fatemeh shirazi

Aromatherapy is a modality within the realm of alternative medicine to manage pain and alleviate anxiety in high-stress circumstances. The primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of damask rose on the levels of anxiety and pain experienced by patients under endoscopic lithotripsy.

The present double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted at hospitals in Shiraz, Iran, in 2022, involving 120 patients undergoing endoscopic lithotripsy. These patients were randomly allocated into control and intervention groups using a permuted block design. The data collection was done using the Spielberger and the Visual Analog Scale questionnaires at three stages: the baseline period, the pre-operative holding area, and six hours following the surgical procedure. The intervention group was exposed to a cotton swab infused with three drops of damask rose for a duration of 30 minutes. The data analysis included descriptive statistics, repeated measure analysis of variance, and pairwise comparisons utilizing the Bonferroni post hoc test.

The mean levels of overt anxiety in the intervention group during the first and second phases of the intervention were 46.17±7.18 (P<0.001) and 46.32±3.24 (P=0.021). Furthermore, the mean covert anxiety levels in the intervention group throughout the first and second phases were found to be 45.10±7.83 (P=0.003) and 45.87±3.59 (P<0.001). The intervention group exhibited a mean pain level of 5.7±1.01 during the initial phase and 2.53±0.81 throughout the second phase (P<0.001).

The findings of this study indicated that rose aromatherapy reduced both overt and covert anxiety levels, as well as the pain experienced by patients both pre- and post-endoscopic lithotripsy.

Fast and cold foods increase the microbiological risk of consumers due to the lack of cooking time and the contact of restaurant workers' hands during preparation. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of foodborne diseases. The purpose of this study is to determine the abundance of Staphylococcus aureus in semi-prepared foods and fast foods and to identify them by PCR method.In this research, 100 food samples (meat products, falafel, pizza, chicken) were randomly collected from the food preparation and serving centers in Borujen, Shahrekord and Farsan cities in a period of one month to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Tested. In total, staphylococcus contamination was observed in samples of meat products (64.1%), falafel (21.2%), pizza (20%), chicken (30.8%). The average number of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in positive samples was reported (39%).Based on the results of the present research, it can be said that since the results of the production steps and preparation of fast food and semi-prepared foods are manual, there is a possibility of food contamination through human labor. Although the percentage of sample contamination is high, the number of bacteria in the sample is low and does not pose a potential risk to the health of the consumer. Therefore, personal and environmental health education is of great importance in order to reduce the amount of Staphylococcus aureus in people who are involved in food preparation and production.

Genette's transtextuality is one of the important topics in reading and checking the relationships between texts, which has checked these relationships in its various forms and is divided into five main categories. This research, based on Genette's transtextuality, has studied one of the clothes in the Royal Clothing Museum. This dress is a Hypertexte, the Hypotexte of which is the needlework clothing of the women of Baluchistan region, hence a connection between these texts has been formed which can be investigated.This connection is important because Baloch needlework is one of these artistic and original stitches, which is used in the clothing of Baloch women and girls and for the purpose of decoration and grooming. Although Baloch needlework has an identity and originality in terms of motif and color, structure, sewing method and execution technique and materials used, as well as functionality that has kept it to this day, But in the Pahlavi period, especially in the 1950s, a modern and contemporary reading of this pure art was carried out, which appeared in the court and royal clothing of men and women of the Pahlavi family and their close relatives.soThe purpose of this research is to study and investigate how the needlework of this Pahlavi family dress is related to its Hypotexte in Baloch needlework and answers these questions. How is the relationship between this royal dress of the Pahlavi court and its Baloch needlework Hypotextes based on Genette's transtextuality explained? And what changes have taken place in the process of forming this relationship? This research was conducted in an analytical-comparative and descriptive manner, based on Genette's Hypertexyualité, and the data analysis in it is qualitative. This research showed that the relationship between two texts is Hypertexyualité and the Transformation from Hypotexte to Hypertexte was accompanied by changes in the Visual structure, environment, discourse, function, user, etc

The correct estimation of flood flow in rivers is an important issue and plays a significant role in the optimal use of water resources, operation of dam reservoirs, and the design and planning of water projects.

