فهرست مطالب gholamreza zamanian

The global competitiveness index of the economy in different countries shows the potential of countries for production and growth and competition in the world arena. Several factors affect this index. One of these variables is the innovation level of countries, which is measured using the global innovation index. Based on this, this study examines the effect of global innovation index on the global competitiveness of OPEC member countries during the time period of 2010-2022 using panel data. The countries investigated in this study include Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates. The results of the model estimation have shown that the global economic innovation index has a positive and significant effect on the global competitiveness index of countries. Other research results have shown that research and development expenses and the productivity of all production factors have a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of OPEC member countries. Also, the cross effect of innovation and research and development has a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of countries.

In this research, first business and credit cycles are extracted with a non-linear approach and in the form of Markov switching method, then the feedback of economic cycles from each other in the form of a vector autoregression model with regime change (MS-VAR) is comprehensively analyzed and will be reviewed. The data of this research have been collected quarterly for the years 1379 to 1399 in the economy of Iran. The results of the research indicate the existence of a non-linear and asymmetric relationship during different regimes between the variables of economic growth rate, growth of banking facilities and bank defaults, and also the results of the model estimation indicate that the imposition of a positive shock on the default rate and the growth rate of banking facilities causes There is no reaction in the economic variables and only sudden changes in the economic growth result in the reaction of the default rate and growth rate of credit facilities. Examining the relationship between the cycles has shown the alignment of the business and credit cycles and the non-alignment of the business and credit default cycles.

In Iran's economy, most of the financial resources needed by economic enterprises are provided through the granting of facilities by the banking network. Therefore, studying the factors affecting banking facilities in the private sector in Iran's economy is of particular importance. In this article, we investigate the factors affecting the facilities granted by banks using quarterly data from the Iranian economy from 1379 to 1399 with the nonlinear Markov switching approach. A non-linear approach was used because bank facilities show different effects of economic factors during periods of credit and commercial boom and bust. The results of the research show that the economic growth rate, the interest rate of facilities and the growth rate of bank deposits have a positive relationship with the growth of real facilities and the interest rate of bank deposits has a negative effect on it, but the degree of influence of each of the economic factors on the growth rate of real facilities is different in every cycle. This asymmetric impact of macroeconomic factors during different cyclical periods is important in policymaking and should be taken into consideration when making monetary policy.

The index of global economic competitiveness in different countries shows the ‎potential of countries for production and growth and competition in the world arena. ‎Several factors affect this index. One of these variables is the innovation level of ‎countries, which is measured using the global innovation index. Based on this, this ‎study examines the effect of the global innovation index on the global competitiveness ‎of OPEC member countries during the period of 2010-2022 using panel data. The ‎countries investigated in this study include Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, and ‎the UAE. The results of the estimation of the model have shown that the global ‎economic innovation index had a positive and significant effect on the global ‎competitiveness index of countries. Other research results have shown that research and ‎development expenses and the productivity of all production factors have a positive ‎and significant effect on the competitiveness of OPEC member countries. Also, the ‎cross effect of innovation and research and development has a positive and significant ‎effect on the competitiveness of countries.‎The index of global economic competitiveness in different countries shows the ‎potential of countries for production and growth and competition in the world arena. ‎Several factors affect this index. One of these variables is the innovation level of ‎countries, which is measured using the global innovation index. Based on this, this ‎study examines the effect of the global innovation index on the global competitiveness ‎of OPEC member countries during the period of 2010-2022 using panel data. The ‎countries investigated in this study include Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, and ‎the UAE. The results of the estimation of the model have shown that the global ‎economic innovation index had a positive and significant effect on the global ‎competitiveness index of countries.

Investigation of effective factors in business cycles in Iran, from 2009:3 to 2018: 3, based on the Bayesian approach with emphasis on the effects of financial cycles, is the major purpose of this paper.  At first, using the Hodrick-Prescott filter, we extract business and financial cycles, and then we study the causal relationship between financial and business cycles, using the Granger causality test. There is a two-way causal relationship among the variables (GDP, Tehran Stock Exchange index, land value (per square meter), current government and non-government credits, oil revenues, and current government payments), except for the credits and business cycles. Based on the Bayesian approach, we found that housing sector cycles have negative and current government payment cycles have a positive effect on the business cycles, and both of them are significant. However, Tehran Stock Exchange index, current government and non-government facilities and oil revenues do not have a significant effect on the business cycles.

