farbod ebadifard azar

The widespread of Corona in the world is associated with psychological, social and economic consequences and has created harmful effects for individuals and human communities. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of demographic and social factors on the incidence of covid-19 disease and the level of health protocol compliance among patients in Nir city in 2019.

This research was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study that was conducted on all patients over 18 years of age with positive PCR and Rapid test results in Nair city. A total of 338 patients were examined. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. After data collection, descriptive statistical tests, U Whitney-Mann test were used using SPSS version 26 software to analyze the data with a significance level of 5%.

The average age of the study participants was 45 years. 33% of patients with covid-19 had an underlying disease. There was a significant relationship (P<.001) between age, BMI and history of underlying diseases with hospitalization due to covid-19 and also between age and history of underlying diseases with death due to corona disease. And the average score of compliance with health protocols among patients before the disease was 70.50 with a standard deviation of 11.51.

In the current study, age, gender, education level, income, high BMI and history of underlying disease are among the factors influencing the incidence of covid-19 disease, hospitalization and death due to it. Identifying demographic factors and socio-economic factors in contracting the disease of covid-19 can help to prevent and control the disease. Considering the importance of following health protocols in disease prevention and control, it is necessary to design health education programs and implement interventions to promote this.

Nutrition literacy is the individuals' motivation and ability to obtain, process, and understand nutrition information and the skills needed in order to make appropriate nutrition decisions. The present study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Chongqing Middle School Nutrition Literacy Scale (CM-NLS).

The CM-NLS questionnaire was translated into Farsi and then back-translated, and its face validity and quantitative and qualitative content validity were investigated in a descriptive-cross-sectional study. This review was conducted using the opinions of expert faculty members. Besides, the Persian version was tested in a sample of 400 students of the first grade of high school in Bandar Anzali city. For this purpose, two schools were randomly selected and sampled using census method. Cronbach's alpha test method was used to examine reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate construct validity (RMSEA=0.062).

In checking face validity, changes were made in the questionnaire, and some items were removed in content validity evaluation by calculating content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). In reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.74 for functional literacy, 0.82 for interactive literacy, and 0.84 for critical literacy. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to measure the construct validity.

Based on the results obtained, the CM-NLS questionnaire with 33 items, is a valid and reliable tool and can be used to measure the nutrition literacy of high school students

This study aimed to assess the predictors of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) among administrative employees of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in Rafsanjan, Iran. A cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was conducted from July to September 2022, involving 171 employees from the administrative departments of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Participants did not possess academic qualifications in biomedical fields but met other inclusion criteria. Data were collected on demographic information, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure (BP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The mean age of the 171 employees (88 men, 51.46%) was 42.7 ± 8.2 years, with ages ranging from 25 to 64 years. MetS was identified in 12.9% (n=22) of the employees. Participants with MetS exhibited significantly higher mean values for age (p=0.005), FBS (p<0.001), TG (p<0.001), systolic BP (p=0.007), diastolic BP (p=0.002), waist circumference (p<0.001), and BMI (p<0.001) compared to those without MetS. However, no significant differences were found in serum levels of LDL-C (p=0.742), HDL-C (p=0.333), and TC (p=0.415) between the two groups. The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that four variables—BMI, waist circumference, FBS, and age—were significant predictors for MetS among the study participants. Given the significant predictors of MetS identified in this study, it is crucial to develop and implement interventions that promote a healthy lifestyle among administrative employees at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Prioritizing strategies to reduce waist circumference and BMI, as well as controlling FBS levels, is recommended for this population.

Healthy life style can play a major role in improving the quality of life. The current research was conducted with the aim of assessing the relationship between lifestyle and health-related quality of life in western of Iran.