In this research, a simple and conceptual method based on Manning's formula in real flow conditions is used to estimate the flood flow discharge. In this method, firstly, for the combined effect of friction slope and Manning's roughness coefficient, the alpha parameter (α) was defined and calculated for 12 hydrometric stations located in three main rivers of Golestan province (including Gorganrood, Atrak, and Qarasoo).

The results showed that the value of this parameter decreases continuously with the increase of the flow depth and finally asymptotically reaches a constant value. This behavior shows that the value of α is nearly constant for the upper flow depths which indicate the occurrence of floods, and hence using this constant value and the Manning formula, the river flood discharge can be estimated. In the next step, we tried to provide a regression model between the Alpha parameter and the flow depth. The regression modeling results showed that for most of the hydrometric stations, the coefficients of determination (R2) of the presented equations are smaller than 0.3 which demonstrates its low efficiency. For this reason, machine learning models were used and the parameter was modeled by the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Decision Tree (M5tree), and Support Vector Regression (SVR) models.

The modeling results showed that the decision tree model with a mean absolute error of 0.35, determination coefficient of 0.88, and root mean square error of 0.86 has the best accuracy in the test phase. After determining the parameter α, the amount of flood discharge was predicted. The best performance among the models was the decision tree in predicting the flow rate in rivers. After comparing the observed values, the decision tree model has an average absolute error of 1.32, a determination coefficient of 0.89, and an average square root error of 63. 3. It has the best accuracy in the test phase.

Due to the increase in life expectancy in different countries and, thus, the increase in the number of aged people and the prevalence of physical problems related to old age, it is important to find low-risk methods that can lead to the improvement of the physical fitness and activities of daily living (ADLs) in the elderly. Hence, this study aims to assess the effects of a technology-based exercise program on physical fitness and ADLs of the elderly people with balance impairment residing in nursing homes.

This is a clinical trial that was conducted on 60 older adults with balance impairment living in nursing homes in Shiraz, Iran. They were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=30) and control (n=30). The intervention group received technology-based exercises using the Xbox Kinect sensor at two sessions of 30-45 minutes per week for six weeks. The control group received the routine programs of nursing homes including walking and playing table tennis. After six weeks, their physical fitness and ADLs were measured using the senior fitness test (SFT) and the ADL questionnaire in both groups.

After the intervention, the mean score of ADL significantly increased (from 87.1±10.4 to 92.6±9.1) compared to the control group (from 86.5±11.3 to 85.1±1.2) (P=0.00). In addition, the intervention led to an increase in the SFT tests of chair stand test (P<0.001), arm curl test (P<0.001), chair sit and reach test (P=0.001), back scratch test (P=0.007) and 8-foot up & go test (P=0.001). These changes were not observed in the control group.

The technology-based exercise program is effective in increasing the physical fitness and ADLs of the elderly people with balance impairment residing in nursing homes, and can be replaced with team sports.

Representation of art is considered to be a complex topic and different art fields use it according to their expression style. One of the most obvious examples can be found in the pattern of Iranian carpets. Various forms of single meanings arising from Iranian and Islamic beliefs are evident in all the paintings. This unity of meaning at the same time as the plurality of forms can be considered the most important value hidden in the art of carpets, which, while creating beautiful images, makes it possible to understand the meanings of symbols through the creation of a substitution relationship between them. The role of Iranian carpets, as one of the manifestations of Iranian-Islamic art, especially during the Golden Age of Iran, i.e. Safavid era, can be considered as an example of the manifestations of Eastern and Islamic art. So that each of these motifs show the concepts and foundations of Islamic art in a way. Now the question is, has the common mystical and philosophical vision in this period influenced the role of the carpet? And how can this effect be observed? This research has been done using the descriptive-analytical method and collecting library data with the aim of research in the manifestation of the world of Safavid period carpets. According to the researches, we witness the spread of the ideas of Hekmat Khosravani, the philosophy of illumination and its influence in the manifestation of the world of example, Horqalia, Gang Dej and Shahr Armani in the text of the carpets of this period. Also, the presence of precise geometry, the variety of forms and at the same time its unity, the use of borders and rotating lines, the pattern of Lakh-Tranj and Baghi, are visual manifestations that will help us achieve the goals of the article.

