hamid agha-alinejad

Myonectin is a key player in mediating lipid and glucose metabolism, and exercise training positively influences it by upregulating this myokine. However, the impact of different exercise regimens on myonectin levels is not well understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of three weeks of circuit resistance training on serum myonectin levels and lipid profiles in young men.

Twenty sedentary young males (average age: 23.6 ± 3.2 years) participated, randomly assigned to circuit resistance training (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Circuit resistance training, comprising nine sessions over three weeks with nine exercises per session at 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), was conducted. The control group maintained their daily routine. Blood samples, collected 48 hours post-training, underwent serum myonectin and lipid profile analysis using specialized kits. SPSS software version 24, ANCOVA tests (p < 0.05), were used for data analysis.

The study revealed a significant increase in serum myonectin levels in the trained group compared to controls (p = 0.027). Additionally, the trained group exhibited a significant reduction in cholesterol and an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels compared to controls (p < 0.05). Triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels did not significantly change in the trained group compared to controls (p > 0.05).

This study demonstrates that short-term circuit resistance training (three weeks) significantly improves the lipid profile in sedentary subjects. The positive effect is partially attributed to the upregulation of myonectin levels induced by the training regimen.

Obesity is a complex disease that causes oxidative stress by disrupting fat metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ten weeks of swimming exercises with black seed supplementation on the plasma lipid profile of inactive obese women.

The swimming training group performed swimming exercises for 10 weeks and three sessions a week with an intensity of 60% of the maximum heart rate and the duration of each session was 75 minutes; the black seed-training group also performed both the training and supplement protocols. At the end of the period, blood and anthropometric variables were measured. Blood samples were taken 50 hours before and after two weeks of training in order to check the indicators of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol. Total (TC) was obtained. Covariance analysis and paired t-test at a significance level of 0.05 were used for data analysis.

Investigations showed that there is no significant difference between the groups in the values of HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and TC (P>0.05). However, in the intra-group comparison, hockey results have a significant difference in HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and TC in the training and training-supplement and black seed groups.

It seems that taking two weeks of swimming exercises along with black seed supplement improves some of the fat profile indicators and can probably be effective in improving the complications caused by obesity.

The aim of this study was investigating the effect of 4 weeks of high intensity interval training with curcumin supplement on the gene expression of collagen I, II and SMAD/3 in the myocardium of male obese rats with type 2 diabetes.

In this experimental study, 35 male diabetic rats were divided in to 5 groups of seven; normal control, diabetic control, curcumin+diabetic, high intensity interval training, high intensity interval training+curcumin. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin with a dose of 60 mg/kg in all groups except the normal control group. Curcumin was gavage 200 mg/kg of body weight in all groups except normal control and diabetic control groups to determine the expression of COL-I, II and SMAD/3 genes, PCR-Real time method and group comparison were used by Two-way ANOVA test at alpha level of 0.05.

The decrease in COL-I gene expression in (S+HIIT (group compared to the (DC) (P<0.0001) and S+DC (P<0.0004) was significant, respectively. In high intensity interval training (HIIT) group, the decrease in COL-I gene expression was also significant compared to the diabetic control (DC) group (P=0.017).The decrease in COL-II gene expression in  curcumin + high intensity interval training (S+HIIT) group compared to the (S+DC) (P=0.001) and diabetic control (DC) (P<0.0003) and in (HIIT) group was significant compared to the (DC) group (P=0.013) and (S+DC) (P=0.029).The decrease in SMAD/3 gene expression in (S+HIIT) group compared to the HIIT (P=0.008), (S+DC) (P<0.0002), (DC) groups (P<0.0006) and in the (HIIT) group was significant compared to the (NC) (P=0.010), (DC) (0.006) and (S+DC) groups (P=0.032).

The results showed that, high intensity interval training reduced COL-I, COL-II and SMAD/3 genes and decreasing the expression of SMAD/3 due to high intensity interval training with curcumin supplementation possibly can improve diabetic fibrosis in myocardial.

In recent years, the use of carbohydrates to improve athletic performance among sports communities has attracted the attention of researchers. Maintaining carbohydrate stores is essential for strenuous or prolonged physical activity. Therefore, based on nutritional guidelines, it has been determined that carbohydrates should be consumed in liquid form, considering the intensity and duration of sports activities. Therefore, by reviewing previous articles, the present study offers suggestions for consuming carbohydrates during sports competitions.

To review articles from search engines Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, Google Scholar and SID, articles from 1990 to 2020 were searched and entered using related keywords. In addition, the sources of the extracted articles were searched manually.