The current research was a cross-sectional. The study was carried out in Kermanshah, Sanandaj, and Ilam (three cities in west of Iran). The statistical population included all citizens living in these three cities. Using random-cluster sampling, 1152 individuals were studied. The participants answered questionnaires on health-promoting lifestyle and health-related quality of life. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between health promoting lifestyle and quality of life (P<0.05). Also, the results indicated that the citizens living in Kermanshah, compared to Sanandaj and Ilam, showed a higher level of health-promoting behaviors, and as a result, they have reported a better health-related quality of life than people living in Sanandaj and Ilam.

The findings suggest in order to improve health-related quality of life it is necessary to make policies and appropriate health care plans in the western provinces of the country, especially for those who living in Ilam and Sanandaj.

One of the biggest environmental challenges of the 21st century is the phenomenon of climate change and global warming, which can cause numerous health problems. One significant health issue associated with climate change is the increase in the prevalence of heat stress, particularly in occupational encounters in hot outdoor environments. So this study aimed to predict and model temperature and humidity indices in the coming decades in a dry climate.

Methods & Materials: 

This study obtained daily atmospheric parameters, including minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and relative humidity of Kerman station, representing a dry climate, for a period of 30 years (1965 to 2005) from the meteorological organization. Modeling of these parameters and calculation of the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) were performed using the atmospheric general circulation model HadGEM2-ES and the CORDEX dynamic microscaler model. Three different radiative forcing scenarios, including optimistic (RCP 2.6), intermediate (RCP 4.5), and pessimistic (RCP 8.5), were considered for the coming decades (three 30-year periods from 2011 to 2099).
Ethical Considerations: The Ethics Committe of Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) approved the present study (Code: IR.IUMS.REC.1400.020).

The results of the study showed an increasing trend for minimum and maximum temperature parameters in all three time periods using the three scenarios considered. Moreover, the increase in temperature in the decades of 2099-2071 was more pronounced compared to the previous decades. The results also demonstrated an increasing trend in the THI index based on all three scenarios. The average results obtained using these scenarios showed an increase of 2.11, 2.53, and 3.3 degrees Celsius, respectively, in this index until the end of the last century compared to the base decades.

Overall, the increase in temperature and the investigated THI index in the studied station, based on all three scenarios, will lead to changes in thermal comfort. Higher levels of thermal discomfort will not only occur in hot months and seasons but also in other seasons. Therefore, proper planning should be implemented to address the adverse effects of climate change on people's health.

Health literacy (HL) is the ability of a person to acquire the process, understand the necessary health information, and make the health services needed for conscious health decisions. Besides, diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder that affects patients’ quantity and quality of life. This study focused on determining the factors that affect the HL status of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) through the role of the demographic variables.

This descriptive‑analytical research survey recruited a sample based on 280 patients with T2D at the Diabetes Research Center of Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah in 2020. This study selected patients with T2D using a simple random sampling technique. The study applied the demographic information questionnaire and the Functional, Communicative, and Critical HL Scale to collect data from patients with T2D. This study used the SPSS version 23 on the received data sets to perform statistical analysis, including t‑test, analysis of the variance, and multiple regression, to predict the factors affecting HL among diabetes patients.

The study results showed that the mean age of the participating patients with T2D was 55.80 ± 13.04. The results indicated the mean score and standard deviation of total HL score in patients with T2D 2.70 ± 0.44. The findings specified a statistically significant relationship between HL, gender, education, occupation, income, and place of residence. Results indicated that β‑coefficients of the multiple regression analysis and the income variable (β = 0.170), age (β = 0.176), and employment variable (β = 0.157). These are the most predictive of the HL of patients with T2D.

The results of this study specified that the HL rate of individuals with diabetes type 2 is average. The potential communicative and critical HL influence is essential for communication and education for diabetes patients in the primary health‑care system settings. The findings indicate that communicative and critical HL related to patients’ management and functional HL looks passable in this study.

Sexual child abuse is a form of anti-social behavior with the children that cause potential harm to the health, development and dignity of the child. Knowledge of children about these issues can help to protect themselves against sexual abuse. This study aimed to review systematically available documents about the importance of knowledge on self-protection of sexual abuse in children.