Problem Statement: Khamsah of Nezami is one of the greatest books of Persian literature, which has been highly regarded by the miniature artiste of different times due to its romantic and lyrical poems; beyond this, it provides a salient context for field of social history and presents the cultural status of women in specific historical eras. The visual lived reality illustrated by the women images in Khamsah of Tahmasebi, including customs, traditions and socio-cultural conditions of them in the Safavid era, can be well studied in these miniature paintings. these representations are in somehow expressing the conditions of daily life of women in their historical transition. Research Method To get the research aim, the theory of different fields` influences on creating artworks by Pierre Bourdieu was applied to discuss the extent of the influence of historical and social fields of Safavid in illustrating women images in Khamsah of Tahmasbi. However, the question here is that: 1. what aspects of women lives in the Safavid era are presented in the miniature paintings of Khamsah Tahmasbi and 2. which social and historical fields have been influenced by it? We conclude that the images of women in Khamsah Tahmasbi, due to the strict supremacy of the Shah and the Safavid court, the "court women" are mostly depicted and, contrary to the views of traditionalists, who believe in presentation of an imaginary world, many public customs and beliefs, or the realities of Safavid society are represented by them.

Social media addiction is one of the serious problems in the recent century that numerous scales and questionnaires have been designed to measure it. Considering the strengths and weakness of each tool, it is necessary to have a reliable and valid tool which is compatible with Iranian culture. Therefore, in the present study, Sahin’s questionnaire was translated and its psychometric properties was assessed.

It is a methodological study on 12-18 years old high school students at Sepidan. The questionnaire was translated and re-translated by experts and its psychometric properties were assessed using qualitative and quantitative content and face validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, McDonald’s omega, Cronbach’s alpha and also test-re-test.

During translation and qualitative face validity, some changes were made in the scale items. The Importance Score of all items were higher than 1.5. But in content validity, the CVI of some items were low that after some revision they changed to 0.7 and higher. In assessing Content Validity Ratio of items, the item number 4 achieved a critical number less than the Lawshe table and was omitted. Therefore 28 items entered in factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis categorized the items into 4 subdomains and the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed fitness of the model.

Sahin’s social media addiction scale (2018) had a good validity and reliability in the Iranian students and it seems to be an appropriate tool for assessing social media addiction in adolescents.

Among the political and cultural strategies that were used in the court of Ilkhans was their view and approach towards religion and religious minorities. Many have considered this type of Mongol government's view of religion and religious affairs as religious tolerance, which made people of different religions appear in the court of Ilkhans and reach high levels of government. Also, the Mughal rulers themselves had different religions in different periods of the Ilkhanid era or were interested in supporting a particular religion. Abrahamic religions are among the religions that became very popular in the Mongol era, and many works of art are influenced by these religions. Among the famous artistic works of the Ilkhanid era, there is a manuscript of Rashid al-Din Fazlullah Hamdani's comprehensive chronicles, which was written and illustrated during his ministry. This version is a historical book and contains the history of myths, beliefs and culture of Turko-Mongol tribes and other tribes and religions. In this research, an attempt is made to study the conditions and the presence of Abrahamic religions in the Ilkhanid era and to find its representation in the illustrations of the comprehensive edition of al-Tawarikh Rashid al-Din. And let's answer this question, why we see the peaceful coexistence of images from the religions of Islam, Christianity and Judaism in the images of Jame Al-Tawarikh Rashiduddin. This research is done in an analytical-descriptive way and the data analysis will be qualitative. The results are indicative of this: due to the tolerance and religious tolerance that was present in the era of the Ilkhans, in the compilation and writing of the comprehensive version of al-Tawarikh, we see the presence of pictures with Jewish, Christian and Islamic themes (Abrahamic religions) side by side.

Today, discriminatory behaviors of health workers towards people with AIDS are common practices. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of online micro-learning and brainstorming on nursing students' awareness about mistreatment of HIV/AIDS patients.

In this quasi-experimental study, 90 nursing students were selected and randomly assigned into three groups. After a pre-test of students’ knowledge about discriminatory behaviors, the first group was educated through online micro-learning method and the second group was educated through brainstorming in the skyroom. The control group did not receive any education. Finally, the post-test was done immediately in three groups.

The results showed significant differences between pre-test and post-test of students’ knowledge in the online micro-learning(p=0.001) and online brainstorming (0.001) groups. But there was no difference in the control group (p=0.125). Also, after education, a significant difference was seen between the mean scores of knowledges in three groups (p=0.001). The post-hoc tests showed significant differences between control, brainstorming (p=0.003) and micro-learning groups (p=0.009), but there was no difference between brainstorming and micro-learning groups. 