Loading carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight before exercise can improve performance. It seems that for physical activity, less than 1 hour, 15 to 60 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight, and physical activity, more than 2 hours, 30 to 60 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight.

Finally, in this study, it was found that carbohydrate strategies are very useful during competition, but it is recommended to consume carbohydrates in accordance with individual principles and the nature of sports competition.

Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is one of the most significant complication of diabetes. Heat Shock Protein 72 (HSP72) and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) are regarded as biomarkers for renoprotective strategies. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may have beneficial effect on diabetes management. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of HIIT on kidney expression of HSP72 and TGF-β in type-II diabetic (T2D) rats.

21 rats were randomly divided into three groups as follows: control (Con), diabetic (Dibt), diabetic HIIT (Dibt-HIIT). Nicotinamide and streptozotocin were used intraperitoneally for diabetes induction. The Dibt-HIIT received four-week HIIT training. 24 hours following the last training session, all animals were anesthetized. Blood samples were collected for measuring the glucose, insulin, creatinine, urea and uric acid concentrations. The left kidney was removed and homogenized for measuring of HSP72 and TGF-βgene expression (through Real-Time PCR).

Diabetes significantly increased gene expression of TGF-β and suppressed HSP-72 gene expression. Compared to Dibt group, HIIT decreased plasma glucose level but these changes were not significant. However, HIIT improved HOMA-IR (p=0.03). Creatinine change was not significant but Uric acid decreased in Dibt-HIIT group significantly (p=0.02).  Also, HIIT reduced kidney expression of TGF-β and increased HSP72 expression in Dibt-HIIT group (p=0.001).

Our findings indicated that HIIT, as a non-pharmacologic approach, may have protective effect on kidney of rats with T2D.

The physical component of tasks can be a problem because of muscle weakness; therefore, this research was performed to investigate the relationships between some physical fitness factors and muscle damage enzyme levels in people with mild Intellectual Disabilities (ID).

In this cross-sectional study, 314 students with ID (Body Mass Index [BMI]: 23.42±4.84 kg/m2), after measuring their anthropometric variables (height, weight, and BMI), performed the Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness (CSTF). This test includes flexibility (sit and reach test), muscle endurance (Push-ups and Sit-ups tests), muscle strength (Hand-grip test), and cardiorespiratory endurance (Canada Home Fitness test). Then saliva samples were collected from 20 subjects who were homogeneous for age (Mean±SD: 20.30±2.27 years), sex (male only), and type of ID, for measuring their saliva levels of Creatine Phosphate Kinase (CPK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive Protein (CRP). Data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear and nonlinear regressions (P<0.05). 

The findings indicated significant relationships between some of the physical fitness factors and some enzymes of muscle damage (P<0.05). The results indicated significant relationships between CPK, with push-ups, sit-ups, and hand-grip strength, as well as between the LDH with push-ups and CRP with sit-ups and hand-grip strength (P<0.05).

According to the results of the present research, CPK, LDH, and CRP saliva levels in males with an ID have a significant relationship with some of the physical fitness components. Also, the results of the present research have provided equations for estimating CPK, LDH, and CRP saliva levels through CSTF battery test scores in people who have an educable ID.

Regarding the effects of high-intensity interval training and blood flow restriction on physiological indices, especially in athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of high-intensity interval training and blood flow restriction on cardiovascular fitness and inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 in active male students. 18 active Tehran students aged 20 to 30 years old were randomly divided into three groups: 1- training and blood flow restriction, 2- training and 3-blood flow restriction. The subjects performed four weeks and three sessions per week in high-intensity interval training and blood flow restriction groups. Blood samples were taken at the fasting time before and after the test. Repeated analysis of variances and t-test were used to analyze the data. Based on our results high-intensity interval training and blood flow restriction did not significantly change the Vo2max or vVo2max in the groups. According to the results of interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 levels were significantly different between groups. These indices were higher in HIIT group compared to two other groups (P

High-intensity interval training reduces diabetic cardiomyopathy by regulating gene expression in patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two types of high intensity interval training on the expression of collagen 1, 2 and SMAD/3 genes in the left ventricle of male rats with type 2 diabetes.