In this systematic review, “sexual abuse”, “self-protection” and “knowledge” were searched in Scopus, Google Scholar, Ovid, PubMed, and Science Direct as the search words, and after considering the inclusion criteria and excluding irrelevant articles, the relevant articles were included for data extraction. In the included studies, children were educated about sexual abuse, and questionnaires were designed to compare the impact of education and the level of knowledge in children before and after education.

Overall, 19 articles with overall 6582 children were found that were published from 1987-2020. The main awareness of children was from parents, educators and then the media. Age of the child, education level of family, good relationship between family members, adequate education by school teachers in the form of educational programs and even media play an important role in increasing knowledge of children about sexual abuse. Education to children, on average, led to 77.43% more awareness and as a results self-protection against sexual abuse and rape.

Insufficient education or lack of knowledge about sexual abuse is a critical issue in children. Therefore, it is necessary to design educational programs to increase their knowledge about sexual abuse and strategies for self-protection in this age group.

Burnout is one of the most important factors that reduces the productivity of personnel. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between human resources management functions and job burnout from the perspective of managers and staff of deputy of Health in Iran University of Medical Sciences.

Subjects of this cross-sectional study consisted of 657 managers and staff members of deputy of Health in Iran University of Medical Sciences that 242 individuals were selected according to Morgan's table as the study population. Research data were collected using two questionnaires of burnout and human resources management functions.

174 (70.7%) participants in the study were women, with mean age and work experience of 41.3 and 15.8 respectively and a standard deviation of 7.35 years. 78.9% of married people and 69.1% of the participants were dissatisfied with the status of their salaries. The dimensions of consequential evaluation, transparent job description and comprehensive training with averages of 4.17, 4.12 and 4.03 out of 7 had the highest score among the various dimensions of human resources functions. Different dimensions of burnout showed that the highest mean was related to feelings of personal inadequacy and depersonalization (4.72). The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between human resources management functions and burnout with a correlation coefficient of -0.439 (P <0.05).

Job burnout can be significantly reduced with the improvement of human resources management functions.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between health literacy and self-care of hypertension among firefighters in Tehran.

This cross-sectional study, which conducted in among 360 male firefighters, age of 18-60 years, working in the Tehran Fire Department in year 2019 was performed by two-stage sampling method in cluster and simple random. Data were collected through demographic form, Health literacy for Iranian adult questionnaire (HELIA) and researcher-made self-care checklist for hypertensive disease. Data were analyzed in SPSS (version 22) using descriptive methods and, analytical tests.

57.5% of people were in the age group of 30-40. The mean score of health literacy was 73.96 with a standard deviation of 3.8. The highest mean score of health literacy was related to information perception and the lowest average score was related to reading skills. Among study sample, 44.2% had “good” and 26.7% had” very good” health literacy. Also, the mean score of self-care behaviors was 19.23 with a standard deviation of 3.4. About 14.4% of employees had a mean score of good self-care. There was a direct and significant correlation between health literacy and self-care (r= .36 [m1] , p <0.001[m2] ).

Health literacy and self-care behaviors weren’t favorable. There was a significan[93] t positive correlation between health literacy and self-care. Therefore, it is necessary to design an appropriate intervention.

The long‑term outcomes are important concepts for cost‑effectiveness analysis in patients with premature coronary artery disease after revascularization (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] and percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]) and medical therapy (MT). The finding of this study will be used to calculate the events probabilities for cost‑effectiveness study.

This systematic review will use studies in which patients age must be 18–60 years in eligible studies that obtained from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. We will assess the long‑term outcomes after CABG, PCI, and MT by random‑effects meta‑analysis and effects will be shown by risk ratio. We will ascertain the probabilities of adverse events during certain periods and then outcomes will compare separately based on specific characteristics.

