hadi abdolmaleki

As a treasure of revolutionary thinking, morale, and behavior in defense of religion and the country, the Sacred Defense, has a similarity and distinction function to distinguish insiders (friends) from outsiders (enemies), which has given it a unique feature. The Sacred Defense is the answer to who, what, and how we are in defensive arenas, telling the boundary between the civilization friends and enemies of the revolution and Iran. This article aims to explain the unique aspects of the Sacred Defense towards other Iranian and world wars in three cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions by using descriptive-analytical methods. The results show that in the mental dimension, revolutionary Islam and the theory of Velayat-e Faqih and convention of the Leadership of Velayat-e Faqih in the war with the title of "Commander-in-chief" is the exclusive feature of the Sacred Defense. In the affective dimension, the consolidation of the Islamic-Iranian identity bond is another unique feature that has created general mobilization in defense of the religion and land of Iran as a rendezvous for Velayi Islam. In the behavioral dimension, the accelerated growth of sacrificial behaviors, jihad, martyrdom, resistance, trust (in God), self-sacrifice, sincerity, etc., is another unique feature that has highlighted the Sacred Defense in the form of a civilization defense in Iran's history. Therefore, the Sacred Defense was a "Civilization Defense against the Enemies of the Civilization," which brought the enemies to their knees with an entire trilogy: ‘Velayi leadership based on the admission of Velayat-e Faqih’, ‘mass mobilization based on Islamic and Iranian identity bond’, and ‘jihad and sacrifice based on the belief in the divine salvation.

The Islamic Revolution emerged as a civilizing revolution by creating a fundamental change in the goals and values ​​of Iranian society, as well as influencing the developments in the countries of the region and the Islamic world. A development owed primarily to the role-playing of its civilizing leaders. Imam Khomeini (RA) and the Supreme Leader have played a significant role in creating a civilizational discourse by creating metaphors and words of civilization during the four decades of the Islamic Revolution. It has also been repeatedly emphasized that one of the important concerns of the Supreme Leader and the content of his discourse is the protection of the fundamental values ​​of the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, the empirical and practical role-playing of the Supreme Leader in building the discourse of civilization and examining the stages of formation and maturation of civilization in the blinds of events and confrontation with the enemies of civilization has a special prominence. This article reviews the discourse-building metaphors of the leadership to explain the new Islamic civilization in the three stages of "civilization-building, civilization-building and civilization-civilization" by review method and using the technique of poststructuralist discourse "Laclof Moff".

Mobilization discourse means a set of categories, concepts and themes that as a model and in a logical and complex relationship are placed under the macro-discourse of the Islamic Revolution. A discourse that, although based on religious principles and infallible Imams' conducts and some part of Shi'i history, was especially experienced in the Islamic Revolution of Iran as a social mobilization model. Using a mixed method design, this research has been done to explain and re-examine the dimensions, requirements and components of the mobilization discourse and its role in preserving and continuing the Islamic awakening (qualitative: post-structuralist discourse analysis; and quantitative: experts' questionnaire). Based on the analysis of the views of two Imams of the Islamic Revolution (Imam Khomeini and Imam Khamenei) on mobilization, this pattern includes interconnected concepts and themes that can be represented in the form of 8 nodes or macro dimensions (with 67 components and 785 themes) and 9 requirements (with 660 themes). Based on the results of the analysis of the views of 105 experts and authorities in this field, the experienced model of the mobilization discourse with the mobilizing priority in the "religious and Islamic, cultural and moral, defense and military, political and managerial, and economic and constructivist" dimensions respectively regarding their priority are influential in realization of the five (socio-cultural, religious-defense-security, religious, political-managerial, and ultimately economic-development) dimensions of Islamic awakening. It also influences the achievement of the six-fold Islamic awakening processes (strategic goals, strategic actions, macro strategies, strategic requirements, strategic principles and values, and strategic plans).

Kurdistan is an important province in the production of strawberries in the country. In traditional cultivation due to hand contact and animal fertilizers, soil contamination with pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and other coliforms which can be easily transferred into fruits and vegetables. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination rate of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and other coliforms in strawberries in Kurdistan.
In a cross-sectional study, 150 samples of strawberries including 90 field crops (Traditional), 30 greenhouses and 30 from ready-made packaging supplied in shops in Sanandaj city were investigated. All the samples were tested according to Iranian standard instruction (No. 1194) for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, (No. 5272) total count, (No.9236) coliform counting , and (No.2946) for E.coli counting.
In this study sixteen samples (10.66 %) were contaminated with coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, 30 (20%) with Coliforms, and 21(14%) with E.coli respectively. The ready-made packaging samples were more contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, while farm samples with E.coli.
The results showed that due to use of animal and human fertilizers along with surface water for irrigation the strawberries would be contaminated regardless of type of cultivation. Therefore, proper washing and use of disinfection before consumption are strongly recommended.