The present study was experimental. For this purpose, 28 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: type 1 high-intensity interval training (HIIT1:1), type 2 high-intensity interval training (HIIT2:1), diabetic control (DC), and non-diabetic control (NC). Diabetes was induced in all groups except non-diabetic control group by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) after 12 hours of overnight fasting. 24 hours after the last training and recovery session, their left ventricle was extracted. Plasma glucose concentration was measured by the glucose oxidase method, ELISA method was used to measure the insulin levels, and the HOMA-IR method was used to measure the insulin resistance index. A real-time PCR technique was used to evaluate the gene expression of the collagens 1 , 2 , and SMAD/3 genes. Results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.

Collagen 1 did not show a significant difference between the two exercise groups (p = 0.112). The mean values of both exercise groups were significantly lower than in the diabetic control group in collagen expression (p = 0.0001). The mean values of collagen 2 gene expression in the HIIT2: 1 training group were significantly lower than the HIIT1: 1 group (P = 0.044) and diabetic control (P = 0.002). The mean values of SMAD / 3 gene expression in HIIT2: 1 group were significantly lower than HIIT1: 1 (P = 0.002) and diabetic control (P = 0.020). The mean weight values and insulin resistance index in the HIIT1 group and glucose in the HIIT2: 1 group were significantly lower.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that 4 weeks of type 2 HIIT compared to other groups had a higher effect on reducing the expression of collagen 2 and SMAD / 3 genes in the left ventricle of diabetic rats with down-regulated of genes. Therefore HIIT-2  may improve diabetic cardiomyopathy syptoms.

Overexpression of oncomir-21 promotes proliferation of breast cancer cells. This study aimed to assess the effect of endurance training on the expression of miR-21 and its downstream, Bcl2 and upstream targets, STAT3 in breast cancer bearing mice.

After orientation to the environment, breast cancer cells, MC4-L2 were injected to mice and they randomly were categorized into two groups, control (n=10) and training (n=10) groups. Training group performed progressive endurance training 5 days per week for 6 weeks and control group did not perform any exercise. Tumor volume was measured by a digital caliper every week. Finally, the mice were sacrificed; tumor tissue was removed and immediately frozen and kept in -70°C. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were carried out by trizol reagent and specific kits and level of genes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR.

Endurance training decreased significantly expression of miR-21, STAT3 and Bcl2 (P<0.05). In addition, Tumor volume developed further in control group compared to training group (P<0.05) . There was significantly positive correlation (P<0.001) between miR-21 with STAT3(R=0.66) and miR21 with Bcl2 (R=0.61)

Endurance training leads to suppress expression of STAT3/miR-21/Bcl2 signaling pathway, thereby involved in slow tumor growth. Therefore, one of the beneficial effects of endurance training on tumor progression in estrogen dependent mouse model of breast cancer is reducing intrtumor anti-apoptotic genes.

Exercise in warm wether can lead to a change in stress hormones and immune factors as compare to normal conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a bout of resistance exercise in a warm wether on Immune and hormonal responses.

Eight male students with an average of 27±2 years participated in this study. The exercise program was performed for two conditions, at the first week it done in a normal temperature (20° C) and then it performed in a warm temperature (35°C) in the following week. Blood samples were taken one hour before, immediately after and one hour after of resistance exercise. In both environments, body temperature was measured from the axillary area. The serum concentration of Interleukin-15 (IL-15), heat shock protein (HS70), testosterone and cortisol were measured by ELISA method. The ANOVA test for repeated measures were performed after ensuring the normal distribution by the Shapiro - Wilk test for reslts extraction.

 Resistance training in warm wether significantly increased the cortisol (p=0.01), hsp70 (p=0.03), IL-15 (p=0.03), and testosterone (p=0.02) values.

Assuming that cortisol elevation due to warm condition induce IL-15 suppression and IL-15 dropping limit muscle hypertrophy; it can be suggested that a bout of resistance exercise in a warm wether colud attenuate exercise –induced hypertrophy.

Deaths from cancer metastases are rising, and the process involved in metastasis is the transmission of epithelial to mesenchymal mood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of interval training on the expression of mesenchyme biomarkers, cachexia, and tumor volume in mice with breast cancer.

Thirty-two female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups: Exercise-Tumor-Exercise, Rest-Tumor-Rest, Rest-Tumor-Exercise, and Exercise-Tumor-Rest. Interval training was performed six weeks before and four weeks after the tumorigenesis. All mice were cancerous by subcutaneous injection of the 4T-1 cell line. Real-time PCR method was used to evaluate the expression of TGF-β. Also, weight test and the Inverted Screen Test were carried out to estimate muscle functions in mice. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and HSD-Post Hoc test with P≥ 0.05.

