hamzeh ahmadian

Objective: 

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of the training program based on lived experience in parent-child relationships and schema therapy on empathy, emotional regulation and mental health of abused adolescent girls.

Method: 

This study was combined (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative part, the research method was phenomenological and in the quantitative part, the research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. The statistical population of the present study included all abused teenage girls who were present in welfare centers for girls in Sanandaj city in 1402. The sample of the research was selected in the qualitative section using the purposeful sampling method and they were subjected to a semi-structured interview. In the quantitative part, the statistical sample of the present study was made up of 45 adolescent girls with bad guardians. The first experimental group received the intervention program based on lived experience in parent-child relationships and the second experimental group received the schema therapy program and the control group did not receive the programGoldberg's mental health questionnaires (1972), Davis's empathy (1994) and Gross and John's (2003) emotion regulation questionnaires were used as research tools. Data analysis was done with SPSS 28 software and multivariate covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test were used

Findings:

 The findings showed that only the lived experience intervention was effective for one of the emotion regulation scales (Cognitive reappraisal) and both intervention methods were effective on empathy and mental health (p<0.05). Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that the effectiveness of the lived experience intervention on empathy was greater than the schema therapy intervention, but the effectiveness of the two intervention methods on mental health was the same.

Conclusion: 

According to the results, it can be said that the training program based on lived experience in parent-child relationships is effective in improving the ability of abused adolescent girls, and it is recommended to use it in the treatment and education process.

Marriage is one of the basic foundations of human life. Relationships between husband and wife are increasingly crucial in promoting mental wellbeing. Various factors can affect mental wellbeing. One of these components is the health of the main family. Another factor that affects the mental wellbeing of couples is communication. One of the factors that married couples are dealing with is alexithymia. The factor of forgiveness is one of the variables that has drawn the attention of researchers in the field of couple conflicts. Despite the critical role of forgiveness in marital satisfaction and adjustment, little research has investigated the mediating role of this variable in the relationship between the communication patterns of the health of the main family and alexithymia with the mental wellbeing of couples. Therefore, the present study aims to model the structural relationships between the health of the original family and alexithymia, and communication beliefs with the mental wellbeing of couples were conducted with the mediating role of forgiveness.

The research method was correlational analysis with structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all married couples seeking counseling at counseling centers in the city of Javanrud, Iran. According to Kline's rule (2023) and considering the sample size criteria, 200 couples were initially considered, but 22 questionnaires were excluded due to incomplete responses. The inclusion criteria were as follows: age range of 20–55 years, minimum education of high school, at least one year of cohabitation, informed consent to participate in research, and completing questionnaires. The exclusion criterion was the failure to complete the questionnaires. The data collection tools consisted of the Subjective Wellbeing in Couple Relationship Scale (Urbano–Contreras et al., 2018), the Family–of–Origin Scale (Hovestadt et al., 1985), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby et al., 1994), the Relationship Beliefs Questionnaire (Romans & DeBord, 1995), and the Family Forgiveness Scale (Pollard & Anderson, 1998). To analyze the collected data, the statistical method of structural equation modeling by partial least square method was used in Smart PLS version 3 software.

The effect coefficient of health in the main family on mental wellbeing in couples' relationships (β=0.41, p˂0.001), communicative beliefs on mental wellbeing in couples' relationships (β=0.213, p˂0.001), health in the family on the level of forgiveness (β=0.303, p˂0.001), communication beliefs on forgiveness (β=0.273, p˂0.001), and forgiveness on mental wellbeing in couples' relationships (β=0.252, p=0.002) was positive and significant and the effect coefficient of alexithymia on forgiveness was negative and significant (β=–0.481, p˂0.001). Also, the mediating effect of forgiveness in relation to health in the main family on mental wellbeing in couple relationships was positive and significant (β=0.076, p=0.018), the indirect effect of alexithymia through forgiveness on mental wellbeing in couple relationships was negative and significant (β=–0.121, p=0.002), and the mediating effect of forgiveness in relation to communicative beliefs on subjective wellbeing in couples' relationships was not confirmed (β=0.069, p=0.007).

According to the research findings, forgiveness plays a mediating role in the relationship between the health of the main family and alexithymia and communicative beliefs related to the mental wellbeing of couples.