The market capitalization of companies and stock prices can be significantly affected by various factors such as exchange rate fluctuations, liquidity, and economic value-added. Exchange rates have always been influenced by the supply and the demand behavior of actors in financial markets. On the other hand, Iran’s capital market development can be a way to absorb the liquidity for productive activities to achieve long-term and continuous economic growth. Accordingly, this study has investigated the asymmetric effects of macro variables and economic value added on Iranian stock returns by applying the NARDL approach and by using annual time series data during the period 1992-2019. The results show that the estimation model is nonlinear. The results show that the effects of exchange rate shocks, liquidity, and value-added on stock returns in the short and long term are asymmetric. Thus, one percent increase in positive and negative exchange rate shocks significantly affects stock returns (respectively 2.37 and 0.22 percent). One percent change in positive and negative liquidity shocks has a direct and significant effect on stock returns. Also, the asymmetric effect of economic value added as a national account proxy on direct stock returns is significant.

Innovation and entrepreneurship has been one of the main variables affecting the economic growth of developed countries. For this reason, policy makers are trying to improve the innovation environment and create a suitable ecosystem for the development of innovation. One of these variables affecting the creation of a suitable environment for innovation and then the development of innovation in different countries is the index of good governance in these countries. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of good governance index on innovation in selected countries in the period from 2010 to 2021. Panel ARDL model has been used to estimate the model. The long-term model estimation results have shown that the good governance index has a significant and positive effect on the global innovation index in countries. Therefore, it is suggested that in the planning related to the development of innovation and entrepreneurship in the society, appropriate planning should be done to increase and improve the governance index. Also, government spending should be increased in businesses and activities that have a higher innovation potential in those activities.

In recent decades, the high rate of inflation has been one of the concerns of Iran's economy, and one of the main causes of inflation has been the imbalance of banks. The level of non-current claims of banks has been increasing due to the economic recession, credit facilities and the lack of optimal allocation of facilities, and therefore it has unbalanced the balance sheets of banks, hence the examination of economic factors affecting the bank default rate is of special importance. has In this research, the economic factors affecting bank defaults have been identified and their asymmetric effects on the bank default rate have been analyzed using a non-linear approach using the Markov switching method during the quarterly period of 2019 to 2019. The results of this research indicate the asymmetric effect of macroeconomic variables on the bank default rate during high and low default periods. The economic growth rate has a negative effect on the default rate in the medium and high default regimes, but it has a positive effect on the default rate in the low default period, the increase in the inflation rate in the low and high default periods leads to a decrease in non-current claims, but the inflation rate in the medium default period It does not have a significant effect on the default rate, the exchange rate has a significant effect on the default rate only in the medium and high default periods, and it does not have a significant effect in the low default period, the unemployment rate has a positive effect on the default rate in the low default period, but it has an effect in the high default period. has a negative effect, the facility growth rate has a negative effect on the default rate in the low default period, but has a positive effect in the medium and high default period, the world oil price has a negative and significant effect on the default rate only in the low default period, but in the medium and high default period, The global price of oil has no significant effect on the default rate, the interest rate of bank facilities has had a negative and significant effect on the default rate only during the period of high default.

The main purpose of this study is to do modeling and investigate the relationship between liquidity and its role in the development of the stock and the housing market. This is accomplished through comparing 10 of Bayesian Averaging methods and principal component analysis carrying out an extensive set of simulation studies based closely on real datasets that span a range of situations encountered in practical data analysis. The data used in this article includes the seasonal data during the period from (1385:1) to (1399:4. The evaluation results show 4 types of PC, so that the first PC shows more than 95% of the changes. In the first PC, the two variables of liquidity and exchange rate have the most weight, and respectively, the second, third and fourth PC are related to oil revenues, legal deposit ratio and coin price. The variables of liquidity, exchange rate and oil revenues have a positive relationship with the index of stock and housing prices, and the variables of the legal deposit ratio and the price of coins have a negative relationship with the index of stock and housing prices. Also, the estimation results of the 10 analyzed models of Bayesian averaging show that in the modeling of the stock price index as well as the modeling of the housing price index, the best models are obtained through applying PCA and the prior distribution of AIC. Therefore, the use of the principal component analysis and the AIC model as a basis for approximating the probabilities of the posterior model, under the condition that the probabilities of the prior model are similar to Zellner's g-prior, is approved in this research.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between liquidity and asset price fluctuations in the Iranian financial market applying innovative methods of averaging. The findings are useful for policymakers because the surveys can be used in monetary policy decisions. The data used in this research are quarterly from March 2006 to April 2020. To this end, the statistics from the economic time-series database of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and other related sources have been used. Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) has successfully been used in the experimental growth literature as a way to overcome the sensitivity of the results to the characteristics of different models. The variables are the real liquidity as a dependent one and fluctuations in total stock price, total housing price, central bank assets, the government debt to banks, exchange rate, and the coin price are considered independent ones.In terms of the movable assets, the results show a positive and significant relationship between fluctuations in real total housing prices and liquidity and a negative relationship between Bahar-e Azadi Iranian Gold Coin fluctuation and liquidity. For immovable assets, the real net fluctuation of central bank assets and the government debt to banks have a positive relationship with liquidity. There is a negative relationship of real total stock price fluctuation and real exchange rate fluctuation with the liquidity.

