious dispute)—were identified, leading to four scenarios: 1) Collaborative Policy Network, 2) Government System, 3) Obligation-Relief Approach, and 4) Island Structure. The outcomes of each scenario were evaluated, and the most desirable scenario, the Collaborative Policy Network, was selected. This study demonstrates that scenario planning, a widely used method in foresight studies, can also function as a policy laboratory by assessing the potential consequences of a policy. It is recommended that science and technology policymakers evaluate policy outcomes in a policy laboratory through methods like scenario planning before implementing them broadly and subjecting them to public trial and error.

The analysis of the riots in the fall of 1401 in the Islamic Republic, which was designed by the enemies of the Islamic Revolution in the interpretation of the Supreme Leader of the revolution, can be done from different angles. The purpose of this research is to identify and explain different discourses to analyze these disturbances. For this purpose, the discourse analysis method of Lacla and Moff has been used as a qualitative research method. Data collection has been done using a semi-structured and in-depth interview with 19 professors of the Islamic Revolution who gathered in the meeting of the Scientific Association of the Islamic Revolution in Shiraz in February 1401, during 30 hours of interviews and about 400 pages of notes. After coding the interviews; The findings of the research show that the analysis of the riots of the fall of 1401 is included in four discourses that are complementary to each other: first, the "political-security discourse" around the nodal point of the "civilizational confrontation between Islam and the West"; Second, the "discourse of the governance system" around the nodal point of "governance malfunctions"; Third, "educational discourse" around the nodal point of "weakness of divine approach in formal and informal education system"; And fourth, "social discourse" revolves around the nodal point of "spreading the western lifestyle". Deep attention to these results by policy makers and governance decision makers can be helpful in reducing the damage of these disturbances and preventing similar disturbances to some extent.

Governance of education is an area of governance that deals with the mission of creating specialized and committed human capital as the most key capital of the national arena. The school, as one of the important pillars in the governance of education, has a special place in fulfilling this mission. With the concept of transformational governance, it is expected that transformational schools will be formed in this field. The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the characteristics of a skill-oriented school with a cultivation approach (as a transformational school in the transformational governance of education), using the Grounded Theory exploratory method. The case of study in this research is Hannan educational complex (skill-oriented primary school and preschool with a cultivation approach). The data was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews and participatory observation. The validity of the research has been confirmed by the Guba and Lincoln method. The method of data analysis was coding in three levels: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Based on the obtained results, the characteristics of a skill-oriented school with a cultivation approach in seven dimensions: 1-basic principles; 2-The characteristics related to cultivation; 3-Characteristics related to students' characteristics and capabilities; 4-characteristics related to teachers; 5-characteristics related to the manager; 6-characteristics related to space and environment; 7-Other characteristics and 106 components were identified. The findings of this research can be used as an effective guide for all managers, teachers, parents and those interested in the field of transformational education.

The progress of science and technology in the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially in the last two decades, which according to international organizations and profiles, has made a remarkable leap, is undoubtedly due to the protectionist approach of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution in this field. But there are challenges, especially in the implementation of general policies, the solution of which can lead to the acceleration of the progress of science and technology in the country. The purpose of this research is to explain the implementation requirements of the general science and technology policies announced by the Supreme Leader of the Revolution. For this purpose, the framework of Khosravi and Taheri (1402) has been used to explain the implementation requirements. Based on this, the matrix of "general policies of science and technology-implementation requirements" was formed as the theoretical framework of this research. Then, a sample of experts was selected in a purposeful way and with the help of one sample T test and Friedman test, using SPSS software, the implementation requirements of general science and technology policies were calculated. The findings of the research show that the biggest implementation challenge among the general policies of science and technology is in the policy of "optimizing the performance and educational and research system of the country in order to achieve the goals of the vision document and scientific prosperity". Also, identifying and formulating implementation requirements for "implementing the general policies of science and technology", with an emphasis on providing the platform and context for the implementation of policies, is the first priority of implementation requirements from the perspective of experts. This research can provide a light for policy makers and implementers of science and technology policies, in order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of policies.

The purpose of this research is to study the lifestyle damage of students during the Corona Pandemic.