Children who experience divorce suffer significant psychological, emotional, and cognitive damage. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on the subjective well-being and emotional regulation of adolescent girls from divorced families. The research method was semi-experimental, with the pretest and posttest design, a control group, and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population comprised adolescent divorced girls in the first year of high school in Rasht (Iran) during 2022-2023. The study included 27 adolescents who were selected through the purposive sampling method and assigned into experimental and control groups (14 adolescents in the experimental and 13 adolescents in the control group). For 8 weeks, the adolescents in the experimental group received positive psychotherapy in 8 sessions each lasting 90 minutes. Two questionnaires including, the subjective well-being scale (SBWS) and the emotional regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were used in this study. The obtained data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test with SPSS software. The results showed that positive psychotherapy improved the subjective well-being (F=31.97, Eta=0.56, P≤0.001) and emotional regulation (F=28.89, Eta=0.54, P≤0.001) of adolescent divorced girls. The effect size of the present intervention on mental well-being and emotional regulation was 0.56 and 0.54, respectively. Based on the findings of the research, positive psychotherapy using techniques, such as a having positive outlook on life, and teaching optimism and hope for the future, could be used to enhance the subjective well-being and emotional regulation of adolescent girls from divorced families.

 Successful parenting is a new and universal program of Shamwald about parenting that creates a positive relationship between parents and their children. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to design and explain the indigenous model of successful parenting. 

 The method of this qualitative research is phenomenology and the statistical population included all parents of elementary school students in Isfahan city in the academic year of 2022 of which 32 people (16 couples) were sampled. The measurement tool of the research was interview. Interview data were analyzed using MAXQDA 2020  software. 

 The results of this research indicate that the background conditions of successful parenting, family economy, family law, love and intimacy in couple relationships, parental responsibility towards raising children, common thinking and sharing in solving marital issues and problems, are the causal conditions of successful parenting. , study and consultation for raising children, inherent characteristics (parents' personality), intervening conditions (disturbing/facilitating), social conditions of society, economic conditions of society, family functioning, successful parenting strategies, education and awareness, joint family recreation, giving The opportunity to express oneself, to have sincere and respectful relationships with children, to supervise children, to think together and to participate in solving problems and problems with children, is the consequences of successful parenting, the progress and excellence of society, the success of the family, the success of children. 

 The native model for successful parenting is based on causal, contextual, intervening factors and strategies and consequences of successful parenting. The designed model can be effective for family counselors and psychologists as well as parents in the direction of parenting.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of pain acceptance and self-efficacy in the relationship between the tendency to addiction and difficulty in emotion regulation in patients with cancer. The current research was descriptive-correlation based on path analysis. The statistical population included all the cancer patients of Arak City in 2019-2020, out of which 215 people were selected by purposive sampling. The patients completed a battery of questionnaires including Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS, Gratzz & Roemer, 2004), Chronic  Pain Acceptance Questionaire (CPAQ, Aclestoon & Carken, 2004), Pain Self-Efficacy Questionaire (PSEQ, Nicholas, 2007) and Tendency to Addiction Questionaire (TAQ, Weed & Yacher, 1992). Data were analyzed by path analysis. Path analysis results showed that pain acceptance and pain self-efficacy had a direct and negative impact on addiction tendency (P< 0.01).  Difficulties in emotion regulation have a positive and indirect with addiction via pain acceptance and pain self-efficacy (P < 0.01). Fit indices also indicated approval of the suggested model. This suggests that pain acceptance and pain self-efficacy play a mediating role in the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and the tendency to addiction.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on resilience and emotion regulation in women experiencing domestic violence in Tehran. 

Methods and Materials: 

This semi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups and follow-up. The statistical population comprised all women victims of domestic violence in Tehran who visited psychological clinics in the first half of 2023. Participants were selected voluntarily through convenience sampling and divided into two groups: an experimental group (15 individuals) and a control group (15 individuals). The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90-minute group emotion-focused psychotherapy, while the control group remained on a waiting list. The measurement tools used in the study were the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23 in both descriptive and inferential sections (mixed ANOVA). 

