فهرست مطالب hamidreza rezaei

Distribution of Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica Brooke, 1875) as an endangered species is limited to captive breeding sites in Iran for more than six decades. The conservation program was relatively effective in some sites, but unsuccessful in other sites. This research aimed to evaluate habitat conditions, challenges, solutions, human-induced and environmental threats, as well as management efficiency in fallow deer breeding sites in three provinces including Ilam, Fars and Yazd using a combined methodology. Data were collected during two years of field surveys in the regions and in provincial offices. Challenges were observed in two major groups, habitat threats (small area of sites, resource poverty and environmental crises), and population threats (predation, male conflict, disease and inappropriate population structure) which was not significant despite the positive correlation (P-value>0.27). The average level of threats around the sites was high. The level of environmental and human-induced threats was estimated 52% and 55% in Arjan and Parishan protected areas, 43% and 50% in Manasht and Ghalarang, 41% and 56% in Koh Khom, and 29% and 47% in Bagh-e Shadi, respectively. The management effectiveness in all protected areas was at a basic level with many limitations. Management opportunity scores were 50% in Ilam and Arsanjan, 46% in Bagh-e Shadi and 44% in Arjan and Parishan protected areas. Suitable solutions involve site area expansion, vegetation restoration, establishing standard feed mangers and water troughs, establishing an earthen pond or reservoir for swimming and repelling annoying insects, providing supplemental food, controlling predators, improvement demographic structure with appropriate sex and age ratios, educating local communities, keeping livestock away for preventing disease transmission, installing closed-circuit television cameras, improving conservation level in protected areas, and releasing in the wild, which is the ultimate goal of breeding in captivity.

The life cycle of the company is one of the most important issues for companies and especially for shareholders due to the wide competition and rapid change of technology. The current research examined the ability of management and the company in different stages of the company's life cycle. To calculate the life cycle of two models of Antony and Ramesh and the model of cash flow, and to calculate the company's ability, two criteria of efficiency and value of the company have been used. The years under review are 2011 to 2021 Tehran Stock Exchange. The results of the research hypotheses showed that in Antony and Ramesh's model, the efficiency of the company has a negative and significant relationship only in the growth period, and the value of the company in the growth and maturity period has a positive and significant effect on the life cycle of the Antony and Ramesh model. The management ability has no signioficant relatiuonship in in any of the stages Antony and Ramesh's life cycle stages. By analyzing the hypotheses for the life cycle cash flow model, it is observed that the efficiency of the company in the stages of emergence, growth, maturity has a positive and significant relationship, the value of the company has a significant negative relationship only in the period of emergence. Also, management ability has a negative and significant relationship in the period of emergence, and a positive and significant relationship in the maturity period.

In recent years, Hystrix indica as the biggest rodent in Iran has been in conflict with humans regarding the destruction of gardens and agricultural products, and the population of this species has been decreased due to illegal hunting and the use of pesticides and chemical poisons. Meanwhile there is not effective information which provide the possibility of developing a management and conservation plan for this species, so the aim of this study is to investigate the structure and genetic diversity of Hystrix indica in Fars province habitats.

15 quill and tissue samples of this species were collected in the Fars province habitats. After DNA extraction, mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was amplified in 13 samples by polymerase chain reaction and 912 nucleotide pairs of this gene were sequenced and edited for each sample.

Based on the Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Phylogenetic Tree, all the studied samples are related to the same clade and belong to Hystrix indica species. Among the studied samples, only two different haplotypes were identified and the haplotype diversity was equal to 0.282 and the nucleotide diversity was estimated to be 0.00029.

the results showed that haplotype diversity of Hystrix indica is low in Fars province, so it is suggested to avoid further environmental crises like disruption of its food chain, while conducting demographic studies in order to develop a conservation and management plan for this species.

Today, the geographical distribution of a species based on maximum entropy using spatial data from geographical information system, remote sensing data and statistical techniques have a great contribution on conservation management of species. The aim of this study is evaluate the effects of environmental variable on distribution and habitat suitability of great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) and predicting its habitat in Golestan province, Iran.