The current research is a qualitative type of research study. Its participants were 13 managers and officials, experts, experts and prominent professors in the field of both Corona virus Epidemiology and students' lifestyles, who were selected by purposeful sampling. The tool of data collection was an interview, which continued until reaching theoretical saturation as regards the research topic. For data analysis, the method of database theory has been used.

The damage to students' lifestyles during the Corona Pandemic was identified categorized into six categories, including academic performance decline, reduction of interpersonal relationships (social relationships), problematic use of the Internet, nutrition and exercise, mental health, and livelihood.

Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the spread of the Corona virus has caused adverse effects in various aspects of students' lifestyles. Therefore, prevention and management of adverse effects is vitally important. Also, it is necessary to pay special attention to students in psychological interventions and other types of interventions, and special programs are necessary to reduce their problems.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of discretionary accruals and auditor opinion type on the annual adjustments of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2019. Discretionary accruals and auditor opinion type as independent variables, annual adjustments as dependent variables, and financial leverage, company size, growth opportunities, and operating cash flow ratio as control variables were considered. The statistical sample of the research includes 159 companies. The research method is a descriptive-correlation type with an applied approach. The data collection method in the theoretical foundations section is the library method, and in the hypothesis testing section, the document analysis method of financial statements is used. In general, the method for testing hypotheses is the method of correlation and multiple regression. The results of the research showed that the discretionary accruals and the auditor opinion type have a direct and significant effect on the annual adjustments. The results related to the control variables showed that company size and growth opportunities have an inverse and significant effect on annual adjustments. The effect of financial leverage on annual adjustments is direct and significant. Finally, the effect of operating cash flow ratio on annual adjustments is not significant.

Professional ethics is an important branch of applied ethics, which is a necessity of life in new societies. Based on this, the set of rules and principles of ethics must be observed in every profession. The aim of the present research is to evaluate the components of professional ethics in banking with bank employees in Shiraz. The method that this research relies on is a descriptive-analytical survey type. Its statistical population is all the banks of Shiraz, and to select a statistical sample, the sampling method is used Simple random is used. In this research, to determine the level of professional ethics of bank employees "Kadviz" questionnaire was used, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.822. Data analysis using SPSS software has been incomplete sentence The result of the research shows that the component of professional ethics is significant in gender The behavior between the male group is more successful than the female group. Other components (age, level of education and service experience) are not significant.

Anxiety as an important disorder that endangers a person's mental health, especially in the days of Covid-19 heart disease, has consequences for the lifestyle of students. Thus, Covid-19 anxiety is the subject of a new study that can be examined by examining the effect of spiritual factors on its reduction. The purpose of this research was the prediction of anxiety of covid-19 based on relationship to God among students. Research method was relational. Participants contained of all students in Fatemeyeh University in Shiraz in 2021. 200 students were selected via accessible and answered anxiety of covid-19 & relationship to God scaled. Data analysis was done via Pierson test & Regresion test. Results showed that there was significant relationship between anxiety of covid-19 & relationship to God among students, as relationship to God among students can predict anxiety of covid-19 among students.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the good implementation of strategic and macro policies of science and technology in Iran by the policy network method. To this end, by reviewing the literature in the field of public policy and especially science and technology policy, a theoretical framework including three stages of general policy (including two levels of mega policies and meta policies), executive policy (including Three sections of demand-side policies, supply-side policies and interaction infrastructure policies) and policy evaluation (at three levels of outputs, outcomes and effects) were developed. Then, the Iranian Science and Technology Policy Network in the current situation, based on policy documents and opinions of experts, was mapped and compared with each other. For this purpose, 25 policy documents were reviewed firstly and then a questionnaire was developed and distributed among 50 experts in Iranian science and technology policy. UCINet and NetDraw were used to analyze and draw the maps obtained from policy documents and experts' opinions, and T-test was used to compare them with SPSS. The results show that the performance of Iran's science and technology policy network based on expert opinions is almost 44% different from the tasks of policy documents. This means that in the policy missions of a number of institutions of the Iranian Science and Technology Policy Network, there are significant differences between what is mentioned in the policy documents and what is done in practice. There is also a serious lack of performance on some science and technology policies.