Compared to GARCH, ARDL, VAR, and similar methods that are commonly used for stock market analysis and portfolio pricing, the quantile regression has proven to be more advantageous. In this study, we combine the quantile regression with wavelet decomposition to analyze different investment horizons in Tehran Stock Exchange. The discrete wavelet decomposition is used to divide the indices time series into short-term (2-16 days), mid-term (16-128 days), and long-term (128-512 days) horizons. The investment horizons are then accurately studied in a bear, normal, and bull market. Since Iran is an oil-exporting country and its economy is highly impacted by fluctuations in the USD exchange rate return, it is of crucial importance to analyze the effects of oil price and free-market USD exchange rate return on the stock market for investment policy-making and portfolio management. The results demonstrate how the exchange rate return volatility and the OPEC basket price fluctuation affect the stock market. The results illustrate strong evidence on the assumption of a long-term strong positive correlation between TSE and the USD exchange rate return increase.

The objective of this article is to investigate the impact of financial development on the balance sheet channel of monetary policy transmission. For this purpose, first, using data (2007-2018) related to 50 non-financial firms in the Tehran Stock Exchange, the existence of the balance sheet channel in Iran through Analyzing the effect of the financial and balance sheet situation of firms on their investment was examined.Therefore, using GMM method, an investment function is estimated, despite financial constraints. The results supported the balance sheet channel of monetary policy transmission in Iran. In addition, the effect of financial development on the balance sheet channel by testing the effect of interaction of financial development on balance sheet situation was examined. The results of the model estimate showed that financial development increased the investment of firms by reducing financial constraints, which means weakening the balance sheet channel of monetary policy transmission. The results also showed that financial development affected the investment of small firms that were facing more financial constraints compared to larger firms.

Digital currency analysis, especially Bitcoin, as the most popular digital currency, has received a lot of attention in recent years. The reason for this can be related to its innovative features, simplicity, transparency and increasing popularity. Since its introduction, Bitcoin has created great challenges and opportunities for policymakers, economists, entrepreneurs and consumers. The main purpose of writing this article is to investigate and analyze the fluctuations and returns of Bitcoin using univariate conditional variance heterogeneous autoregression models in the period between March 2012 and March 2019. In this framework, GARCH, GJR-GARCH, TGARCH EGARCH and GARCH-M univariate GARCH models are used. The results show that the best model for risk assessment in univariate GARCH models is GARCH-M model, because the liquidity risk predicts the Bitcoin price index with less error than other univariate models. Also, the results obtained in the EGARCH model show that there are no leverage effects in Bitcoin rate changes and the estimated model is a symmetric model. Examining several other univariate GARCH models also showed that the price of Bitcoin has symmetry in positive and negative news, this means that positive and negative shocks have the same effect on the price of bitcoin.

According to theories of international economics, trade between countries causes the flow and transfer of knowledge and technology between trading partners. This transition is referred to in the international economic literature as foreign research and development spillovers. These spillovers occur in two direct and indirect ways. Indirect spillovers are caused by indirect trade and through another country between countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of direct and indirect spillovers of foreign research and development on the Gross Domestic Product and also on competitiveness in Iran and its major trading partners during 2010-2019 using the autoregressive distributed lag model in panel data. For this purpose, first two indicators of direct spillovers and indirect spillovers for the studied countries were calculated. Then, the effect of these two factors was examined on the GDP and also competitiveness. The results of model showed that in the long run, both direct and indirect spillover effects of foreign R&D had a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Also, domestic research and development expenditures have had a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of countries in the long run. Other results of the study have shown that both direct and indirect spillovers have had a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness index of countries in the long run. According to the results, it can be said that the amount of domestic research and development should be increased to increase both economic growth and the country's competitiveness index.