This study will provide information related to outcomes of CABG, PCI, and MT in patients with premature coronary artery disease. Doing this systematic review is valuable from clinically and economically aspects such as cost‑effectiveness and cost‑utility analysis.

Nowadays, demand analysis plays an important role in economic studies to manage and planning the consumption of healthcare services. So, this study aim was to estimate health services aggregate demand function in urban and rural households of Iran.

This was a quantitative study which done with descriptive-analytical retrospective approach. Needed data was collected from available urban and rural household’s budget and expenses information at time-series (1989-2010). Data was registered to information sheets, analyzed by Eviews software, and in form of Cobb-Douglas function, and OLS method with a significance level of 5%.

The correlation between expenses for health services with income and services price index were positive and significant in both groups of households (p< 0.05). High-income households were spending in the health sector more than households with low-income. The price elasticity of health service demand in Iranian household was calculated less than 1 (p< 0.05). The income elasticity of health service demand in Iranian household was calculated between 0 and 1(p< 0.05).

Demand for health services was non-elasticity to price and these services were categorized in essential goods. Therefore, health policy makers are needed do comprehensive study and more active price monitoring for adopting the policy of increasing service tariffs. Also, focus on non-pricing policies to manage healthcare service demand.

This research is one of the very few studies, which seeks a focalized examination to observe the effects of the backpack on the teenager students. Adolescents prefer rucksacks as one of their favorite school bags during their school studies. This study inspects how knapsacks gradually bring changes as injuries in the bodies of school‑going adolescents. There are ample studies in the past literature, which evidence the injuries of backpack among adolescents, such as backache, neck pain, and shoulder pain. The principal objective of this study is to determine the effects of backpacks on musculoskeletal injuries among school‑going adolescents based on previous studies support in this research field.

This review study selected observational studies from the past literature indexed in the databases of Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL during 1999– 2020. This review focused on the keywords of “Backpack,” “Musculoskeletal Injuries,” and “Adolescent” from MESH and selected 14 out of 210 articles based on the research objective. According to the Crombie Checklist, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and investigating the quality of the report, this review focused on literature evidence to the field under investigation.

Based on the chosen 14 articles, the findings of the present review indicated two outcomes by considering the impact of the backpack on musculoskeletal injuries and pains among adolescents. The results of the review studies specified that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries and pain using a backpack among most of the male and female adolescents. The findings also stipulate that injuries and pain intensity among female adolescents were higher than the male students.

The results of this review study specified that improper use of the backpack, which exceeded the standard weight, caused chorionic pain and injuries between both genders of adolescents. The generalizability of the results is suitable for this review study.

Careful assessment of lifestyle status among students is a necessity for identifying lifestyle problems and, it is an essential prerequisite for more efficient planning and implementing health promotion interventions among them. This study performed to estimate the current status of a health-promoting lifestyle among students of Iran University of Medical Sciences. This cross-sectional study was performed on 250 students of Iran University of Medical Sciences. By performing a proportional stratified random sampling method according to the number of students in each academic discipline, samples were chosen. The data gathering tool was a two-part questionnaire. The first part was related to demographic and socioeconomic information. The second part consisted of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II) questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 through descriptive and inferential statistics. The results were statistically observed as significant at p < 0.05. The mean score of health-promoting lifestyle was 124.36 ± 18.41. The highest mean score was for the nutrition dimension (23.67±4.91) and the lowest was for the physical activity dimension (15.08±5.16). This research showed that a statistical proper correlation was found between marital status and spiritual growth. Also, there was a relationship between academic discipline and health responsibility. Additionally, another statistical significant relationship between financial status and health-promoting lifestyle, health responsibility, spiritual growth, and stress management was observed. Since the status of a healthpromoting lifestyle is not satisfactory, a wide range of planning and implementing health interventions are needed to improve the health-promoting lifestyle among the students.