This paper aims to explain the dimensions, levels and function of social capital in future organizations, and emphasizes that future organizations especially voluntary and people-oriented organizations, need social capital and its functions more than before. This study is a survey research and by using a questionnaire studied and analyzed the social capital functions in the future organization from the point of view of key experts (a sample of 60 experts). The results of the study show that the most important elements of social capital of the future organizations at the community level are “acquiring and promoting common knowledge, gaining public and member’s trust, public participation and cooperation, belief as the fundamental element of the social capital of the Islamic community. The development of social capital in the Basij organization has led to the development and deepening of the future organizations’ characteristics, including the emphasis on collective and common values, spontaneous participation and cooperation, the value-based protection and safeguarding, accepting responsibility and public commitment, the bottom of heart belief and the firm conviction in the goals and ideals, utilization of normative and spiritual power, team-work development, organizational solidarity and coherence.

Identity means who and what the person is. It is a complex and fluid concept that over time is subject to change and is the difference of a person, group or society in comparison with other people, groups and societies. According to such rule, many societies help their citizens in order to achieve a coherent identity. The purpose of this paper is to explain the Basij role in strengthening of youth national identity. The interviews are with social and cultural experts, academics and subject experts in Basij. Moreover, the Delphi method and qualitative approach has been applied. The Delphi questionnaire has also used to collect data. Comparison of national identity dimensions demonstrates Islamic dimension (Islam, Shiism and Islamic values) with average rating of 3.5, Iranian dimension (cultural, land and ancient Iranian civilization) with average rating of 2.7, Ethnic dimension (families, tribes and Iranian groups) with average rating of 2.2, and finally new dimension (values and cultural symbols of other nations) with average rating of 0.5, form the highest and lowest dimensions of national identity (Islamic-Iranian), respectively. In all declared characteristics of national identity (Islamic-Iranian) the sense of belonging and affection towards national identity is more than commitment and defense readiness (behavior) and the rate of commitment and behavior is more than knowledge and awareness towards the elements of national identity. Some of the main role creation priorities of Basij in strengthening the national identity among youth are as follows:1. Maintaining of Islamic dimension dominance and efforts to strengthen the elements and Iranian dimension characteristics of national identity.2. Emphasis on strengthening the knowledge and awareness dimension of national identity in comparison with emotional and behavioral dimensions.3. Taking effective measures to strengthen national identity with emphasis on national unity, religious unity, ethnic solidarity, happiness and joy among youth.

According to previous studies، some personality traits are associated with internet addiction. The purpose of this study was to compare the personality traits of adolescents who are addicted to the internet with those normal adolescents.

4342 male and female students in high schools and pre-university schools across 11 provinces of Iran through multistage cluster sampling for this study were selected. NEO personality questionnaires and Yangs’ internet addiction scale was used. For data analysis both descriptive statistics (frequency، mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (MANOVA) were employed.

While there was significant difference between first and second adolescents groups in the four subscales of neuroticism، extroversion، open to experience and agreeableness (P=0/001)، there was no statistically significant difference between groups on subscale of conscientious (P=0/348).

Adolescents who are addicted to the internet compared to the normal adolescents obtain higher scores on the subscales of neuroticism and open to experience، instead، they aquired lower scores on subscales of extroversion and conscientious. As a result، according to the personality profile of individuals susceptible to internet addiction providing the required training on the use of cyberspace seems to be essential.

Identity means awareness, a sense of belonging, preparedness to defend a self-identity which differs from one person or group to an other in size and degree. If someone had this kind of awareness about himself, he can consider himself as having an independent identity, and make himself be considered this way. Sense of iden tity involves a different set of feelings that includes feeling of unity, feeling of compatibility, sense of belonging, feeling of valued-ness, and feeling of independence. Identity takes on a social and compre hensive form, when it comes to a social establishment called Ba sij, which holds true for all its correlates. Ashura is a basic identity, to the same extent that Revolutionary Basij is a basic one. Basij’s Ashura-based identity includes the sense of belonging and loyalty as well as preparedness for defense and behaviors, all of which originate from the Ashura event. Beside this identity, the fact that the Iranian civilization has a longtime attachment to the ideal inspired by Imam Hussein is today an institutionalized one that promises the rebuilding of the modern Islamic civilization upon the foundation of what humanity has inherited from Mahdavia cause and Ashura. Ba sij’s sense of identity is more based on the fact that the religious teachings do revolve in a consolidate state around the Ashura event and the Iranian modern identity-making process that was started by Imam Khomeini. Furthermore, the continuous efforts made by the Supreme Leader to conduct this line of thinking have caused Basij’s nature, parameters and model of behavior shaped by its Ashurabased identity. This article plans to explain the rules, relations, and the behaviors formed on the basis of Basij’s revolutionary and Ashura-based identity in the Islamic Iran.

