hassan afrakhteh

The increase in population, combined with climate change, has significant implications for water and food in Iran. Given the intensification of these issues, concerns about the future are heightened. It is crucial to reconsider the logic and practices of governance and policymaking in the country with a forward-looking perspective, making this a serious demand and a vital necessity. The average annual consumption in Iran is about 96 billion cubic meters of water, which is about 8% more than the total incoming water resources of Iran (89 billion cubic meters). Hence, a big gap has emerged between water needs and sustainable water, which can lead the country to a social and environmental crisis affecting the lives of future generations. In this research, by using documentary data and their qualitative, empirical analysis, first the available water and the country's water needs were studied in relation to food needs. Then, possible solutions to deal with the water crisis were evaluated. The result showed that in addition to the known water limitations, land resources also create significant obstacles for sustainable food production for Iran's growing population; modernization the irrigation system, using the greenhouse system, and building more dams cannot solve the country's water crisis in a sustainable and cost-effective way; As a result, hoping for self-sufficiency in the long term will not have a favorable perspective, instead, policymakers should make their main goal to ensure the food security of the country, which can be done through optimally exploiting water and soil resources, strengthening other sectors of the economy and the possibility of importing Water-intensive goods and the production of these goods in water-rich areas of the world through joint ventures.

The purpose of this study is to answer the question of how people can change an institution whose rationality and actions are bound to the same institution.

In this review article, using the keywords, institutional system, human action, institutional changes, innovation, knowledge creation, institutional environment, institutional changes, institutional hysteresis and searching in domestic and foreign academic sources, articles and books related to the subject were collected and studied. Then, the collected data has been analyzed and concluded in the "narrative review" method, in line with the purpose of the research.

Economic action is not atomistic but relational. Individual preferences, norms, values, ethics, tastes, styles, needs, and objectives emerge from and are co-constituted through the social embedding of economic interaction. Economic actors are not isolated beings who carry out atomistic behavioral scripts; rather, they are embedded in a social environment that constitutes meaning through repeated interaction. Such a concept of relational action has three implications:(a) Conceptuality, related to situated practice and reflexive, transformative action,
(b) Path dependence, which is a matter of institutionalization and imprinting, and
(c) Contingency, associated with serendipity, historical points of inflection, and purposive action toward institutional change.

The conflict between the formation clause and the rationality of the actions of actors from institutions, and institutional changes by actors, can be through Social action, which is fundamentally reactive and contextual in nature, should be resolved. Social action cannot be understood as the implementation of institutional prescriptions
, but is revealed as reflective interaction in specific spatial-temporal contexts. When actors see specific interests and individual benefits associated with potential new institutions, they act to support their development and adoption.

Understanding the spatial distribution of employment-generating facilities in rural areas is crucial for economic development. Planning future initiatives based on this understanding can lead to the economic growth of villages and, ultimately, the country’s economy. Since economic activities, along with facilities and employment opportunities, are not evenly distributed across regions, each area requires tailored development programs that align with its unique characteristics. This study aims to evaluate spatial justice in the distribution of facilities and the trends in job creation across major economic sectors in the rural areas of Lorestan province, analyzed by county.

In the present study, a descriptive and analytical research method was employed. The analysis focused on the area of Lorestan province, broken down by county. To gather information, data from the Deputy of Entrepreneurship and Employment Development at the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare in Lorestan province from November 2021 were used, specifically for the registration and receipt of entrepreneurship credit loans. The study examined the pattern of dispersion and spatial distribution of rural employment-generating facilities and credits across various fields within the counties of Lorestan province in 2021. The spatial distribution of these employment-generating loans at the county level was mapped using ArcMap software. Finally, the hot spot analysis technique was applied to rank the distribution of loans received by the villagers.