Chronic kidney failure is a progressive and irreversible degeneration of renal function that affects the quality of life of patients. Social support as a coping mechanism can help promote health and improve the quality of life of a person. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention based on social support theory on the improvement of hemodialysis patients’ QOL. This is a controlled quasi-experimental conducted in 2015 in Sari and with the participation of 100 hemodialysis patients that were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Prior to education, the patients were evaluated with demographic form, quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) and social support (MOS-SSS) questionnaires. Then, an educational program was developed based on social support theory and implemented for the intervention group. The two groups were reevaluated with the same questionnaires after 1 and 3 months and the data were analyzed in SPSS. In the intervention group compared to the control group, the mean scores of quality of life and social support increased significantly after the intervention (p<0.001). There was a significant relationship between quality of life with education and income, and likewise between social support and income (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between social support with education, age, gender, marital status, and duration of dialysis, or between QOL with age, gender, marital status, and duration of dialysis. Educational intervention based on social support theory is effective in the improvement of hemodialysis patients’ quality of life. Accordingly, patients’ nursing care and education in terms of social support and its dimensions should be high on the agenda.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Mammography is the most sensitive and important method for screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer. Considering the importance of using mammography in breast cancer screening, this study was performed to evaluate mammographic determinants.

In the cross‑sectional study, we surveyed 985 women over 40 years in Tehran concerning demographic characteristics: age, socioeconomic status, a problem in the breast, alcohol use, drug use, and health belief model. Logistic regression was used to identify determinant factors associated with mammography performance.

The results of this study showed that 42.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38, 45) participant performed mammography at least once during their lifetime. Age (odds ratio [OR] = 4.252; 95% CI = 2.041–8.857); housing situation (OR = 1.706; 95% CI = 1.178–2.469); having breast problems (OR = 5.224; 95% CI = 3.501–7.795); socioeconomic status (OR = 1.855; 95% CI = 1.035–3.325); family income level (OR = 1.998; 95% CI = 1.028–3.884); alcohol consumption (OR = 2.676; 95% CI = 1.344–5.328); smoking (OR = 2.824; 95% CI = 1.418–5.623); self‑efficacy (OR = 1.935; 95% CI = 1.242–3.015); perceived barriers (OR = 2.017; 95% CI = 1.348–3.019); self‑care (OR = 4.901; 95% CI = 3.152–7.620); perceived susceptibility (OR = 1.971; 95% CI = 1.271–3.057) and perceived severity (OR = 1.830; 95% CI = 1.170–2.860) were mammography behaviors determinants.

The findings indicated that the rate of mammography screening among Tehranian women is low and highlights the need for developing a comprehensive national breast cancer control program, which should be considered as the priority for health‑care providers. Furthermore, the identification of these factors can help to design an appropriate educational intervention that focuses on the benefits of mammography screening

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most important cause of death worldwide. The incidence and outcome of risk factors differ by type of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of the present study was to determine the epidemiology and risk factors of patients with ACS in Iran.

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study, which was conducted at the Heart Center Hospital, Iran on patients presenting with ACS for a period of one year. An interviewer collected data using an administered data collection form, and epidemiological patterns and risk factors were analyzed by SPSS. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square test were used to analyze the hypothesized patterns.

The sample included 710 patients diagnosed with ACS, with Mean±SD age of 60.4±10.27 years, of whom 509 cases (71%) were men and 201 cases (29%) were women. Regarding the type of ACS, 51% of patients were diagnosed with unstable angina (UA), 22% with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and 27% with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Nearly, 37% of cases with STEMI diagnosis, 22.6% with NSTEMI diagnosis, and 16.3% with UA diagnosis were smokers, which indicates a significant association between smoking and STEMI diagnosis (P=0.003). According to the body mass index, a large percentage of the patients were overweight (49%) and only 20.7% had normal body weight. Almost 60% of cases with UA diagnosis, 57% with NSTEMI diagnosis, and 50.5% with STEMI diagnosis had hypertension (HT) (P=0.455), indicating no significant association between hypertension and UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI. About 59% of patients with NSTEMI, 53.2% of patients with UA, and 52% of patients with STEMI had dyslipidemia (P=0.569), indicating no significant association between dyslipidemia and UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI. About 40% of cases with NSTEMI, 37% with STEMI, and 33% with UA diagnosis had diabetes mellitus (P=0.508), indicating no significant association between diabetes mellitus and UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI.