Given the possible negative effects of virtual spaces including online chat rooms on teenagers, identification of predicting personality traits can be useful in drawing the attention to high risk groups and preventive measures. Therefore, this study was an attempt to identify the role of personality traits in internet friendships. In this descriptive, correlational research, 4000 Iranian high school students were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling, and were investigated by NEO personality traits inventory and internet and chat questionnaire. The results showed that the girls used chat rooms more than the boys did. Furthermore, there was a negative relationship between the degree of internet friendship, using chat rooms, and the personality traits neuroticism and agreement; there was significant negative relationship between the degree of internet friendship and the personality traits extroversion, openness to experience and dutifulness. Given the significant relationship between the positive degree of chat and personality traits extroversion and openness to experience, it can be said that virtual communication like online chat rooms can make up for real communication.

Entrepreneurship is any kind of effort to establish a new business, a process of producing value accompanied by unique sources in order to avail of an opportunity. Despite itscomplexity and being interwoven with problems happening in the society, culture, policy and economy, the mechanisms of entrepreneurship and employment creation can simply be built upon youths’ volunteer activities, youths’ institutions, and spontaneous establishments through an opportunityoriented approach. Every organization is in a position to develop the present status of its entrepreneurship and employment creation. The Construction Basij Organization is an institution which is based on the young generation's labor. As a social and opportunity-oriented entrepreneurial organization, the Construction Basij Organization is among the new organizations that are firmly based on Basij’s thought, culture, as well as on its movement-oriented identity and its record in Jihad performance. Despite contributing to creation of backgrounds for entrepreneurship and employment creation at macro level, it presents national and native choices in this field. In addition to studying the performance of the Construction Basij Organization(programs and activities) at both national and regional level in contributing to providing and developing the backgrounds for youths’ employment creation and entrepreneurship in past years, this article explains the roles Basij expects to play, as well as the ways for developing entrepreneurship specially among youths and adolescents, on the basis of Basij’s volunteer nature, and its dispersion based on social status, and network activities.

This research has been carried out with the aim of addressing some ways of establishing intelligent and emotional relationship with volunteer organizations with people of various sections, the case study being the Basij Organization. The research method has been qualitative in the form of comparing the views held by the authorities of the Basij Organization and university elites. The results showed that the way the Basij Organization establishes a relationship with authorities and the members related to that establishment is of great importance, and that due to the fact that Basij maintain a close and comprehensive interaction with all social sections (with different dives, and expectations), it is necessary for it to employ two types of emotional and intelligent relationship (rational) as appropriate for its audience, in order to increase the influence coefficient and the extent of influencing them. Also, the results showed that methods of establishing emotional and intelligent relationship by way of divisions including intraorganizational-extraorganizational, form-content, and individual-organizational divisions can be pursued.

Nowadays, using the Internet in various areas is increasing and the outcomes of using this communicative tool have drawn the attention of researchers in psychology and sociology fields. In this respect, the object of this research is to study the relation of family factors in the amount and ways of the Internet usage. In this descriptive-correlation research, 4155 high school students were chosen country-wide in a multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collecting was done via a questionnaire which includes demography, family status and the amount and ways of Internet usage. The amount of using the Internet for befriending, downloading pictures and films, chatting, music, games and sexual clips in order of appearance are: 37/8, 40, 31, 42, 31 and 31 percent. Also the rate of family members’ acquaintance with the Internet, the relationship between the family members and the family’s monitoring in respect of the amount of chatting, the amount of befriending websites’ usage, secretive chat, downloading music, using the Internet secretly, seeing pictures secretly and Internet befriending is statistically significant. Due to the possibility of causing trauma for teenagers because of abusing the Internet and the relation between Internet usage with family factors and variables, it is required to pay attention to immunizing family especially in a monitoring aspect.