The results indicated that emotion-focused therapy increased resilience in women experiencing domestic violence. Additionally, the findings showed that emotion-focused therapy enhanced emotion regulation in these women. 

Therefore, it can be concluded that group emotion-focused psychotherapy is an effective method for improving resilience and emotion regulation in women experiencing domestic violence.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Psychodrama Couple Therapy and Integrated Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) in improving dyadic adjustment among couples in Tehran in 2019. 

This semi-experimental study utilized a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all couples who were referred to the Dramatherapy Center of Iran in 2019. The study sample included thirty-six individuals, or eighteen couples, selected through an available sampling method. Data were collected using the Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) and analyzed using both single-variable and multivariate analysis of covariance. 

The findings indicated a significant difference (P<0.05) in the effectiveness of Psychodrama Couple Therapy compared to Integrated Behavioral Couple Therapy on couples’ dyadic adjustment. 

The results suggest that Psychodrama Couple Therapy has a greater positive impact than Integrated Behavioral Couple Therapy across all subscales, including agreement, expression of love, connection, and overall satisfaction among couples. Therefore, Psychodrama Couple Therapy can be recommended for improving dyadic adjustment in couples.

Cancer pain creates negative thoughts and beliefs in patients, which can affect the level of functioning and pain tolerance in these patients. In recent decades, the use of drugs for pain relief in cancer patients has increased dramatically. The present study investigated the mediating role of pain acceptance and pain self-efficacy in the relationship between the perception of social support and readiness for addiction.

The statistical population of this descriptive-correlation study was men and women with cancer in Arak city in 2020-2021. A total of 201 cancer patients referred to Arak hospitals were selected by available sampling method (97 women and 104 men). Perceived Social Support Questionnaire of Zimet et al. (1988), Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire of Nicholas (1980), Chronic Pain Questionnaire of Vowels et al. (2004) and Addiction Readiness Questionnaire by Wade and Butcher (1992) were completed by all the samples. For data analysis, path analysis method was used using SPSS 25 and Amos 24 software.

Two hundred and one patients with an average age of 53.46 ± 10.38 years participated in this research. The results indicated the optimal fit of research model. The results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between the perception of social support, pain acceptance and pain self-efficacy with readiness for addiction (p<0.001) and there is a significant positive correlation between the perception of social support with pain acceptance and pain self-efficacy (p<0.001). In the indirect path, the mediation model of social support perception between pain self-efficacy and pain acceptance with addiction readiness was significant witg the significant level of 0.001 and the standard coefficient (- 0/30).

Strengthening the social support network of individuals, along with developing a sense of self-efficacy and acceptance of uncontrollable aspects, can be considered as preventive treatment goals and plans for patients’ tendency to use drugs for pain relief.

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the Emotional Self-Regulation and compliance with treatment of people with coronary heart disease. the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population of this study included patients with coronary heart disease referred to the heart center in Hamadan in the spring season of 2023. 27 Patient with coronary heart disease were selected through voluntarily sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (14 patients in the experimental group and 13 patients in the control group). The patients in the experimental group received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy during 8 weeks in 8 sessions of 90 minutes. The applied questionnaires in this study included Emotional Self-Regulation Questionnaire (Gross, John, 2003) and Compliance with Treatment Questionnaire (Morisky et al, 2008). The data from the study were analyzed through repeated Mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 statistical software. The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has significant effect on the emotional self-regulation (f=25.93; eta=0.51; p<0001) and compliance with treatment (f=27.24; eta=0.52; p<0001) of the people with coronary heart disease. according to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can be used as an efficient therapy to increace emotional self-regulation and decrease compliance with treatment people with coronary heart disease with through mindful activities and attitudes and addressing feelings and problem-making emotion and cognitives.

Cancer patients experience severe pain for which adaptation is excruciating. The aim of this study was to design a structural model of pain acceptance based on mindfulness and difficulty of emotional regulation with a mediating role of resilience in cancer patients.

This study was based on structural equations and descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population consisted of all people with cancer referring to health centers and clinics in Sanandaj in 2019. Based on Hair's rule for sampling in structural equations, 200 patients were selected by available methods. Data collection tools included the Pain Resilience Questionnaire, Emotional Regulation Difficulty Scale, Five-Dimensional Mindfulness Questionnaire, and Chronic Pain Adaptation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Amos - SEM.