Regarding the occurrence and effect of risk factors, there are three types of ACS. It is necessary to plan to enhance the health level of these patients. Therefore, patients with ACS need special attention in order to be identified and treated as soon as possible.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between attitudes to cosmetic surgery and body image disorder among students of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2019 year.

Materials:

 This cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was performed on all students of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran between October and December of 2019 for three months. The sample size was 400 students. Data were collected using demographic data and questionnaires of attitudes to cosmetic surgery (ACSS), body image fear (BICI). All statistical analyzes were performed using STATA 11 software (StataCorp LLC).

Out of 400 students, 53.80% were male and 46.30% were female with mean age of 22.35±3.80 years. Independent t-test results showed no significant difference between the mean ACSS score of gender groups (P- value = 0.128) and marital status (P-value = 0.719). But the results of one-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference between the mean ACSS score and educational level (P-value = 0.003). Results of multiple linear regression test with adjusting for other variables showed that with increasing BICI score, total score of ACSS and its subgroups were significantly increased. (P-value <0.001).

The results of this study indicate that body image disorder can have a direct impact on attitude toward surgery of students. Undergraduate students were also more likely to undergo cosmetic surgery than graduate students.

Tuberculosis is a life-threatening infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Determining the incidence of tuberculosis and treating sick people is one of the important strategies to prevent the occurrence of the disease and accelerate the process of achieving the goals of sustainable development to reduce cases of tuberculosis.

This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. The information is extracted from the recorded data of the tuberculosis care system and a researcher-made checklist with questions from patients as well as health system staff.

The total number of tuberculosis cases was 89, of which 57.3% were female. The mean age was 61.71 years. The cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were 78.7% and the others were extrapulmonary. The overall incidence of tuberculosis and smear-positive cases in Kerman in 2018 were equal to 11.4 and 6.1 per 100,000 population, respectively. Also, the incidence of negative and extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in 2018 was equal to 1.2 and 2.2 people per 100,000 population, respectively.

These findings showed that the incidence of tuberculosis in Kerman is slightly higher than the national average, however, this small amount requires further investigation and survey of the causes and finally measurements to reduce the incidence of this disease.

Fear of childbirth is one of the most common problems among pregnant women that can threaten their and their baby’s health. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the causes and grounds of childbirth fear and the strategies used by pregnant adolescent women in Iran to overcome such fears.

In this study, which was conducted among primiparous Kurdish women in Iran, conventional qualitative content analysis was used. Data were selected through purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews. Data saturation was reached with 15 participants. The Lincoln and Guba criteria were used to strengthen the research.

After analyzing the data, two main categories were resulted. The first category was fear of childbirth with subcategories of fear of child health, fear of childbirth process, fears about inappropriate medical staff performance, fears about hospital environment, and postpartum fears. The second category was strategies to reduce childbirth fear with subcategories of choosing appropriate medical centers, increasing information on childbirth, avoiding stressful sources, improving self-care, getting prepared for delivery day in advance, and resorting to spirituality.

Pregnancy in adult age is better than adolescent age. The women’s fear can be reduced by increasing their assurance about child health, providing appropriate training during pregnancy, explaining the whole process of childbirth and making it easier, improving the hospital environment and medical staff specialization, as well as providing appropriate conditions for further care and support after birth.

Coronary artery diseases (CAD) affect much different physical, social and economic aspects of patients life. The analysis of cost–effectiveness is a way to examine both the costs and health outcomes of one or more interventions. It compares an intervention to another intervention by estimating how much it costs to gain a unit of a health outcome, like a life year gained or a death prevented. This study is aimed to economic evaluation of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) compared to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with CAD.