Study of the comovement between financial markets plays a crucial role in increasing the performance of trading strategies. Due to the strong dependence of Iran economy on oil prices and the fluctuation of the dollar exchange rate in the open market, it is very important to study these macroeconomic level factors on stock market performance for portfolio management. In this research, using time-frequency domain analysis, while discovering the interdependence between financial markets, capital turnover trends in Tehran stock exchange are analyzed and the effect of exchange rate fluctuations and the price of the OPEC oil basket on the indices including TEPIX, industry, banking, automobile, and oil products are studied. The results show that the longer the investment horizon, the stronger this effect is, and the increase in the exchange rate causes the index to increase in order for the market to prosper more, while there is a weak interdependence between TEPIX and oil price. During the investment horizon of 4 to 9 months, any increase in USD encourages shareholders to trade more, while in similar conditions, the increase in oil prices, except in the banking and the petroleum sectors, cause money to flow out of the market in other sectors.

Analyzing the effect of monetary shocks through monetary policy transmission channels is one of the central topics in the field of macroeconomics. This paper aimed to explore the balance sheet channel of monetary policy transmission in Iran. For this purpose, the effect of the financial and balance sheet situation of firms on their investment was tested. In this paper, the cash flow, financial leverage, and size of the firm were used as the determinants of the financial situation of firms. In this regard, the balance sheet data (2007-2018) of 50 non-financial firms in the Tehran Stock Exchange were studied by the GMM method. The financial market is considered as a market with imperfect information. Therefore, there is a gap between the external and internal financing costs (external financing premium) caused by the asymmetric information in the financial market. In this case, the lenders force the borrowers (firms) to pay a risk premium in order that the monitoring costs and the possible risk created by the borrowers. The balance sheet channel suggests that a contractionary monetary policy decreases the cash flow and net worth of firms, thereby weakening their balance sheet situation. A weak financial situation increases an external financing premium and thus reduce an investment. When there is a contractionary monetary policy, the firms with more financial constraints (those with a weaker financial situation) will have a greater reduction in their investment because of increasing an external risk premium, compared to ones with lower financial constraints (those with a better financial situation). This shows that the balance sheet situation (cash flow and financial leverage) of the firms with lower financial constraints has a less effect on their investment, indicating the poorer performance of balance sheet channel than that of the firms with more financial constraints. Therefore, the study of the effect of the balance sheet situation of firms on their investment supports the theories of the monetary transmission mechanism. A monetary policy shock has a less effect on large firms compared to small ones. This is due to the higher net worth and cash situation of large firms. Furthermore, large firms have a better reputation than small ones because of their relatively stronger balance sheet situation. This leads to the lowering of information and transaction costs as well as the default risk of large firms. Moreover, this leads to a higher possibility for large firms to access external financing sources. Therefore, large firms are facing with a lower financing premium compared to small ones, indicating the reduction in dependence of their investment on internal sources as well as the effect of a monetary policy shock on the investments. Thus, this leads to a weaker effect of monetary policies through the balance sheet channel of the firm. The results show that there is the balance sheet channel of monetary policy transmission in Iran. Furthermore, the findings indicate that in the firms with lower financial constraints (large firms), the performance of balance sheet channel is poorer than the ones with more financial constraints (small firms).

One of the important and effective economic activities in the field of agricultural economics is to release varieties or to adopt crop improvement technology. This can result in increased yield and production of various crops, enhanced food security, self-reliance and reduced dependency (Aghaei & Asadi, 2010 ). Historically, breeders have focused more on increasing yield of varieties. However, reducing variability and instability in yield of varieties at different locations and times is considered as an important breeding goal (Byerlee & Moya, 1993).The objectives of this research were to determine the direct and indirect marginal effects of climatic and phenotypic factors, variety release year as breeders’ efforts in genetic improvement, location and time trend factors on the mean and variance of grain yield of irrigated wheat lines. Materials and .