For this purpose, 272 presence-only data and 13 environment variables as independent variables were selected for this species. Then, geographic distribution and habitat suitability modeling were performed by maximum entropy approach in MaxEnt software, using to these presence data and variables.

Our results showed that, some of the habitat variables including: altitude, NDVI, soil type and climate had the greatest plays for habitat suitability and geographical distribution of R. opimus in this area. While that, aspect had less effects than other variables.

Based on our findings, habitats of R. opimus was continues and about 10.1% of Golestan province pereidicted as a suitable habitat for the great gerbil.

During COVID-19, healthcare systems in underdeveloped nations had significant challenges and were unlikely to offer the necessary care. It appears that a new, reliable healthcare model that prevents hospitalization is necessary to reduce the pressure that COVID-19 is putting on healthcare systems and patients. More particularly, as Remdesivir's use as an outpatient treatment for mild to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection has rarely been examined; we aimed to investigate in-depth comprehension of the effects of Remdesivir in these cases.

In our two-month cross-sectional study, non-hospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who were referred to the hospital for up to 5 days of Remdesivir treatment received 200 mg of Remdesivir intravenously on day 1, followed by 100 mg of Remdesivir once daily for the subsequent 4 days. Patients were divided into groups based on the time of starting Remdesivir treatment after the appearance of symptoms: group 1 less than and equal to 7 days, and group 2 more than 7 days. Two groups were evaluated for a correlation between Remdesivir administration time and clinical symptoms on days 1 and 14 (follow-up visits).

The study enrolled 273 eligible patients with a mean age of 47.5 years, of whom 112 were males and 125 were females. Results showed that patients who received Remdesivir in the first 7 days had less dyspnea (P-value<0.0001) and lung involvement (P-value<0.0001) than those who received it after 7 days at the end of the study. Patients who came later to receive Remdesivir also showed higher fatigue, AST, and ALT levels on the first day.

Among patients with moderate COVID-19, those who received a 5-day course of Remdesivir within 7 days of the onset of symptoms had a statistically significant difference in clinical status compared with those who received their treatments later. However, the size of this finding has uncertain clinical importance.

In supply chain management, decision making for supplier selection is a key issue that has become a strategic goal for organizations in recent years. The problem of supplier selection due to multiplicity and variety of qualitative and quantitative indicators is a multi-attribute decision-making problem and can be used known techniques in solving the problem. The present study tries to explain and prioritize the indices of supplier’s assessment with a meta-synthesis approach.

In this article, the most effective evaluation indicators of suppliers are examined. The research started by reviewing 467 titles of articles and then by evaluating them, 282 articles were selected by using the meta-synthesis approach. By analyzing them, supplier evaluation indicators were classified into 5 dimensions, 19 sub-dimensions and 112 components, and their effect coefficient was determined using Shannon entropy method.

The results showed that price, quality, on-time delivery, revenue, organizational structure, human resource management, energy management, environmental management, customer orientation and green management indices were identified as the most effective indicators in evaluating the suppliers.

Originality/Value: 

Supplier selection and evaluation play an imperative role in creating an effective supply chain. The production process has changed over the years from the production of most products to the outsourcing of major accessories. Obviously, suppliers have a key role to play in producing a product. The manufacturer must be careful when choosing a supplier. Therefore, identification, evaluation, and selection of suppliers are imperative. The results showed that by identifying and evaluating the indicators of supply chain suppliers, companies can gain a significant competitive advantage.

The present study dealt with the topic of investigating the role of e-commerce drivers on consumer awareness in e-commerce with the mediating role of using information technology. This research is practical in terms of purpose. Also, in terms of method, this research is part of descriptive-correlational research, and in terms of data collection method, it was a quantitative research. The statistical population includes customers of DigiKala company in 1400, whose number was considered unlimited due to lack of access. Because during numerous follow-ups, Digikala did not provide the exact number of its customers. In this research, the online questionnaire link was sent to 600 customers with a simple random method, and after explanations and coordination, the answers were sent to the researcher, and after checking the answers, according to the table of Morgan and Karjesi, 384 of the best questionnaires were answered. It was considered as a sample and statistical analysis was done based on these answers. The sample size in the present study was estimated to be 384 people based on the table of Morgan and Karjesi and with a simple random method. The level of ecommerce drivers was approximately 71%, the amount of information technology use was approximately 76%, and consumer awareness of e-commerce from the perspective of customers was 68.4%. The results of structural equation analysis with PLS software showed that e-commerce drivers had a 54% effect on the use of information technology, and the use of information technology explained the variable of consumer awareness of e-commerce by 48%. E-commerce influenced the consumer's awareness of e-commerce with the mediating role of using information technology to the extent of 62%.

The Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) is one of the most abundant and widely distributed species in the world, among ducks. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and genetic diversity of Aythya ferina in Iran using cytochrome b gene.

For this study, samples were taken from 10 pieces of Aythya ferina that were taken from the north and south of the country. Haplotypic and nucleotide analyzes were performed using MEGA, Papart, DNAsp and Network software.

In general, 7 different haplotypes were identified by examining 8 fragments of 929 pairs of cytochrome b gene of Aythya ferina. Haplotype diversity was calculated 0.818, nucleotide diversity was calculated 0.00149. The value of Nm or the amount of gene flow between the sampling logic was 1.383, which indicates a high gene flow and in other words, a very small gene distance between the populations of this species and its European and Asian populations. Rogers-Harping index, Tajima index and Fu Fs were calculated 0.112, -0.028 and -1.288, respectively. The mismatch distribution diagram is also plotted as a single view, all of which show an indeterminate population history similar to the model of sudden expansion.

According to the results obtained from the haplotype network and the cognitive tree, as well as a slight genetic difference between the studied populations, there is a possibility of migration of this bird from both Europe and East Asia to Iran. Considering the results of the present study, Iranian wetlands should be recognized as important and key areas and the necessary management and protection measures should be taken in these areas.

Gammarus is the largest genus of aquatic crustaceans in the family Gammaridea, with more than 200 species worldwide. These crustaceans are very important components of the food chain in running waters. Therefore, their population changes can affect all communities, especially the health of fish stocks, and disturb the balance of the ecosystem. Due to their small size, high abundance and sensitivity to environmental conditions, they are suitable as indicator species for evaluation. This study investigated the genetic diversity of the genus Gammarus between different populations in Golestan National Park. After sampling, the common identification keys were used to identify the basic morphology and the COI mitochondrial gene sequence was used to conduct molecular studies. Genealogical relationships were determined by maximum likelihood (ML) method. The genetic distance in the populations and some indices of genetic diversity (number of haplotypes (h), haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi)) were calculated. Based on the results of the genealogical trees, the samples were placed in two separate clades (western and central) and separated from the gene bank samples with high bootstrap. The results of molecular variance analysis showed that the diversity between populations (72.49) is more than the diversity within populations (27.51) and the value of Fst index (0.68) shows the significant genetic difference between populations and the limitation of gene flow. Haplotype diversity is equal to 0.94, the highest and lowest of which is related to Khandushan River (1.00) and Golestan Spring (.40). Also, among the identified haplotypes, 17 haplotypes had only one individual, which indicates the high diversity of Gammarus populations in Golestan National Park. Also, G. komareki was identified as a dominant species complex with many hidden species in the region that have not yet been accurately identified.

Wildcat, Felis lybica is one of the least-known cat species in Iran, in spite of the widespread distribution in the country. The molecular overview of the species using concatenated two mitochondrial markers (Cyt b, NADH5) with sampling throughout the range of the species in the country was examined. Mitochondrial DNA analysis and geographical distribution of the haplotypes indicated two well-supported subclades in the study area, comprising Asiatic wildcat, F. lybica ornata and African wildcat, F. lybica lybica (FST = 0.65; p-value < 0.001). Time-calibrated Bayesian phylogenetic analysis revealed divergence time between F. l. ornata and F. l. lybica dates to 340,000 years ago (HPD 95%: 192,000-489,000 years ago). Based on the results of dating phylogenetic tree, Central Asia is the origin area for distribution of Felis genus (Domestic Cat lineage). On the other hand, wildcat moved out of Central Asia towards Western Asia, Europe and Africa. Given estimated divergence times of less than one million years ago among wildcat subspecies, it seems that Pleistocene climatic fluctuations may have led to the diversification of this taxon. As our study does not prove hybridization between wildcat and its domestic congeners, further investigations should focus on this remarkable threatening factor.