 This study is a descriptive-analytical study in 601 patients who underwent CABG (n=287) and PCI (n=314) in three steps. The first step is measure the effectiveness of CABG and PCI (cardiac mortality rate and quality of life), the other is estimated direct costs (medical costs and non-medical costs) and indirect costs (productivity losses due to morbidity and mortality) based on a societal perspective and another is cost effectiveness analysis. Data analysis method included Markov cohort simulation and the data analysis tools were excel and tree age software’s. Uncertainties related to model parameters were evaluated using one-way and two-way sensitivity analyses.

 During the follow-up period, 2% and 0.8% patients died in CABG and PCI intervention respectively. The mean EQ-5D score after 12 months was 0.72 ± 0.15 for the CABG group and 0.66 ± 0.19 for the PCI group .All the therapeutic strategies presented significant improvement in all dimensions of during the follow-up. The mean annual total cost for the overall sample was found to be $6243 per patient. This cost was significantly higher among patients with CABG ($7234 per patient) compared to PCI ($5252 per patient). Direct costs accounted for 90% and indirect costs for 10% of the total costs. And in cost-effectiveness analysis; cost-effectiveness threshold was $ 14,375. Incremental cost-effectiveness rate (ICER) in reduction mortality rate and in the field of increasing quality of life (QoL) was $ -942.7 and $ 106050 respectively.

The present study found which interventions (PCI and CABG) were cost-effectiveness in patient with coronary artery disease. PCI intervention is more cost effective than coronary artery bypass graft in reduction of mortality rate and in the field of increasing quality of life. This study general consensus context the previous controversies regarding the most appropriate treatment for patients with coronary artery disease and may have significant policy and clinical implications for health policy makers, cardiologists and health managers.

One of the most thought‑provoking problems in the world is child marriage that is affected by various factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the social determinants of child marriage in Kurdish regions of Iran.

This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis approach. The participants of the study were 30 Iranian‑Kurdish women married under the age of 18 who were selected through purposeful and snowballing sampling. Data collection was conducted through semi‑structured interviews and face‑to‑face interviews and continued until the saturation of concepts was achieved. Graneheim and Lundman method was used to analyze the data, and Guba and Lincoln criteria were used to strengthen the research.

In general, findings include 5 categories and 17 subcategories: 1 – economic factors (financial problems and economic benefits); 2 – sociocultural factors (social customs, cultural beliefs, community encouragement, social learning, gaining prestige, and social support); 3 – individual factors (physical characteristics, personality traits, lack of awareness of the damaging consequences of early marriage, and fear of the future); 4 – family factors (dysfunctional family, weak awareness of parents, and harm prevention); and 5 – structural factors (high demand, limited access to educational services, and the lack of supportive social and legal structures).

By raising the level of awareness and attitude of girls and their families about the consequences of early marriage, creating the culture of correcting cultural beliefs and social misconceptions, passing appropriate laws, and the use of local and national media to prevent child marriage, this social harm can be reduced.

The health-promoting lifestyle by empowering individuals will increase control over their health, improve quality of life, and prevent diseases. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of the educational intervention based on the intervention mapping approach on health-promoting lifestyle in Iranian college students.

This study is a quasi-experimental control study that was conducted in two groups of 65 students of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2018–2019. The data were collected using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Standard Profile II questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the mapping approach, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The educational intervention was designed according to the pretest results, including five training sessions and performed for the intervention group. The two groups were evaluated with the same questionnaires 1 month and 3 months later, and the data were analyzed using independent t-test, Spearman, ANCOVA, ANOVA test, and covariance.

Before the intervention, no significant difference was observed between the mean scores of health-promoting behaviors in the two groups, but after the intervention, the mean scores of attitude, subjective norms, enabling factors, and perceived self-efficacy and mean scores of health-promoting lifestyle and its dimensions increased significantly in the intervention group (P < 0.001) compared to the control group.