According to data from the Deputy of Entrepreneurship and Employment Development of the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare in November 2021, a total of 5,445 employment-generating projects across Lorestan province received financial assistance. The highest number of projects was in Khorramabad County, with 946 projects, while the lowest was in Rumeshkan, with 163 projects. The distribution of financial assistance and direct employment generated by these projects followed a similar pattern. Specifically, 24% of the financial assistance and 22% of the direct employment were in Khorramabad, while the lowest percentages, 2.3% and 2.7%, respectively, were in Rumeshkan. The findings show the distribution of project numbers, financial assistance, and direct employment across the counties. Regarding the correlation between direct employment generated by rural employment loans and the unemployment rates in rural areas of Lorestan counties, the data indicates a negative correlation of -0.13. In other words, counties with higher unemployment rates tended to have lower levels of employment generation, and vice versa.To identify the spatial distribution pattern of rural employment loans across the counties of Lorestan province, the amount of financial assistance provided in each county was analyzed. Using the Hotspot technique in ArcMap, the spatial pattern was identified. The analysis revealed that counties in the central and southeastern parts of the province received the highest proportion of financial assistance, while peripheral and western counties received the least. This analysis indicates that the distribution of financial assistance across Lorestan’s counties has not been balanced or equitable.Another major indicator for evaluating the distribution of employment loans in Lorestan province is the Hotspot analysis. Maps were created and analyzed at confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99%, focusing on both hot and cold spots. The Hotspot index in ArcMap shows significant spatial disparities in the distribution of loans across beekeeping, agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, and aquaculture sectors, indicating inequality among counties. However, in sectors like medicinal plants, tourism, services, and animal husbandry, these disparities are not significant, and no identifiable inequality was observed.To evaluate the correlation between the production ratio of each county in the main rural activity sectors and the ratio of loans distributed across various sectors, a correlation analysis was conducted. The results indicate a positive correlation between production capacity and activity in the rural areas of Lorestan’s counties and the amount of loans distributed, except in the fisheries and fish farming sector, which showed a negative correlation. Specifically, the correlation in the animal husbandry sector is 94%, in tourism, handicrafts, and services 65%, in beekeeping 52%, in agriculture 42%, in the production and processing of medicinal plants 24%, in horticulture 13%, and in fisheries and fish farming -26%. Although the correlation is relatively low in the agriculture, medicinal plants, horticulture, and fisheries sectors, it is not negative. Providing more employment loans in these sectors in counties with potential can contribute positively to the sustainable development of rural areas. Overall, the distribution of loans has been aligned with the existing capacities in Lorestan’s rural areas, aiming to activate and strengthen these capacities. However, in the case of fisheries and fish farming, the distribution of loans has not been appropriate.

The research results indicate that spatial justice has not been observed in the distribution of rural employment loans across the counties of Lorestan province. There is no direct correlation between the unemployment rates in rural areas and the allocation of these loans, with most of the funds concentrated in counties neighboring the provincial capital. However, the results also show a significant correlation between the environmental capacity of the counties and the job sectors that received employment loans, suggesting that, in this regard, spatial justice has been maintained across the counties.

The goal of this research is to identify institutional variables affecting entrepreneurship in Nesa rural Area in Karaj County.

This is a fundamental, applied research that uses a descriptive survey method for data collection. The statistical population of the research comprises the residents of Nesa Rural district. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula (n = 216) and its distribution among the villages was proportional to the number of households in each village and the sampling was conducted using a simple random method. The research instrument is a researcher-designed questionnaire. In this research, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, and the partial least squares path analysis method was adopted to test the conceptual model of the research. The relationship between the variables was measured with the Pearson correlation test.

The findings of the research on the state of entrepreneurship suggest that self-employment driven by a small family business approach, mostly without innovation, has been the predominant entrepreneurial activity in the study area. The results of the conceptual research model showed that the institutional variables of economic stability, transparency and accountability, and educational system and skills training have the most direct impact on the state of rural entrepreneurship. The analysis of fit indices of the model revealed that the coefficient of determination for the dependent variable of the rural entrepreneurial status was 0.683. Accordingly, the independent and mediating variables of the model can explain 68.3% of the variance in the rural entrepreneurial status, indicating the explanatory power of the model.