Proof of species existence in different regions can be useful for studying the migration pattern of the species. The use of non-invasive methods such as eDNA can be very effective in tracking and dispersing and improving the management of water resources and species. In this study, 15 water samples were taken from different areas of the southern Caspian Sea basin. Amino-modified silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles were used to separate DNA from water. In this study, for the first time, the amino magnet method was used to separate environmental DNA from a water sample. DNA of three water samples were properly extracted ,from the water output of Oncorhynchus mykiss farm in Tajan river  in Sari, water samples from salmon cages in Nowshahr and water samples from around Caspian salmon farming cages in Tonekabon were properly examined. The results showed that sample No. 1 was located in the rainbow trout clad and samples No. 2 and 3 were located in the Caspian Sea salmon clad, indicating that the species were properly isolated with amino silicate magnetic nanoparticles and their presence in the aqueous body was confirmed by environmental DNA.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short term creatine supplementation monohydrate supplementation with tensile training (exercise with cache) on aerobic and anaerobic power of volleyball players from 30 to 40 years of age. Fifty volleyball players from 30 to 40 years of age voluntarily participated as a sample in the study population after completing the health questionnaire. Subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups of elastic training and supplemented creatine monohydrate, elastic training, placebo and supplemented alone, and control and elastic training group. The protocol was completed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week. Supplementing creatine monohydrate was also 4 servings per day at 5 grams per serving. The measurement of aerobic power was carried out using a test run of 1 m (1609 m) and an anaerobic power with RAST test. To analyze the data, this study was conducted to compare intraperitoneal mean of T-test and to study the effect of eight weeks of training in four groups of covariance test. SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the data and the Excel 2010 software was employed for drawing charts. The results showed that eight weeks of elastic training accompanied with Creatine Monohydrate Supplements led to a significant improvement in aerobic power and anaerobic power of volleyball players (p ≤ 0.05). Considering the positive effect of supplementation of creatine supplementation and elastic exercise on aerobic and potency exercises also mentioned in other references, coaches, athletes and nutrition team members of sports teams are suggested to  be cautious in the diet of athletes; in particular, since the side effects have not been reported for short-term use.

he Eurasian coot (Fulicaatra; Linnaeus, 1758)is a widely distributed waterbird consistingof four subspecies and found throughout northern Eurasia to the western Sahara, Australia,and New Zeeland that recentlyhas experienced regional population declines.Population declines may impact genetic diversity and little information is available on genetic diversity in coots. We extracted genomic DNA from muscle tissues of coots collected from Fereidoonkenar International Wetland (FIW; n = 7) and Gorgan Bay (GB; n = 5) in Iran and sequenced 513-bp of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b marker and published sequences from Genbank. Localities in Iran were characterized by two haplotypes high haplotype and low nucleotide diversities. The Fstvalue (0.177) indicated a high level of genetic differentiation between FIW and GB. The phylogenetic analysis that included published sequences, supported groupings that likely correspond to migration flyways of coots. Moreover, specimens from Australia were not associated with coots from other localities in our sample. Our results showed that cootsnumber of cyt b haplotypes was low for the overall samplebuthave retained substantial levels of genetic diversity in our study sites

The current research aims to synthesize LiFePO4 nanoparticles as common cathodic materials used for lithium-ion batteries through the solution combustion synthesis method using a mixture of different types of organic fuels such as CetylTrimethylAmmonium Bromide (CTAB)-Glycine (CG), CTAB-Citric Acid (CCA), and CTAB-Urea (CU), considering the effects of fuel contents with the oxidant ratio of 5. The low rate of combustion reaction led to direct formation of LiFePO4 phase which was accompanied by some impurity phases. According to the results from the X-ray powder diffraction, single-phase LiFePO4 powders can be obtained followed by calcination at 700 °C for three h under the 95 % Ar + 5 % H2 atmosphere. The functional groups of the LiFePO4 powders were characterized based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In addition, small particles (~ 100-400 nm) with spherical morphologies as a function of fuel type were detected in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The electrochemical properties confirmed that the highest discharge capacity could be obtained using a mixture of CTAB and citric acid fuels (at the rate of 0.2 C, 127 mAh g-1) characterized by high crystallinity and small particle size.