The divergent trend of science and technology has begun almost 300 B.C. and continued until the middle of the twentieth century. The gradual separation of science from philosophy and then the creation of academic disciplines are two historical evidences of this claim. The industrial revolution and its consequences, the factory system, the professionalization approach in science and technology, and the analytic thinking, are the most important factors in creation the divergent trend of science and technology. Since the middle of the twentieth century, with the advent of two flows of "interdisciplinaries" and "emergent technologies", the convergence of science and technology has begun. The domination of "systemic thinking" instead of "analytic thinking" and as well as the "deprofessionalization" approach, instead of the "professionalization" approach, are two factors that influence this change of paradigm. In this paper, with a cultural-historical approach and the use of existing documents, we seek to explain the claim that the trend of science and technology has been diverging for several hundred years and gradually, in the mid-twentieth century, evidence of its convergence has been observed.

There have been significant developments in the field of science and technology in Iran in recent years, however, there are many criticisms of the structural problems in its science and technology policy-making system. This research is based on the philosophical paradigm of interpretivism, and its main purpose is to cluster and analyze various discourses regarding the appropriate structure required for science and technology policies in Iran. This was done by employing the Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm (FCM) and was based on interviews with experts. Thus, the science and technology policy framework based on the OECD model was developed and expanded. The Fuzzy logic used in this research was used for the first time in discourse analysis due to the fact that it is more closely related to the complex and pervasive nature of social sciences. Using a theoretical framework based on the OECD model, the opinions of 50 experts were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed via MATLAB and SPSS. The research findings showed that, the current situation was written in the form of a discourse, but in order to improve the situation, at least two "cooperative participatory discourses" and "intervening participatory discourses" can be drawn out. Furthermore, the institution-task matrix, which brings about the evolution of the institutional structure of science and technology policy in Iran, was outlined. Finally, without attempting to remove, merge, or add an institution, some tasks were assigned to some institutions and some tasks were removed from some institutions.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a qualitative method of discourse analysis in a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method by using the quantitative method of fuzzy c-means clustering. For this purpose, the institutional interactions of science and technology policy in Iran have been studied as a case study. Therefore, according to the "exploratory sequential mixed method", first using the fuzzy c-means clustering method and the questionnaire tool, the discourses of experts on the subject are identified and then using the Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis method and interview tools to explain the nodal points, moments and articulations. Thus, "collaborative discourse" around the nodal point of "integrated policy making" and "independent discourse" around the nodal point of "government policy making" were identified. The most important result of this research is the development of discourse analysis method from qualitative paradigm to mixed paradigm and of course increasing the validity of research findings. In addition, this innovation is in line with the main stream in methodology and, due to the use of fuzzy logic, is very similar to the ambiguous and complex concepts of social sciences.

The aim of this research is structural modeling the properties and factors affecting the science and technology collaborative policy network in Iran. The research data were collected in both qualitative and quantitative stages. In the qualitative phase, exploratory and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 experts, and in the quantitative phase, 100 questionnaires were distributed among the experts. Structural equation modeling using partial least squares (PLS) method has also been used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that the Science and Technology Collaborative Policy Network in Iran has 17 features in four dimensions, in order of importance: actors, codes of conduct, relationships between actors and network structure. There are also eight factors affecting the network in three dimensions, in order of importance: specific science and technology policy factors, national factors, and international factors. The most important policy recommendation of this study is attention to these factors by two groups of audiences: the government and the S&T policymakers.

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare attitudes toward hijab and spiritual intelligence among married and single students. For this purpose, female students in Shiraz Fatemieh Higher Education Institute were picked as a statistical population. Among all students in 2021-2022, 233 people were selected as a sample by random sampling method. In this research, descriptive and ANOVA mean comparison test was used, data were collected using the King Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI) and the standard test of attitude towards hijab. Findings show that attitudes toward hijab are significantly higher among married students than single students. Also, the attitude towards the hijab decreases with age. In addition, spiritual intelligence is higher among married students than single students, but this difference is not significant. Spiritual intelligence also increases with age. The findings of this study have important policy and managerial implications for policymakers in higher education, especially the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution and the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, also the directors of universities and higher education centers.