Findings showed that the both online teaching methods, micro-learning and brainstorming, could increase students’ awareness of discriminatory behaviors towards HIV/AIDS patients. Considering the importance of virtual education due to Coronavirus pandemic, it is suggested to use these two online methods to enhance students’ knowledge.

Caregivers play a critical role in health management of patients with chronic diseases. Caregiving is associated with experiencing different emotional and psychological problems.

This study aims to determine the relationship between caregiver burden and cognitive function in adult patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D).

In this cross-sectional study, 215 family caregivers of adult patients with T2D were selected by a systematic random sampling method. A socio-demographic form, the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI), and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman’s rho correlation test. The multinomial logistic regression model was used to examine the power of Cognitive Impairment (CI) in predicting the caregiver burden. P<0.05 was considered as the statistically significance level.

The mean age of caregivers and patients were 48±9 and 52±2 years, respectively. The mean score of CBI was 24.57±18.2, indicating a moderate level of caregiver burden. The mean score of MMSE was 25.25±3.6, indicating a mild CI in patients. Caregiver burden showed a significant correlation with cognitive function (r=-0.336, P=0.001, 95% CI; 0.53–0.89) such that the decreased CI was associated with an increase in total caregiver burden (r=-0.348, P=0.001, 95% CI; 0.43–0.87). The regression results showed that the CI levels were not predictors of caregiver burden severity.

The CI of patients with T2D may affect their caregivers’ burden. Therefore, assessing the cognitive function of these patients can help healthcare providers conduct interventions to enhance the caregivers’ quality of life.

In this paper, the fuzzy chance-constrained data envelopment analysis (FCCDEA) approach is presented for stock evaluation and portfolio selection under data ambiguity. To propose FCCDEA method, data envelopment analysis (DEA), possibilistic programming (PP), and chance-constrained programming (CCP) approaches are applied. It should be noted that FCCDEA models can be used by decision makers (DMs) under optimistic and pessimistic viewpoints. To show the applicability of the proposed fuzzy chance-constrained DEA approach, FCCDEA models based on possibility and necessity measures are implemented in a real-life case study from Tehran stock market. The results show the efficacy of the proposed FCCDEA approach for stock assessment in the presence of fuzzy data.

The stochastic dominance theory has extensively employed in various financial fields because it is not necessary to assume a specific distribution of returns, such as normal distribution. In this research, one of its new applications has been used to identify arbitrage opportunities and consequently, to evaluate the efficiency of the market and also to analyse the investor preferences.

To this end, a new approach of estimating stochastic dominance, the quantile regression method is utilized to perform the stochastic dominance test on the daily returns of the Tehran Stock Exchange total index close values over a period of 19 years (from September 1999 to February 2019) that contains different bullish and bearish market conditions.

Data analysis suggests that no evidence has been found to reject the dominance of cumulative distribution of returns between the two periods. Thus, the non-rejection of the statistical hypothesis of the first-order stochastic dominance indicates the possibility of obtaining arbitrage profit and on the other hand, the second-order stochastic dominance test rejects the market efficiency hypothesis. The existence of a third-order stochastic dominance can also be seen as a sign of the herd behavior of investors during the upward market conditions.

The results indicate the existence of arbitrage opportunities in the Tehran Stock Exchange between bullish and bearish market conditions. Other results of this study, do not confirm the Tehran Stock Exchange efficiency hypothesis, which is consistent with most previous research about the market efficiency of the Tehran Stock Exchange. These findings also imply that risk-averse investors tend to invest in market growth cycles and suggest the existence of herd behavior during these periods.

Diaper dermatitis (DD) is a prevalent skin disease in children, which causes child discomfort and parental concern. This study aimed to compare the effects of aloe vera ointment with routine treatment on the severity of DD in hospitalized children.

This double-blinded randomized clinical trial was carried out on 60 children aged less than two years admitted to Tabriz pediatric hospital in Iran from February to June 2017. Using convenience sampling method, the patients were assigned into two equal groups (n=30 in each) of intervention and control. The intervention group received routine combination treatment, whereas the control group received aloe vera ointment. The patients were examined on the first, third, and sixth days of the study. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 22) and descriptive and analytical statistics.

The severity of DD in both groups improved on the sixth day compared to the first day. In comparison, no significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the severity of dermatitis (P>0.05).