Zinc oxide is one of the most widely used and important materials in today's science and industry. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method. Zinc acetate, citric acid and deionized water was respectively used as a source of zinc ion, solvent and chelating agent. In this study, the effect of citric acid concentration as an additive was studied on morphology and particle size of ZnO. The synthesized powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ,infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and specific surface analysis (BET).The results of XRD analysis showed, the final products have hexagonal structure and are Single-phase. Increasing additive concentration changes the intensity of peaks and crystallizes rate.The results of FTIR and its comparison with existing functional groups confirmed the absence of citric acid in the final product. And the functional groups are just related to pure zinc oxide. SEM images showed that the use of chelating agent affects the growth of particles and morphology. BET showed noticeable changes in the specific surface area of synthesized samples in the presence of chelating agent.

This research was conducted to develop antibacterial properties in HA composite by doping Ag-Co simultaneously. Chemical compounds Ca10-x Ag x/Co y(PO4)6 (OH)2 with values (x, y= 0, 0.5, 1) were synthesized by co-precipitation method which is an economical and simple way. XRD, FESEM and EDS analysis were used to investigate structural and microstructural characteristics. The result of XRD analysis revealed pure HA phase with no minor other phase and dopants ions displaced to Ca sites well. Spherical morphology was appeared in all samples by FESEM test however the size of particles decreased by inserting dopants. To determine antibacterial properties, zone inhabitation test have utilized. The samples were prepared against E.coli bacteria, which are the most infections agent. Finally, this antibacterial characteristic observed the most effect against bacteria in Ag- Co doped HA sample.

Iran’s mouflons (Ovis orientalis) populations have been declined in western regions because of poaching and habitat destruction and categorized as vulnerable in IUCN red list, this population as ancestors of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) breeds all around the world has an international importance. In this study, genetic diversity and structure of mouflons in the north-west of Iran (West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Markazi, Hamedan and Qazvin) identified and compared with the domestic breeds via whole genome sequencing and BeadChip Ovine SNP 50K Data. Number of SNPs all over the genome, genetic load and inbreeding coefficient based on whole genome data, as well as expected heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient as genetic diversity parameters based on c BeadChip data have been compared between wild and domestic groups. Number of discriminator SNPs as the most important parameters showed impressive difference and was calculated about 24 million for wilds and 20 million for domestics. According to the findings of nucleotide diversity for the whole genome, genetic diversity based on complete genome data was higher in the wild group than in the domestic group. Based on the results of this study, mouflon (Ovis orientalis) with high levels of genetic diversity as genetic resources for domestic breeds of all domestic sheep in the world are of vital value and should be given priority in conservation programs.

Most of the vertebrate species populations affected by the main threatening factors like habitat destruction and fragmentation are experiencing rapid and worse destruction and decrease. Identification of potential and suitable habitats trough modeling tools and methods as well as survey on population relationship and contacts through genetic studies, provides needed knowledge and understanding to define the conservation status and needs for different species. For these purpose, Maximum Entropy (Maxent) and mitochondrial cytb sequencing with 704 bp were deployed. Based on the results, northern part of Iran followed by Semnan, Tehran, Qom and Alborz provinces, as well as western part including Khuzestan consisted the most suitable habitats for the species. Haplotype diversity of h= 0.894 as the main index, showed high genetic diversity for the populations of the species in Iran. Populations of Stripped Hyena, in Iran, are losing their main and suitable habitats due to habitats destruction and degradation, illegal hunting and lack of proper genetic connections. Decreasing populations and worse conservation status of the species convince us to prepare and conduct urgent conservation actions to prevent more loss. The study, using the habitat modeling and genetic surveys, as well as data gained from the field works, gives new vision on the conservation actions needed to protect stripped hyena in Iran