The results of the research suggested that rural entrepreneurship is in a deplorable condition and despite the direct and indirect effects of institutional variables on rural entrepreneurship, institutional factors play a weak and inefficient role in rural areas. Hence, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of institutional factors such as political stability, enforcement of the rule of law among citizens, control of corruption, and payment of rewards in proportion to the endeavors and creativity of individuals to promote rural entrepreneurship.

The purpose of this study was to identify the trend of villagers' livelihood asset changes arising from tourism development on livelihood assets of tourism villages of Rudsar county in the north of Iran.

The current research is conducted in 10 selected sample villages by cluster and random sampling. The research method is qualitative with a fundamental theory process based on inductive reasoning. In a snowball and targeted method, interviews were conducted with villagers to collect data. The conceptual framework of the present study is sustainable livelihood, resting on five rural livelihood assets for identifying the tourism development changes.

In several village, changes in the five rural livelihood assets and 11 macro-categories have occurred with different intensities. On the other hand, the changes in the plain and hill villages included all five assets, and coastal villages cover only the natural and physical ones. Also, no changes were observed in mountain villages.

The results suggest that livelihood asset changes have occurred in the studied villages. Nonetheless, the changes had different functions in villages, and in some, they led to the formation of new performances.

Attaining a distinct position and competitive edge among tourists is crucial for providing the foundation for rural tourism development. This study investigates the prevailing contexts and consequences of rural tourism development in Rodbar Ghasran region, focusing on competitiveness advantages. The research is applied, fundamental, interpretive, and analytical, employing both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The analysis utilized Grounded Theory and Combined Models (FSORA, FCOPRAS), (EDAS), and SPSS software. Results indicated that among the studied villages, Lalan and Shemshak were in the best condition in terms of tourism indicators, while Hesarak was in the least favorable situation. Theoretical groundwork to examine governing contexts for tourism development identified factors such as optimal governance, institutionalization of tourism culture, decentralized approach, strategic planning based on competitive capacities, educibility of tourism, formation of a specialized team, development of tourism infrastructure, and effective advertising. Experts assigned the highest importance to optimal governance of tourism with a weight of 72.33. Similarly, the theoretical background for studying consequences highlighted sustainable tourism development, improved quality of life, marketing growth, and increased awareness and knowledge of tourism in rural areas. Sustainable development of tourism was considered the most significant consequence, with a weight of 72.54. Importantly, the results revealed a meaningful and positive relationship between prevailing contexts and consequences of rural tourism development based on competitiveness advantages in the Rodbar Ghasran region, with a significance level of 0.000.

The current research aimed to identify rural tourism's role in the sustainability of local communities in Rudbar Qasran villages.

The research method is qualitative-quantitative, and the statistical population in this research includes two groups: First, specialists and graduates of tourism and rural geography were targeted for interviews. (until the results are saturated), so 50 individuals as participants were determined by available sampling. Second part: Rural residents (Rudbar Qasran), of which 375 people were determined as the sample size based on random sampling. The grounded theory model and SPSS software were used to analyze the information in the qualitative and quantitative parts.

The results in the qualitative section extracted factors such as culture, Integrated and coherent management in the village and tourism organizations, legal and financial, infrastructure, using specialized labor, marketing, and avoiding inconsistent patterns. Also, the Kendall rank correlation test results showed that concepts of the mentioned categories and semantic units could be generalized to the population. In the quantitative part of the research, spearman correlation and regression showed a significant and positive relationship between the factors proposed in rural tourism development and local communities sustainability (economic, social, and environmental dimensions). Also, the regression results showed that among the factors entered into the regression equation, the factor (integrated and coherent management in the village and tourism organizations) predicts positive changes in the dependent variable (sustainability of local communities) more than other factors. Among all factors, "integrated and coherent management in the village and tourism organizations," with a value of 0.167, directly affects the stability of the local communities of Rudbar Qasran villages.

All the tourism development factors raised in this study can take a big step in the sustainability of local communities in Rudbar Qasran villages. These factors will improve the employment status and income of residents of local communities. Furthermore, if the service sector improves, public and private investments will provide welfare conditions for the residents of the villages.