The findings of this study indicated that the variables of difficulty in emotional regulation and mindfulness in interaction with the mediating role of resilience were effective in explaining the acceptance of pain in cancer patients. The direct effects of emotional regulation difficulty (-0.57), mindfulness (0.78) and resilience (0.22) on estimating pain acceptance of cancer patients were significant (P <0.05). The indirect effects of emotional regulation difficulty and mindfulness on pain acceptance through resilience were significant (P<0.05). The total direct and indirect effects of the difficulty of emotional regulation and mindfulness on pain acceptance were (β = 0.747 and β = 0.870), respectively, which indicated the significance of the total effect of these two pathways.

Enhancing resilience and mindfulness and reducing the difficulty of emotional regulation can lead to better acceptance of chronic pain in cancer patients.

Background & This research aims to investigate the effect of the causal model of the relationship between the tendency to psychosocial harms and the hope of education in students with a statistical population and statistical sample of about 1050 people in 26 schools, of which 14 were in District 1 and 12 were in District 2. Psychological injuries result from the complex interaction of biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors. In this context, there are different views, including Freud's psychodynamic view, which emphasizes the role of unconscious determinants of behavior, and focuses on unconscious motivations and conflicts in the case of psychological injuries. Another view in this regard is the view of humanism, which believes that psychological damage occurs when people are not able to experience life in the present, and the socio-cultural point of view considers the cause of psychological damage to be factors outside the individual, social damage to any type of individual action with A group is defined as a group that does not fall within the framework of moral principles and general rules of formal and informal collective action of the society where the activists are active, and as a result, it faces legal prohibition or moral and social disgrace. The law of public morality and social order is hidden. Because otherwise, they face prosecution, moral excommunication and social exclusion. which was selected based on the proportional multi-stage cluster random method. Considering the size of 1050 people in the statistical population, the target sample was calculated using Cochran's formula, and its number was determined to be approximately 281 people.
The research tool was the tendency to psycho-social harms with a standardized 60-question questionnaire by Oruji, Marzieh (2015) with a 5-point Likert scale and to collect data related to educational hope from Sohrabi and Samani's educational hope scale. (2011) was used based on Snyder's theory of hope and Omid Shouri and Snyder's questionnaire. In the present study, the educational hope scale of Sohrabi and Samani (2011) based on Snyder's theory of hope and Omid Shouri and Snyder's questionnaire is used to collect data related to educational hope. Omid Shouri prepared the educational hope scale and adapted it for the Iranian society. This scale includes 9 items that are scored based on an 8-point Likert scale (from 1 for completely false to 8 for completely true). The academic hope scale measures the two components of agency and pathways. The sample items of these two components are, respectively, "I have many academic goals", I am looking for different ways to get good grades". Shuri and Snyder (2004) reported favorable concurrent validity as well as Cronbach's alpha reliability of the original instrument with which this instrument has high content consistency. In Iran, Sohrabi and Samani (2011) also extracted the factor structure of this instrument using the factor analysis method. Also, by calculating the correlation of hope scale with similar tools, its concurrent validity was confirmed. In addition, in the mentioned study, Cronbach's alpha higher than 0.70 for both dimensions indicated the good reliability of the tool. In the research of Sohrabi and Samani (2011) using confirmatory factor analysis method and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the psychometric properties of academic hope scale were investigated. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicate the presence of two factors of passage and agency for this questionnaire, so the factor structure of the academic hope scale was confirmed. In the transit factor, the range of factor loadings of the transit factor items was between 0.63 and 0.72 and the agency items were between 0.63 and 0.73.
the causal model of the relationship between the tendency to psychosocial injuries has an effect on the hope of education of the second year high school students of Sanandaj city; And it can be analyzed in this way that the F value of the effect of the independent variable in the fourth row of the table (204.3127) is significant, that is, after removing the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the average scores of the students' expectation of learning in the two groups in the post-test of the predicted educational program. Based on the mentioned model, there is; Therefore, the null hypothesis of the non-significance of the difference in the average of the two groups in the post-test after removing the possible effect of the pre-test is rejected.
In explaining the above findings, it can be said that mental health is "finding individuality" and the first condition of individuality is to be aware of the aspects of the self that are sometimes neglected, and the level of psychological toughness and the type of excitement can determine the type of relationship with the school. Communication with the school, which includes communication with school parents (principal, assistants and other personnel), teachers and classmates can be the main form and a specific predictor of the tendency to social harm. In other words, if a person has high psychological toughness, or in other words, the level of commitment, control, and struggle of a person, as the main components of psychological toughness and the type of positive emotion, can have positive tendencies towards the school, school staff and parents. creates and practically creates a range of student's interests to the school, which determines the form and type of relationship with the school, and this can lower the tendency to social and psychological harm in the individual, and the reverse of this characteristic Based on the obtained model, it can create a positive result in the tendency to psychological and social harms.It can be said that the causal model of the relationship between the tendency to psychosocial injuries and the hope of education of the second year high school students of Sanandaj city is effective.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Psychodrama Couple Therapy and Integrated Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) on improving conflict resolution tactics of contradictory couples.