The educational intervention is effective in improving behaviors related to health- promoting lifestyle and its dimensions. Therefore, performing educational interventions are suggested to adopt and adhere to behaviors related to health-promoting lifestyle by utilizing and reinforcing perceived self-efficacy, subjective norms, enabling factors, and attitudinal change.

Hypertension is one of the most critical factors for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, arrhythmias, heart failure, and renal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and its related factors in hypertensive patients.

This study was descriptive research. The sampling method was simple random, i.e., 137 were selected among the ten health centers of the list of the existing patients by simple random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (Short Form-26). After collecting the questionnaires, the data analysis was carried out using SPSS software and using statistical methods (e.g., number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and MANOVA tests).

The results showed that the mean score for the physical domain (52.82), the psychological domain (50.26), the social domain (48.33), the environmental domain (46.1), and the total quality of life (49.60). Among the demographic variables, the education level variable (P =0.000), job (P = 0.013), and the duration of hypertension (P = 0.039) were significantly correlated with the quality of life of patients. The “levels of education” variables are significantly correlated with the physical domain (P = 0.000), psychological domain (P = 0.000), social domain (P = 0.000), and environmental domain (P = 0.000) of the quality of life. The “job status” variable is only significantly correlated with the social domain of the quality of life (P = 0.005). The “duration of hypertension” variable is only significantly associated with the physical domain of the quality of life (P = 0.011).

The findings of the present study show that demographic variables such as educational level, occupation, and duration of hypertension have a significant relationship with the quality of life domains of hypertensive patients. It is recommended that the principled education of patients is a step toward the improvement of the quality of life of patients.

Today, one of the biggest concerns of parents is protecting their children and properly educating them about sex. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention on parental skills in sex education on their children in elementary schools in the northwest of Tehran‑Iran in 2019 based on literature.

This quasi‑experimental study was conducted on 125 parents of elementary schoolchildren in the northwestern of Tehran. The data were collected by valid and reliable questionnaire. Before the intervention, two intervention and control groups filled up the pretest questionnaire; the data were collected by valid and reliable questionnaire. Before the intervention, two intervention and control groups filled the pretest questionnaire, and then the parents participated in the educational program based on dramatic literature. Two months later, the same questionnaire was completed by the control and intervention groups. Finally, the data were analyzed by regression and one‑way ANOVA test.

The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of knowledge in the experimental and control groups in the posttest (P < 0.01). There was also a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of attitude in the experimental and control groups at the posttest stage (P < 0.01). There was also a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of performance based on group membership (experimental group and control group) in the posttest phase (P < 0.01).

The findings of the study showed that educational intervention on parental skills in sex education based on the dramatic literature to their children has significant effect on parental knowledge, attitude, and performance.

The main objective of this study was to review the goals and programs of rehabilitative care in different countries to achieve a framework for a national operational plan for expanding rehabilitation services in Iran.

In this qualitative study (scoping review), national rehabilitation documents were reviewed in a selected list of countries. We searched several databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar and main website such as WHO. Then, the review results were presented to a panel of experts to receive their feedback and opinion for a framework of national rehabilitation policy and strategies in Iran.

In the preliminary phase, 1775 documents were found and 17 documents were selected from Asia, Europe, three islands near Australia, America, and Australia continents. National policies and programs regarding rehabilitation could be categorized in three fields: 1) Removing the barriers to access rehabilitative health services, 2) strengthening and improving rehabilitation, relevant appropriate technologies, Supportive Services, and Community Based Rehabilitation, and 3) Collecting international data on social support and improving the quality of research and services related to rehabilitation.

To achieve a successful national rehabilitation framework in any country, it is required to strengthen information and research database, implement annual monitoring of policymaking, assess the next year rehabilitation needs of society, finding causes of disabilities for effective planning.