The institutional structure of science and technology policy-making has been the focus of scholars in recent decades. Despite the importance of this issue in Iran, the turbulence of the institutional structure has meant the multiplicity of policy makers and their ineffective interactions have caused a great deal of criticism among scholars. In this study, firstly, through the policy documents of science and technology and interviews with 20 experts in this field in Iran, the status of the institutional structure of science and technology policy making in Iran at national level is explained. Then, in order to get out of the current situation and based on the views of experts, two scenarios have been proposed as an improved structure of science and technology policy making in Iran is based on the OECD model in three stages of "formulating national policies and priorities"; "designing programs and policies"; and "policy evaluation". The two main presuppositions in designing these scenarios have been to avoid eliminating policy makers, at least in the short term, and to avoid establishing a new institution in this field. It is worth noting that these scenarios are designed as transitional scenarios from the current situation to the desired situation

Historical evidence proposes that in Iran, attention to science and technology for the development of the country began some 200 years ago. This article studies and reviews historical documents and resources and go through the most important government actions in the fields of public education, higher education, research and technology, and their criticism in three historical Qajar periods (since the time of Abbas Mirza chancellorship), Pahlavi and the Islamic Republic. Establishment of new schools instead of old ones, adoption of the law requiring public education, establishment of universities, rapid growth in literacy, quantitative and qualitative growth of higher education, increasing the number of scientific publications and technological development in strategic areas such as Missile technology and nuclear technology have been the most important policy events in the field of science and technology in Iran for the last two centuries. Also, dependency on foreign countries, especially during the Qajar and Pahlavi era, bureaucratic dominance in the field of science and technology and international sanctions are the most important policy issues in the field of science and technology that the country has been faced. However, since the victory of the Islamic Revolution and despite external obstacles, especially imposed war and international sanctions, widespread achievements have been made in the field of science and technology.

Despite the advancement of science and technology in Iran after the Islamic Revolution, the scientific and technological system in Iran is now facing serious problems, especially in terms of policy-making. The aim of the research, based on the interpretive paradigm and the meta-synthesis method, is to show that the theory of policy networks is a suitable approach to explain the problems of the institutional structure of science and technology policy in Iran. The research findings show two serious problems in this regard: problems corresponding to policy-making institutions and problems corresponding to the interactions between them. Thus, the theory of policy networks as a theory that emphasizes the importance of the role of "political actors" and "their interactions" can be a good way to get out of these problems. Therefore, on the one hand, policymakers are advised to pay more attention to the interactions of science and technology policy institutions, and on the other hand, researchers are advised to start special research programs to solve this problem.

Science and technology have had divergent trend in almost a few hundred years ago. However, half through the twentieth century the convergence of science and technology has begun with the advent of the interdisciplinary stream and then at the beginning of the twenty first century with the advent of the emerging science and technologies stream. Understanding this process is the policy requirements. This research attend to find evidences of divergence in priorities by study science and technology emerging trends and science and technology thematic priorities in the three countries: United States, Russia and China with futuristic approach. Research method is qualitative content analysis, statistics samples, and documents that have been published about the emerging trends in science and technology. The research achievements indicate thematic trends in science and technologies are moving towards convergence. The research results declare the convergence at first is created based on "Information Technology", and the next in sequence "Biotechnology and Health", "Energy", as well as "Nanotechnology".

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between intellectual property rights policies and knowledge resources of technological catch-up -indigenous R&D and international technology transfer. The data has been collected from Global Competitiveness Index. For data analysis, correlation test and ANOVA test were used. The research findings show that, firstly, knowledge resources of technological catch-up complement each other in developing countries, and secondly, intellectual property rights policies and knowledge resources of technological catch-up, mutual influence on each other in developing countries. Based on this research typology, developing countries in terms of strength or weakness in both indigenous R&D and international technology transfer, are divided into four types. Intellectual property rights policies in any of the developing countries, is different. Policy recommendation of this research, it is essential at the same time policymaking for gradual improvement of indigenous R&D, international technology transfer and Intellectual Property Rights.