The method of this semi-experimental study is pre-test/post-test with a control group and a follow-up phase. The statistical population included all conflicting couples who referred to Dramatherapy Center of Iran in 2019. The sample of this study includes 36 persons (18 couples) who referred to Dramatherapy Center of Iran who were selected by the available sampling method. Then they were assigned in 3 groups of 12 persons including two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group underwent 12 sessions of Psychodrama Couple Therapy by Moreno (1969) and the second experimental group underwent 12 sessions of Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy by Christensen et al. (2014). Data were obtained by using Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) by Straus (1996) and analyzed by methods of repeated measure analysis of variance using spss22 software.

The results of this study showed that Psychodrama Couple Therapy reduced physical assault (F=11.52 and p=0.001) and psychological violence (F=12.74 and p=0.001) and increased non-violent negotiation (F=58.84 and p=0.001) in the victim form and respectively physical assault (F=17.96 and p=0.001), psychological violence (F=17.08 and p=0.001) and non-violent negotiation (F=89.45 and p=0.001) in the aggressive form.

The results indicated the effectiveness of Psychodrama Couple Therapy on reducing physical assault and psychological violence and increasing non-violent negotiation in conflicting couples and its durability over time. Therefore, health professionals and therapists can use Psychodrama Couple Therapy along with other treatment methods to improve couples' conflict resolution tactics.

Due to the sensitivity of childhood and adolescence, it is necessary to study the underlying factors to prevent psychological and social harm, such as the sexual abuse of children and adolescents.

This study aimed to investigate the lived experience of children and adolescents about individual and family factors that underlie sexual abuse.

The approach of the present study was qualitative. Its strategy was phenomenological. A targeted sampling of critical cases, 15 children and adolescent victims have chosen who experienced sexual harassment and abuse and were referred to the Legal Medicine Center in Tehran, was completed based on theoretical saturation. The data collection process was during 2019. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. It was audio-recorded, and the content was converted into text. Then, the data were as concepts and categories. The research team, including the researcher, supervisors, and consultants, confirmed the validity of the interview tool. Also, the Participants confirmed the correctness of the coding process.

Research Findings showed that the main factors in the occurrence of abuse were (1) individual factors (misplaced trust, relationship with strangers, simplicity, stress, loneliness, inappropriate coverage, disregard for parental advice, and emotional dependence); And (2) family factors (poor relationship with parents, parental separation, parental strictness, busy motherhood, inconsideration by parents, poor parental supervision, running away from home, and fear of parents).

individual and family categories and comparing the results with the research background, identifying to prevent the underlying cause of sexual abuse.

The aim of present research was presenting casual model of academic well-being based on motivational self-regulation and emotional self-efficacy by mediating role of academic hardiness in female students in the third year of high school in Sanandaj in the school year of 97-98.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and structural equation modeling. 600 students were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The Tuominen-Soini et al. s academic well-being questionnaire (2012), Benishek et al. s academic hardiness scale (2005), Wolters motivational self-regulation scale (1999) and Beverly et al.'s emotional self-efficacy scale (2008) were used for data collecting. Data analysis was done by SPSS and Amos softwares.