Herbal products cause fewer side effects than chemical products and seem to have significant pharmacological effects on the skin. Thus, aloe vera ointment appears to help treat DD and, with further studies, may emerge as a possible therapeutic option

Measuring and improving the efficiency of organizations, as one of the most important parts of the organization's performance evaluation and a tool to control it, is a contemplative issue in order to survive and advance in the area of competition. Transportation is also a key element in the growth and development of countries that creates an unbreakable link among the various sections of the economy. Therefore, evaluating and improving the efficiency of the transportation industry, especially air transportation, as a fast and expensive method, is of particular importance in today's world. The purpose of this article was to evaluate and improve the efficiency of Iranian airlines, that for this purpose, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Method, as the most popular method of evaluating efficiency, has been selected. In recent years, network envelopment data analysis models have been developed, taking into account various parts of the organization's activity in computing efficiency. Also, undesirable outputs have been considered as the reality of the outside world in these models. In this article, the Slack-Based Measure (SBM) model as one of the newest data envelopment analysis models has been considered that simultaneously sought to increase outputs and reduce inputs, in a network form and associated with undesirable output as the basis of efficiency computations. The efficiency of 14 Iranian airlines was evaluated using the mentioned model.

Cancerous tumor segmentation in mammogram images is an important stage and a challenging problemin computer aided detection (CAD) systems. In this paper, local feature information and Chan-Vese(LFI-CV)active contour modelare used for tumor segmentation. First, the texture feature mapsof mammograms are extracted. The utilized texture feature information includes gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and Gabor features. Using this information,the force values ofChan-Vese model are set and active contour model’s energy is minimized.As a result, the contour accurately segments the tumor. The results show that tumor segmentation using the proposed active contour modelandGabor texture feature at orientationis efficient in regard to the number of iterations, accuracy, and sensitivity. The mini-MIAS database is used for evaluation.

Numerous studies have emphasized the use of new approaches in clinical evaluation. However, there are some challenges and barriers to applying these new approaches. The aim of the present study was to investigate the barriers and challenges of applying new strategies in the clinical evaluation of nursing students from the viewpoints of clinical teachers.
This cross‑sectional study was conducted among 151 clinical teachers. A researcher‑made questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire was validated using library references and a variety of texts, as well as thorough consulting with 15 clinical teachers. The questionnaire’s reliability was approved with a Cronbach’s alpha of 78%. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, one‑way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and descriptive statistics in SPSS software.
The highest score was related to the “students and clinical environment” domain [24.05 (8.10)], and the lowest to the “facilities” domain [13.31 (1.50)]. One‑way ANOVA results showed a significant relationship between the mean scores of academic degree and the two domains of “tests” (F = 9.66, p The implementation of a new approach for evaluating clinical training requires infrastructure and overcoming executive obstacles. Educating students and clinical teachers on new evaluation methods requires their familiarity with the implementation process as well as encouragement and support by their educational institution and administrators.

Ethical codes are instructions that shape ethical behavior and determine which values and beliefs should be accepted. These codes act as a practical guideline in the nursing profession. The present study aimed to compare adherence to ethical codes between the nursing students and working nurses of Valiasr Hospital, affiliated with Fasa University of Medical Sciences in Fars Province, Iran. In this descriptive-analytical study, the data collection tool was nurses’ self-reporting questionnaire on adherence to ethical codes devised by Mahdavi Lenji and Ghaedi Heidari, who have also confirmed its validity and reliability. This questionnaire consisted of 3 sections: personal information, ethical codes related to clinical service provision (23 items), and relationship with the treatment team (8 items). A total of 400 individuals (178 nursing students and 222 nurses) were selected through census sampling method. Data were analyzed through descriptive, ANOVA and t-test statistical methods using SPSS 22 software. There was no significant difference between nurses and nursing students in terms of adherence to ethical codes related to clinical service provision, but the latter achieved a significantly higher score in codes on relationship with the treatment team (P = 0.04). Although the score of nursing students was higher than nurses in comparison to the treatment team, they lacked the necessary technical competency to adhere to ethical codes. Therefore, we recommend that nursing instructors and educational managers pay more attention to teaching nursing ethics and supervise their implementation and practicality in clinical environments.