Undoubtedly, one of the dimensions of the expansion and promotion of military ana defense organizations in the coming decades is the use of newcommunicatin technologies such as IOT technology. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the role of IOT technology in improving the readiness and support capabilities of s defense organization. in terms of the purpose of an applied research, the present study is a descriptive research in terms of nature and a cross-sectional research in terms of time. The statistical population of the study includes all commanders ana training officials of one the defense organizations based in tehran with an approximate number of 70 people. A questionnaire according to the six principles of military logistics was used to collect information. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed based on the opinions of experts and their reliability was confirmed using Cronbachchr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39')))s alpha coefficient. Non-parametric tests (Binomial and Friedman) were used in data analysis due to abnormal data distribution. The results of the research hypotheses test show that despite the impact of IOT technology on the capabilities of readiness. efficiency, economy and responsiveness. in the field of IOT integration capabilities and initiative, it does not have a significant impact. in the end. in addition to presenting executive suggestions, some suggestions have also been presented to future researchers.

In "Knowledge Management", four outputs for the existing humanities are listed: 1. Enhancing knowledge; 2. To function; 3. Application; 4. Commercialization. The late concept of commercialization, with its fundamental problem of "material and commodity view of knowledge" and the direct influence of "neoliberalism", "theory of knowledge economics" and "concept of knowledge industry", has caused deep earthquakes in world knowledge. In the logic of commercialization, knowledge and the university serving free economic markets and commercial companies are described in such a way that the center of gravity of the two is often referred to as "material gain" rather than "understanding" and "truth". The present research has been done with a qualitative approach and with a "descriptive-analytical method" and the authors have used two research strategies "summary of documents" and "end to beginning thinking" to achieve the research results. This study has evaluated the epistemological foundations and non-epistemological factors of commercialization of humanities according to the "principle of prioritizing the understanding of theory over its study" and using the "fundamental methodology of the development of scientific theories". Explaining the benefits and pests of commercialization of humanities is another goal of this research. In the six epistemological foundations of the commercialization of the humanities, the traces of the fundamental problem of commercialization, namely the materialist view of knowledge, can be seen. Therefore, "application of humanities" and related concepts cannot be reduced to "commercialization of humanities". Also, among the non-epistemological and contextual factors of commercialization of humanities, three areas of "knowledge", "university" and "education and research" that are seriously in the commercialization radius were selected and examined. In these areas, too, a commodity, object, and tool view of knowledge can be seen.

With the increasing number of road accidents and driver assistance systems development, the automated vehicles importance has increased more than ever. As the issue of automated vehicles comes up, attending to their safety, and the impact of the other vehicles in traffic flow on their performance dramatically increased. One of the most important problems for automated vehicles is designing and controlling the trajectory regarding the surrounding vehicles in transient dynamic traffic conditions during complicated maneuvers. Although various studies have been performed in the field of lane change in dynamic traffic conditions and even in critical high speed, considering the transient dynamic conditions has been limited to the beginning of the maneuver and no solution has been provided for the surrounding vehicles’ immediate changes during the maneuver. The algorithm presented in this paper is able to design new safe optimized trajectories according to the sudden decisions of the surrounding vehicles during the lane change maneuver, also ensures collision avoidance in the whole maneuver via vehicle’s simultaneous longitudinal and lateral control. After evaluating the decision-making unit’s performance by real driving tests, the presented algorithm is simulated with different scenarios in complicated transient dynamic traffic conditions by using MATLAB software and its desired performance has been proven in the dynamic environment of IPG CarMaker, in the presence of surrounding vehicles.

One of the initial measures to planning the conservation strategies is knowing the ecological needs of a species and its favorite habitat. Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) is an applicable tool to achieve this goal. Zarudny's spur-thighed tortoise or Iranian tortoise (Testudo graeca zarudnyi) is one of three subspecies of spur-thighed tortoises found in Iran. To assess the conflicts threatening the habitat of this subspecies, the Maximum Entropy Algorithm (MaxEnt) was used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the integrity of the T. g. zarudnyi habitat and discuss the conflicts threatening the suitable habitat of this taxon in Iran. First, 25 ecological variables were considered to evaluate the habitat suitability, including topographic, land use land cover, and climatic layers (19 Bios). Among climatic variables, only five of them were selected using Pearson correlation analysis at the level of 75%. Finally, 11 variables contributed to running the model. The cell size were set based on Bios cell sizes to prevent biases, only one presence point kept at each cell; therefore, 108 presence points were remained out of 137 occurrence data. The obtained model had a high degree of predictability (AUC= 0.911). Results showed that Zarudny's tortoise favorites good to moderate vegetation structure. Hence, areas with higher vegetation cover and an annual average temperature of 20°C are optimal, which emphasizes the importance of landuse changes in both the range dynamics and the conservation of this subspecies in Iran. Considering the overlap of the protected areas with the suitable habitat of Zarudny's tortoise revealed that insufficient amounts of suitable habitat are protected. Hence, considering the vulnerable conservation status of Iranian tortoise, the importance of establishing more protected areas through the suitable habitat of his taxon is emphasized.