The findings showed an indirect and significant effect of motivational self-regulation and emotional self-efficacy on academic well-being through academic hardiness. In other words, the findings showed that motivational self-regulation and emotional self-efficacy have a direct and significant effect on academic hardiness and academic hardiness affect academic well-being directly and significantly. Also, motivational self-regulation has a direct effect on emotional self-efficacy and a significant and indirect effect on academic hardiness.

The results of the present study showed that in general, motivational self-regulation and emotional self-efficacy can be suitable predictors for the academic well-being of students through their academic hardiness. The results of the present study, in accordance with the theory of self-determination, indicate that motivational self-regulation or the same as self-motivation increases academic welfare by increasing the capacity for challenge and problem-solving ability and striving for better learning.

Cancer patients experience chronic pain and excruciating pain, which makes it difficult for them to tolerate and adapt.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of an educational program based on compromise with pain on depression and anxiety of cancer patients.

The present research was conducted in a semi-experimental way with a pre-test and post-test design along with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all cancer patients referred to health centers and clinics in Sanandaj city in 2019, and 30 cancer patients were selected by available sampling and then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The participants in the experimental group received the educational program based on compromise with pain in 10 sessions 2-hour, and the participants in the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection tools were Beck Anxiety Questionnaire (1990) and Beck Depression Questionnaire (1961). Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 statistical software, descriptive indices and covariance analysis.

The results showed that the program based on compromise with pain had a significant effect (P<0.01) on the depression of cancer patients and reduced depression in cancer patients, and the program based on compromise with pain had a significant effect on the anxiety of cancer patients (P<0.01) and has improved anxiety in cancer patients.

Based on the results of the research, this program can be used in counseling clinics to help cancer patients, considering the key role of the educational program based on compromise with pain in reducing depression and anxiety of cancer patients.

 Academic engagement is one of the important educational issues that can affect the academic satisfaction of students to maintain their motivation and will to continue their studies.

 The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the educational program developed based on the model derived from the research on students' academic satisfaction.

 This applied research was a pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all female students of the second year of high school in Sanandaj, who were studying in the academic year of 2022-2023. Using the random sampling method, 40 students whose academic satisfaction scores were low were selected and replaced randomly in two groups of 20 people, experimental and control. The experimental group was taught ten 90-minute sessions of the program based on academic engagement. The members of both groups completed the academic satisfaction questionnaire of Lent et al. The data were also analyzed by mixed variance analysis method in SPSS-25.

 The results indicated that the average academic satisfaction scores in the experimental group compared to the control group increased significantly in the post-test and follow-up phase.

 The educational program based on academic engagement has been effective on students' academic satisfaction.

In recent years, education and psychology specialists have come to believe that attachment to school and Academic Engagement as a psychological state in students about their abilities is key to their academic resilience, The purpose of this study was to Modeling and testing the Relationship between academic resilient and school Attachment with mediation of Academic Engagement.

The research method is descriptive correlation and structural equation model. The statistical population of the study consisted of all secondary school students in Sardasht who were studying in the academic year of 2016-2017. From this population, 400 students were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Standardized questionnaires of academic resilience of Samuels and Wu (2009), attachment to school Moton et al. (1993) and academic engagement Zerang (2012) were used as assessment tools. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS software were.

Findings indicate a direct and significant effect of academic resilience on academic engagement and school attachment as well as academic engagement on school attachment. On the other way, the findings showed an indirect and significant effect of academic resilience on school attachment mediated by academic Engagement.

By increasing these academic resilient and Academic Engagement, students' attachment to school can also be increased.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-regulatory skills training and promotion of academic motivation in second-cycle secondary school female students of the city of Ilam. In a semi-experimental research, 72 female students were randomly selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The research design was pretest-posttest with control group.. After the pre-test, the self-regulation training program and academic motivation programs were performed for a period of 8 weeks for each variable , Weekly 1 session, for 1/5 hours, and at the end the post-test was executed. Shiikh al-Islami and Ahmadi's educational satisfaction questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire has 30 items that have been compiled in a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaire has four subscales including the satisfaction of the school, the satisfaction with the field of study, the satisfaction of the teachers and the attitude to education. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of academic satisfaction, satisfaction with the school, attitude toward education and satisfaction with teachers. The findings also showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental groups and the control group in terms of satisfaction with the field of study and there was no significant difference between the academic satisfaction of the experimental groups.Therefore, Self-regulatory and educational motivation training can be effective on students' academic satisfaction.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of educational program based on academic well-being on students' academic vitality.