Cloning technology development into reproductive and therapeutic implications in recent years has evoked wide sensitivities across the international community. On one hand, advocates of this technology support it by posing issues like its capability in ameliorating biological deficiencies and curing diseases, and the critics, on the other hand, express concerns by taking moral and societal considerations into account. Developing this technology in Islamic society of Iran, as other societies, requires general understanding and social acceptance. The aim of this research, is evaluating cloning technology, in its two kinds, including reproductive and therapeutic cloning in Iran’s society. For this purpose, Davis technology acceptance model was used. Statistical society of this research includes habitants of Tehran who are 18 and more, and statistical sample, is 316 persons. Questionnaires were used as data gathering tool, and data analysis method contains descriptive statistics indexes, ANOVA test and correlation test through SPSS and smartPLS softwares. Research findings indicate that general understanding of reproductive human cloning is negative, whereas about therapeutic cloning, it is positive. Likewise, gender, is a factor affecting this technology’s acceptance, means that men are optimist about cloning technology and women are pessimist about it. This research findings can offer remarkable policy implications to science and technology policy makers of our country.

One of the strategies for achieving the knowledge-based economy and wealth creation is High Technologies Transfer. Depending on their needs, all governments and knowledge-based corporations are transferring High Technologies at different technology readiness levels. In this study, the researcher seeks to identify and rank the individual and organizational factors affecting High Technologies transfer at different levels of readiness. For this purpose, the research method which has been used is qualitative -quantitative. Ten theoretical experts have been interviewed in the qualitative section and 100 practical experts have been interviewed using questionnaires in the quantitative section, also the results were analyzed. In qualitative section, analysis method is coding and in quantitative section, analysis methods are ANOVA and Friedman test. The findings revealed that the influence of individual factors on technology transfer is more than of organizational factors and also suggest this fact that by increasing the level of technology readiness the influence of individual and organizational factors on the success of technology transfer increases. Government and knowledge-based corporations will increase the possibility of success in transfer of High Technologies and will reduce its risks by considering individual and organizational factors that influence the transfer of High Technologies at various technology readiness levels.

Ranked ninth in Nano-science production، Iran has a bright and hopeful perspective to exploit business opportunities and create wealth of this technology. Universities and research centers as organizations in where researchers study، play an effective role in research commercialization. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize organizational factors affecting commercialization strategy for nanotechnology research in Iran. Method of this research is quantitative-qualitative. Data collection was conducted through semi structured interviews in qualitative part and through questionnaire in quantitative part. Data analysis methods were 3-stage coding in qualitative part and factor analysis and Annova test in quantitative part. Results indicate 30 organizational factors in nine major categories that affect the nanotechnology research commercialization strategy. These factors include the priority of infrastructures of university، knowledge management، strategy and quality of faculties، the nature and direction of the business، networks of university، university management، human resources، and financial resources of the University. In most of cases، the influence of organizational factors on choose of Spin Off companies strategies is more than the same on the other ones.

The main subject of current research is studying the industrial and technological concerns within transfer process of high-tech with regarding to the technology readiness levels (TRLs) as well. The importance of the subject is emphasized because different TRLs have special considerations and the risks of high-tech transfer can be reduced considering them. The main goal of this study is to identify and rank the industrial and technological concerns in transfer of high-tech at various levels of technology readiness. The study is applied-type and the data were collected using mixed method. Research findings show that 32 elements in seven aspects as the industry and technology considerations influence the transfer of high-techs. The influence of these factors varies at various TRLs, so that toward higher readiness levels (1 to 9), the influence of industry considerations is more than of technology considerations. It is highly recommended for companies active in the field of high-techs transfer to concern industry and technology considerations and their influences on different TRLs.

Though the worldwide age of nanotechnology dates back to almost half a century, it has become an influential technology in industry. Nanotechnology has become a competitive advantage with a rapid growth rate for Iran nearly for a decade. Above all, the pursuit of competitive advantage in the field of nanotechnology involves the commercialization of academic research. Based on the theoretical foundations, research background, literature reviews and the Umum Model (Umum, 2008), the author is seeking to answer the main question: what factors affect the choice of commercialization strategies of academic research of nanotechnology in Iran? This research pursues the object of application with a qualitative method. The statistical population of this research includes the experts with experiences in the field of nanotechnology and commercialization strategies of academic research. The sample consisted of 10 participants who were selected using the Snowball Method. Data collection was conducted through interviews and the validity was confirmed by experts’ opinions and necessary corrections. The data analysis method consisted of coding in three steps of initial coding, open coding and axial coding. The findings revealed the five categories of organizational, environmental, individual, institutional and technological factors in 32 dimensions which affected the choice of commercialization strategies of academic research in the field of nanotechnology.