The results showed a significant decrease in gene expressions of TGF-β in Exercise-Tumor-Exercise group in comparison with the Rest-Tumor-Rest group (P=0/005). Remarkable reduction of tumor volume was also observed in two training groups (Rest-Tumor-Exercise, Exercise-Tumor-Exercise) compared to the control group (Rest-Tumor-Rest) (p=0/0001). According to function tests' results, muscle functions were diminished due to cancer (p=0/003). But it should be indicated that interval training can keep muscles in a normally-functioned state in cancer (P=0/045).

Considering final results, a period of interval training can be used not only as a prevention method, but also to help cancer treatment and impede cachexia by tumor volume reduction, decrease mesenchymal biomarker gene expressions, and increase muscle strength functions.

The aim of this study was to describe the anthropometric, body composition and physiological profile of elite rowers of Iran and Compare them with selected countries, in order to help sports talent identification nationwide and assess them.

For the purpose, 25 elite Lightweight and Heavyweight rowers (18 males, 7 females) who participated in the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games, were assessed. Anthropometric profile was measured according to ISAK instruction including height, weight, 5 points girth, 2 points width in addition to sitting height and arm span. Body composition variable measurements were weight, body fat percentage, and BMI. Also, Physiological measurements were aerobic indices (HRVO2max, Pmax, Vo2max) and anaerobic indices (absolute and relative peak power of both upper and lower body). Descriptive statistics were used for describing data and differences between males and females, respectively.

The results of this study indicate that there was a significant difference between light and heavyweight males and females in all variables (anthropometric, body composition and physiological), except HRVO2max in the heavyweight group (P≤0.05).

According to our study, national rowers of Iran are at a higher level of anthropometric indices compared with physiological factors. However, a physiological profile, they have an acceptable condition in comparison with other athletes in selected countries. Accordingly, it seems that with Improvement the quality and quantity of program training in national rowers can increase the number of global medals for country, because it was shown national rowers had a good position in anthropometric and physiological profile.

Exercise is now strongly recommended for breast cancer patients to improve their overall health and quality of life. Monocytes play an important role in the cancer immune system and a better understanding of how acute exercise alters the monocyte subsets would aid in exercise prescription.

Ten breast cancer survivors (age: 59 ± 7.1) who completed their primary cancer treatment within the previous year were evaluated in this study. Using flow cytometry, monocyte subset percentages were evaluated before, immediately after, and 1 hour after 45 minutes of acute, intermittent exercise. Exercise intensity was 60% of peak wattage obtained from a cardiopulmonary exercise test.

The percentage of CD14 monocytes and CD14࠽ monocyte subsets changed significantly across the trial (p= 0.016 and p = 0.016, respectively), with a small, non-significant increase immediately after exercise (CD14: 9%, p= 0.314; CD14࠽: 5%, p= 0.594) followed by a larger significant decrease 1 hour after exercise relative to baseline (CD14: -26%, p= 0.015; CD14࠽: -28%, p= 0.021). CD14࠽ subpopulation showed a tendency to change across the trial but this did not quite reach significance (p= 0.097).

These findings suggest that acute intermittent exercise mobilizes CD14 monocytes and CD14࠽ monocyte subsets in breast cancer survivors in a manner that is comparable to previous reports in healthy individuals. Further studies are warranted to determine the functionality of the mobilized monocytes and the effects of exercise training.

The dynamics of oxygen after exercise is considered as an important indicator of fitness and cardiovascular health. The objective of this study was to compare the dynamics of oxygen consumption in the recovery period after two maximum exercise continuous and interval in female basketball players.

In this study,7 women basketball players were selected  and in three separate sessions with an interval of 48 hours participated in this test. The first session consist of incremental exercise protocol to determine maximal oxygen uptake and the second session consist of continuous maximum exercise protocol Balk and Weir (1959) to the point of exhaustion and the third session consist of interval maximum exercise protocol with phases 1-minute of running on a treadmill with an intensity of 120% Vvo2 max and 2-minute rest, up to the point of exhaustion was carried out.In order to assess the variables, changes in respiratory gases during the entire duration of activity and 10-minute recovery period was recorded.

Data analysis using paired t test at p<0/05 was performed. The findings of this study showed that after two continuous and interval maximum exercise in  Half- time recovery of vo2 (p=0/330) and Half- time recovery of oxygen pulse (p=0/821) and Total oxygen consumption during recovery (p=0/760) was not significant.

According to analysis of the data showed that the trend of oxygen consumption during recovery after these two types of exercise is the same.