Working in the complex and ever changing healthcare settings forces the nurses and nursing students to be equipped with lifelong learning skills. One of the lifelong learning skills is self-directed learning. This study aimed to explore the M.Sc. nursing students’ self-directed learning activities.
A qualitative design using conventional content analysis approach was used in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve Iranian M.Sc. nursing students who were selected using purposive sampling.
Data analysis indicated that the M.Sc. nursing students performed different activities in their self-directed learning. These activities were categorized into four main themes and ten subthemes. The main themes were “sensory perceptions”, “knowledge construction”, “problem-centered orientation”, and “interaction with others”.
According to the findings, the M.Sc. nursing students performed different intellectual and experiential self-directed activities for promoting their learning. Besides, the students’ perseverance and inquisitiveness played an important role in their self-directed learning in the challenging clinical environments.

Since Eighth century, much attention has been given by painters on Khamseh works due its romantic and lyric stories. Female is a heroine or she has a significant role in most of Khamseh works, that show its contributions on Nezamis works. Unlike common negative view about women in society, Nezami considered a high social level for them. In the different periods these stories, especially Lily and majnoon, Khosrow and Shirin and Haftgonbad Bahramgour in which women presence are highlight, attention painters and illustration become located. By reviewing and analyzing images of women in the Khamseh of different periods can be sociocultural context as well as the status of women at any time.Therefore, the study the image of women in the versions illustrated, can be paid to reviews the status of women in different periods. In the present study, the female representation in Khamseh works has been investigated based on Berlas Khamseh (ninth century), According to Bordio art sociology and female xepre sentation. theory on artistic creations. The conclusion,is that females views are more affected by public society and public culture in Berlas Khamseh due to Behzads artistic style and his attention to social realism.
theory on artistic creations. The conclusion,is that females views are more affected by public society and public culture in Berlas Khamseh due to Behzads artistic style and his attention to social realism.

Work environment is an inseparable element of nursing profession which should be considers in order developing the nursing profession.

This study investigated Iranian nurses’ attitude toward nurses’ clinical environments and its features.

In this cross sectional study with simple random sampling method, 1500 nurses from twenty states of Iran in 2009 received researcher-developed questionnaires which included demographic variables and clinical environment features. The validity of instrument accessed via content validity and internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) was (α=0.81). Samples (1500 nurse) selected randomly and one thousand one hundred sixty (1160) questionnaires were returned (response rate 77%) which could be used for statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics using SPSS14.

Findings showed that in clinical care area more than half of nurses had knew to importance of interdisciplinary communication (61%), autonomous decision making in nursing care (57%) and practice based on ethical values and professional relationships (60%). In description of clinical environment the majority of nurses stated that they consult with colleagues about care problems (85%) and they believed that they provide care based on patients’ needs and care provided are in order to new findings in nursing (80%). %). In nurse’ point of view communicating with nursing students and taking care about them was less important (37%).

Work environment issues and challenges are cornerstones for patients care promotion. These findings could be use to rebuild a work environment by health policy makers that supports nurses in providing comprehensive professional care.

The current understanding of the pathogenesis of idiopathic kidney stone disease points out a complex and multifactorial interaction between environmental, metabolic and genetic factors. Different epidemiologic factors have been known to be related to urinary stones. The aim of this study was to assess personal characteristics of kidney stone patients in Iran. This was a case control study In which 161 adult patients with idiopathic kidney stone disease attending Urology Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences constitute the case group. The control group was composed of 254 healthy subjects without personal history of stone disease Were recruited from visitors, other patients and staffs who attended the same center at the same time and matched with case group subjects for age and gender. All of the patients and healthy subjects were individually interviewed by a pre-designed questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS™, Version 14. Findings showed that 66.5% of patients were male with the male to female ratio of 1.98 to 1. The prevalence of kidney stone was highest for men aged between 30 and 50 years and women aged between 40 and 60 years. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in height and weight, but body mass index was significantly different between two groups (p=0.007). Also, other epidemiologic factors such as educational level, economical status, employment status, type of job, workplace area, the temperature in the workplace and positive family history were found to be related to urinary stone formation and increaseed the risk for the disease. According to results, different epidemiologic factors relate to urolithiasis and increase its risk. Therefore, by defining the high risk individuals and teaching the preventive measures, we can decrease the prevalence and recurrence rate of kidney stones and reduce the health care burden of this disease.