The Survey of attitudes of local communities towards carnivores in the natural habitats where these species interact with humans is essential for the management and conservation of these species. In this study, we designed a questionnaire form and 230 people were interviewed to find out the attitude of local communities towards the presence of the brown bear in the Mazandaran province. The independent variables of the analyses which were considered are age, education, bear attacks to humans and on human capital, bear fear, knowledge of local people about bear's role in nature, traditional beliefs of local people and acceptance (1) or non-acceptance (0) of the bear by locals in the habitat. Finally, by using binary logistic regression statistical methods, the attitude of local communities regarding acceptance or rejection of this species was analyzed. The results showed that among the studied variables, those people who are highly knowledgeable, those who are afraid of species and those who have a traditional belief about the species agree with the presence of bears in nature. The results study showed that the knowledge of the local communities about the bear has a positive effect on their attitude and interest in the presence of the bear, and fear of the bear did not cause a negative attitude and a lack of interest in the presence of the bear. But given the increasing conflict in recent years in the province of Mazandaran, economic losses may increase retaliation by local people and jeopardize the survival of the bear.

Identifying the species richness and diversity is one of the basic steps to protect of the biodiversity. The proper identification of predator birds based on the morphological characteristics of the species is difficult, so species differentiation using molecular data has become an efficient technic for taxonomists. In this study, the nucleotide sequencing of the (COI) gene was studied for 36 samples of the Bird of prey of Mazandaran province. DNA extraction was done using blood and feather of collected samples. 660 pairs of nucleotides from the sequence of the mentioned gene were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The results of phylogenetic tree show the separation of four families of Falconidae, Accipitridae, Tytonidae and other Strigidae of Mazandaran province with a total of 27 clads in 14 different Genus of Bird of prey. The average of Interspecies genetic divergence was estimated about 5.8 for Falconidae and 11.8 and 15.4 for Accipitridae and Tytonidae respectively. The Interspecies genetic distance was estimated between 1.5 to 12.3 for Falconidae, 3.9 to 16.3 for Accipitridae and 14.3 to 20.8 for Tytonidae. In this way, it can be possible to determine the range of species identification in the Bird of prey according to the mentioned range, and each of these clads can be described as an evolutionary unit which has a special genetic integrity and are qualified for protection.

In recent years, increase in human-induced habitat disturbances and illegal hunting have led to reduction and isolation of the remaining populations of the brown bear. Despite its ecological importance on the health of natural ecosystems, there is a data scarcity on the genetic diversity and kinship relationships between individuals in the remaining populations. Advances in the DNA extraction from non-invasive samples has facilitated genetic studies on vulnerable species. In the present study, we used non-invasive sampling methods to assess genetic diversity indices, the probability of genetic identity among individuals, and the number of unique genotypes in the samples in order to estimate the minimum number of brown bears in the Parvar protected area. A total of 10 microsatellites were amplified using the extracted DNA from non-invasive samples. The overall observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content were estimated 0.51, 0.57, and 0.5 respectively. The probability of identity indices (i.e. PID sib and PID unbiased) were 0.078 and 0.0032 respectively. Also, a total of 19 unique genotypes were identified. Our results showed that despite the low quality of non-invasive extracted DNAs, the amplified microsatellites had statistically effectiveness in identifying samples, assessing probability of genetic identity, and estimating minimum population size. The adopted approach in the present study can be used as a guideline for estimating population size and evaluating kinship relationships between individuals, especially for threatened carnivores, using non-invasive sampling approach.