In terms of methodology, the current research is part of the semi-experimental designs of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the research was all the female students of the third year of the second period of secondary school in Sanandaj, studying in the academic year of 1998-99. From this population, using the multi-stage cluster sampling method, first one school and then 40 students of that school who had low academic vitality were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 20 experimental and alternative control. became The experimental group was taught 10 sessions of 90 minutes program based on academic well-being. The members of both groups completed the pre-test, post-test and follow-up questionnaires of Dehghanizadeh and Hossein-Chari. The data were also analyzed by mixed variance analysis.

The findings showed that the average scores of the academic vitality variable in the experimental group compared to the control group increased significantly in the post-test and follow-up phase.

Therefore, the educational program based on academic well-being has been effective on the academic vitality of students.

 One of the most important issues in adolescence is to pay attention to adaptation, which can have a significant impact on individual and social life. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a protocol based on emotional communication skills training on adaptation in female adolescents.

 The present study was a quasi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all 10th to 12th grade female high school teenagers in the central part of Khoy city in the academic year of 2019-2020. Thirty subjects who scored higher than the cut-off point in the Sinha and Singh adaptation questionnaire were selected and randomly assigned to the control and experimental equal groups. The experimental group participated in 12 sessions of a two-hour emotional communication skills training program. No special training program was considered for the control group. At the end, post-test was performed for both groups. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis test and SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA).

 In the experimental group, the mean (SD) of emotional incompatibility increased from 13.1 (1.4) in the pre-test to 8.8 (1.6) in the post-test (P<0.001); social incompatibility from 13.6 (1.9) in the pre-test decreased to 8.4 (1.6) in the post-test (P<0.001); and the academic incompatibility decreased from 12.4 (1.4) in the pre-test to 8.6 (0.1) in the post-test (P>0.001). In the control group, the mean (SD) of the total incompatibility score and its components were not different in pre-test and post-test.

 The study showed that training in emotional communication skills improved adaptation in female adolescents.

Earthquake is one of the most destructive and devastating natural events. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the underlying factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in earthquake survivors.

The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and in terms of method, it is a part of sequential exploratory combined methods (qualitative-quantitative). The current research population includes all women and men who survived the Kermanshah earthquake in the cities of Salas Babajani and Sarpul Zahab located in Kermanshah province, who were exposed to the earthquake. The sample of this research was 378 earthquake victims of Sarpol Zahab and Salas Babajani cities located in Kermanshah province. The questionnaire of the underlying factors of post-traumatic stress disorder is made by the researcher and has 56 questions. The method of analysis of the present study was confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS software, version 24.

The results showed that the underlying factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in earthquake survivors included economic, environmental, psychological, family, social and cultural factors. The findings have shown that all factors of the questionnaire are positively correlated with each other at a significance level of 0.01. Based on this, it can be said that the factors of the questionnaire of the underlying factors of suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder had an acceptable internal correlation.

It can be concluded that these factors can be used to predict people who will get this disease in the future.

One of the most important disorders in children and adolescents is conduct disorder which has negative educational, behavioral, and social consequences. Among the variables that can be associated with behavioral disorders in adolescence are early maladaptive schemas. Another variable affecting behavior disorder is difficulty in regulating emotion. Impaired emotion regulation is key to individual functioning and adolescent social development. Because maladaptive schemas form the core self-concept of individuals, they can make individuals vulnerable to a range of shortcomings and problems if they have inconsistent content. Also, adolescents with behavioral problems are unaware of adaptive strategies and appropriate patterns of cognitive emotion regulation and cause social harm. So, the present study investigated the role of maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation in predicting adolescent behavior disorder.