In this study, the required panel data were collected from 23 agricultural locations method and the marginal effects of the variables on the mean and variance of wheat grain yield were assessed using stochastic production function of Just and Pope and spatial durbin models (SDMs). Just and Pope production function was estimated with linear functions in three steps as follows.(Just & Pope, 1979). Where; Yht: mean yield of bread wheat lines (kg/ha) in year t, trend: time trend, Ln (ei ) 2 : yield risk for wheat lines in year t,, DHE: days to heading in year t, DMA: days to physiological maturity, GFD: mean of grain filling duration in year t, TGW: thousand grain weight (TGW) (g), MTem: mean of annual temperature ( MTem ) (0 C), S9Rain: sum of rainfall during cropping season ( S9Rain ) (mm), pH , DLoch : Dummy variables of locations, RLyear(h=1, 2,..23): variety release year, Φ.β: δ, ɑ: models parameters and ϵht:, residuals

According to the results, the study of spatial spillover effects using spatial durbin models (SDM) showed that the direct marginal effects of all the phenotypic and climatic factors on the mean and variance of grain yield of irrigated bread wheat lines were statistically significant. The direct marginal effect of time trend and variety release year on the mean and variance of grain yield of irrigated bread wheat lines was positive but not statistically significant .

In general, the direct marginal effects of all the phenotypic factors on the mean of grain yield of irrigated wheat lines was satistically significant. The direct marginal effect of time trend and variety release year on on the mean of grain yield of irrigated wheat lines was positive.

Stock market volatility is evaluated by measuring the variance of the market that is evaluated through consumption growth volatility in the framework of pricing of CCAPM models. This theory is not consistent with revealed facts, in reality; because consumption growth is very smooth but stock market appears highly volatile; this is famous to stock market volatility puzzle. In this regard, the new findings suggest that the combination of the traditional approach to the agent of systemic risk of bubble make it easier to interpret the market volatility puzzle better than before.
The main objective of this research is to interpret the stock market volatility puzzle due to the systemic risk of bubble in the security market in the period of 07 / 1387 to 06 / 1395. In this regard, the systemic risk of bubble in the securities market was investigated by using of the “Supremum generalized standard Dickey-Fuller tests", then market volatility puzzle was analyzed by usage of the results. The results showed that securities market has experienced one bubble periods (01/1392 to 01/1393). The results also showed that the traditional approach (regardless of bubble risk factor) is not able to explain the stock market puzzle, but bubble risk-based methodology is provided a better explain  to stock market volatility.

Today, climatic change is known as a key and effective variable on growth in crop yield. This aimed at determining the effect of environmental factors, time trend and places variables on improved genetic of irrigated bread wheat lines in breeding program in different research stations of Iran. The required panel data were collected from 22 locations in breeding program of irrigated bread wheat during 1995-2014. The study was conducted in a stochastic production function of Just and Pope. According to the results, the impact of time trend on mean yield and risk variance of the irrigated wheat lines was estimated positive and significant, improving the annual mean yield by 29 kg/ha. The impact of released year on mean and variance of the irrigated wheat lines was estimated positive and statistically significant as well. The impacts of mean temperature (0C) and amounts of raining (mm) in different seasons on mean and variance of the irrigated wheat lines were estimated significant.

The main challenge facing the country's banking system is credit default or the possibility of defaulting borrowers from fulfilling their obligations to the banking system, known as credit risk. Therefore to control credit risk, the factors influencing this type of risk must be identified. Several factors affect credit default in the non-government sector. This study examines the asymmetric effects of macroeconomic factors using Markov-switching and ARDL methods in the quarterly period of 2000 to 2017 on credit default. The results show that inflation, exchange rate, unemployment rate, and credit growth rate in Wilson's linear model have a negative effect on the default rate and the economic growth rate does not have a significant effect on the default rate. According to the nonlinear model, during the recession, rising economic growth rate, inflation rate, and unemployment rate reduce the credit default rate and increase the exchange rate and credit growth rate on the default rate, while during inflation, economic growth rate and inflation rate. It has no significant effect on the default rate, and the exchange rate and the growth rate of reverse communication credits and the unemployment rate are directly related to the default rate during inflation.

The goal of the current study is performance evaluation of Iranian OTCs companies by using stochastic dominance and optimizing them by employing Artificial Neural Network and Particle Swarm Optimization hybrid model .To fulfill this objective, we used daily and weekly return of under investigation 36 companies of OTC During the period beginningfrom March 21, 2014 until March 20, 2015 in which the application of stochas tic dominance criteria for nonparametric orientation and proven performance of the hybrid model is particular interest. The research results indicated the first-order, second-order, and third-order dominances in the study companies. The portfolios were based on the shares of companies ranked with respect to the stochastic dominance criterion. Considering the minimum and maximum numbers of shares to be 2 and 10 for each portfolio, an eight-share portfolio was selected as the optimal portfolio with the combination of the activation function TPT. Compared with the index of Iran OTC during the research period, the selected portfolio indicated a significantly higher performance.