The present study was conducted by a correlational descriptive method. The statistical population included all adolescents with adolescent behavioral disorders in Hamadan City, Iran, in 2018-19. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table, 300 adolescents referring to psychological clinics in Hamadan were selected based on the available sampling method. The inclusion criteria were being 11-18 years old adolescents with conduct disorder, based on obtaining a score of 3 or more on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach & Rescolar, 2001) and observing adolescent behavior during the clinical interview. The exclusion criterion was an unwillingness to complete the questionnaires. Subjects answered the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Young, 1998), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz and Roemer, 2004), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach & Rescolar, 2001). Data analysis was done using descriptive (frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis) in SPSS version 22 and following the test assumptions. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

The results showed significant relationships between maladaptive schemas (p<0.01, r=0.513) and difficulty in regulating emotions (p<0.01, r=0.589) with adolescent conduct disorder. Prediction of adolescent conduct disorder based on maladaptive schemas (β=0.237, p<0.001) and difficulty in emotion regulation (β=0.134, p<0.001) was significant. Also, maladaptive schemas explained 0.292, and difficulty in emotion regulation explained 0.383 of the variance of adolescent conduct disorder.

According to the results, maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation can predict adolescent conduct disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder in Hamedan City.

 Pain resilience can protect cancer patients from emotional turmoil as a protective factor in adapting to chronic pain.

 This study aimed to evaluate cancer patients’ psychometric properties in the Persian version of the Pain Resilience Scale.

 This methodological study was conducted on 200 patients with cancer, who referred to the chemotherapy section of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran in 2021 to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Ankawi Pain Resilience Scale. The subjects were selected through purposive sampling method based on inclusion criteria.

 The results indicated that Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained under the Behavioral Perseverance Scale (α = 0.86), Emotional/Cognitive Positive Thinking Scale (α = 0.93), and the whole Scale (α = 0.94). According to the exploratory factor analysis, this scale explained 65% of the variance of the pain resilience variable. The confirmatory factor analysis results confirmed that a two-factor model is a good fit for the data.

 According to the results, the pain resilience scale had an acceptable validity in people with cancer.

Family functioning through self-efficacy mediation might lead to the promotion and improvement of family hardiness among married students. The present study aimed to examine the structural relationships between family Functioning dimensions and family hardiness among married students through the mediating role of self-efficacy.

This study was quantitative and correlational. The statistical population of the study included all married students of universities in Sanandaj in 2019. Based on the targeted sampling method, 500 students (212 men and 288 women) were selected and they completed the scales of  Family hardiness index (McCubbin, Thompson & McCubbin, 1986), family functioning (Epstein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) and general self-efficacy (Jerusalem & Schwarzer, 1992). The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software packages.

The results showed that the hypothetical data model has a relatively good fit and family functioning has a positive and direct effect on family hardiness (p <0.05). Also, family functioning with self-efficacy mediation has an indirect and significant effect on family hardiness (p <0.05).

The findings of this study, along with supporting the hypothetical model for family hardiness, provide a good model for the effect of self-efficacy as a mediating variable in the relationship between family functioning and family hardiness among married students. Accordingly, the dimensions of family functioning through self-efficacy mediation lead to the promotion and improvement of family hardiness among married students of universities in Sanandaj.

 Engaging students and focusing their attention on subjects has always been one of the most important challenges of teaching.

 Was to develop a causal model of academic engagement based on the perception of classroom structure and emotional self-regulation with the mediating role of academic self-efficacy in female students of the second period of high school in districts 1 and 2 of Sanandaj city in the academic year of 2021 - 2022.

 The descriptive research method was correlation and structural equation model. 500 students were selected from the mentioned population using cluster sampling method. Reeve et al.'s Academic Engagement Questionnaires, Blackburn's (1998) classroom structure perception, Hoffman and Kashdan's emotional self-regulation, and Morgan and Jinks' academic self-efficacy questionnaires were used as measurement tools. Data analysis was done with SPSS-19 and Smart-PLS-3 software.

 The findings showed the indirect and significant effect of perception of classroom structure and emotional self-regulation on academic engagement through academic self-efficacy. In other words, the findings showed that the perception of classroom structure and emotional self-regulation has a direct and significant effect on academic self-efficacy and academic self-efficacy on academic engagement. Also, perception of classroom structure and emotional self-regulation have a significant and direct effect on academic engagement.

 The results of the present study showed that, in general, the perception of classroom structure and emotional self-regulation can be a suitable predictor for students' academic engagement through their academic self-efficacy.