Today, urban economy has gained a high importance, so that city geographical area should have a strategic plan on the basis of their opportunities and strengths to proceed on the path of urban restructuring in terms of their advantages. In this article, good governance along with resistance economy are considered as strategic plans for urban development. Therefore, this research with an attitude based on descriptive analysis, first, uses quantitative techniques and according to theoretical foundations and previous studies, proposes a model based on the effect of good governance on relationship between social capital and resistance economy on the one hand, and urban management and development, on the other hand, and then studies relations between variables with the help of structural equations method and SmartPLS software. To collect necessary data, the author used questionnaire and to determine their reliability and validity, pre-tests were used. To evaluate validity, convergent validity method with the application of average variance extracted was used and to determine reliability, composite reliability method was used. Findings show that social capital has a positive and significant effect on resistance economy with 0/579 coefficient, on urban management with 0/440 coefficient. Also, resistance economy has a positive and significant effect on urban management with 0/546 coefficient. Also, the results of the analysis by considering good governances moderating variable show the value of the effect of social on urban management equals 0/631and urban development, 0/629 and the value of the effect of resistance economy on urban management equals 0/645 and on urban development, 0/649.

In generally, important factors in substitution of varieties are including increasing of yield, improvement of quality and avoid of decreasing of yield varieties versus biotic and abiotic stress. The objectives of this study were to: determine of Weighted average age of wheat varieties and comparison with other countries, determine to effect and correlation between time trend with weighted average ageof varieties and investigation of profitability of irrigated bead wheat varieties with different origins. This study carried out in 2016 for irrigated bead wheat varieties planted in 2004-2016. Data are collected from Deputy of Agronomy in Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture and Certified and Register of Seed and Plant Institute. The methodology of this research were time trend linear regression analysis, weighted average ageindexes, coefficient of correlation and profitability indicators (Net present value, Benefit-cost ratio and Internal rate of return). According to the results, Estimated coefficient of Time Trend on weighted average ageof varietieswas positive and 0.091 and 0.46 and significant.. Benefit-cost ratio(BCR) and Internal rate of return(IRR) for Ghonbad variety with national originwas estimated 5.5 and 41.9%.BCR and IRR for Sirvan variety with international originwas estimated 6.1 and 54.3%. Thus, time trend variable was one of important factor on Weighted average ageof varieties. For more effecting of varieties on farmer’s income based on economic results recommended selecting of proper variety with high profitability, preparation of timely and adequate for improved seed varieties in during of age varieties by institutes.

Energy, one of the most essential and important factors of production and the final product, has an important role in the growth and economic development. This research examines the dynamic relationship between financial development and energy consumption based on GMM estimation in 53 developing countries and 47 advanced countries over the period 2000-2014. The results showed the positive impact of direct foreign investment and national income on energy consumption in the two groups of countries. Energy prices had a completely opposite effect on energy consumption in developing and advanced countries. The results also indicated that in both developed and advanced countries the money market plays a more effective role in reducing energy consumption in comparison with the capital markets. While the effect of financial development through the money market on energy consumption is U- inverse shape in both groups of countries, this effect through the capital market is U-shape and U-shape inverse for developing countries and advanced countries, respectively. These results might have important policy implications for energy management policymakers and authorities to achieve sustainable development in different countries.

In this paper, for ranking Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration factor in Iran's industries is used first, second, and third stochastic dominance approach. Features of this approach in industry-exclusive ranking is that can be used from features of probability functions and indicators inferred in order to the market structure analysis. Stochastic dominance is known as a form of random ranking which in that is used for the probability density functions and probability distribution functions to a comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics of a variable. This approach, widely used in decision theory and analysis to decision-making. This approach, widely used in decision theory and analysis to decision-making. All comparisons between industries based on stochastic dominance approach in this study are 8515. According to research findings for the production of the tobacco industry in terms of market concentration based on first-order stochastic dominance is dominant on 127 industries and based on second-order stochastic dominance is dominant on 1 industry and overall is dominant on 128 industries of 130 industries studied and not dominated by any industries. As a result, manufacturing industries of tobacco products on the market has the highest concentration and is the most exclusive of Iran's industry. After that Malta and alcohol-free beer industries in terms of concentrating based on first-order stochastic dominance are dominant on 123 industries and no industry in terms of concentration on the market is not dominated and in terms of concentration and market power is in second place. On the other hand, not only brick manufacturing industries arent dominant on any industrial but the concentration in the market on the basis of first-order stochastic dominance is dominated by the 128 industries and totally is dominated by 129 industries and it can be stated that there is effective competition in this industry.