Cooperatives as an organization are a system for movement and coordination of various efforts between members to gain common targets.

The purpose of the study: 

The aim of the current research is to find out the effective factors in the cooperation of villagers in Rural cooperatives companies.

The current study is applied regarding the purpose of the study, and descriptive-analytic with respect to method. To study the success rate of rural cooperative companies in the city, Central Division has been done. The study objectives include: attitude towards cooperative members, the participation rate of members of the cooperative activities of companies, studying the social, economic and individual members, mutual understanding and relations between these effects.

Geographical area of the research: 

This study has been done in the geographical area of Shahriar.

The study is descriptive and solidarity through a survey using questionnaires and interviews. The statistical community members of rural cooperative companies in Shahriar City Township had a total of 3000 people. Number 345 out of random sampling as the sample were determined. Validity of the questionnaire was also calculated.

Data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship and a strong correlation (65% = r) between trait individual satisfaction, attitude and knowledge, land and household income levels and these variables significantly associated with successful partnerships there.

Based on sustainable livelihood approach, livelihood foundations form the basis of villagers’ ability and power to interfere in their individual and social destiny because they determine and direct the perception, expectations and activities of individuals and families living in rural areas. According to the theory of sustainable livelihood, to end livelihood crises, methods such as tourism development should be adopted in rural areas. But in the present era, it is rural electronic tourism that accelerates and promotes the achievement of economic, social and environmental goals of sustainable rural development. The current research aimed to investigate and analyze the status of livelihood foundations, the e-tourism project, and villagers’ insight in the villages under study. The research is an applied, mixed (quantitative-qualitative) one. The data were collected through documentary studies (books, articles, and statistics) and field research (questionnaires and interviews). Sixteen indicators and 78 variables involved in the formation of livelihood capital were identified and based on them, a Likert-scale questionnaire was developed and given to the research sample (311 households). In the qualitative phase, phenomenological approach was used for sampling, then, in-depth interviews were conducted with 36 villagers until theoretical saturation. To analyze the data, SPSS, Excel, MAXQDA and ArcGIS software were used. In the quantitative phase, using TOPSIS model, in the first step, it was found that natural and social capitals had a favorable status compared to other assets. In the second step, the status of livelihood foundations in the villages was examined separately, based on which Shahrebijar, Shirkoh, and Halimejan were ranked first to third with coefficients of 0.654, 0.546, and 0.526, respectively. In the next step and in the qualitative phase, the villagers interpret their understanding of electronic tourism as visiting, advertising and marketing, online shopping, eliminating middlemen and new businesses. Furthermore, based on the surveys, it was found that the villagers with less livelihood capitals have a different vision than the villagers having livelihood capitals.

Today, one of the major manifestations of continued underdevelopment can be seen in the continuity and even widening of the income and wealth gap between rich and poor countries in the world. In other words, in all countries, both advanced and backward, there are areas that have less growth and development than other areas, and the people of these areas have a lower level of welfare than others for reasons beyond their control. On the other hand, the experiences of all development theories show that achieving development at any level and with any goal requires principled, efficient planning and exact implementation. But the main question is what is the reason that some areas, including rural areas, which have important resources and advantages for growth and development, not only have not made any progress, but also remain as an underdeveloped area compared to the surrounding areas. The main purpose of this study is to summarize studies on barriers, challenges and underdevelopment traps or known as poverty traps in rural development using content analysis method. This research is among the documentary and library researches. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research approach is quantitative-qualitative with emphasis on qualitative. The statistical population of the study includes all published articles related to the research subject, used in Iranian and foreign publications. Based on the search in a valid database, 95 articles were selected and reviewed. The results of the research show that according to the content analysis of the studies, the underdevelopment trap in rural areas has been studied in 4 criteria (productivity trap, social vulnerability trap, institutional trap and environmental trap). The most indicators related to productivity trap, vulnerability trap, institutional trap and environmental trap are product price fluctuations, lack of capital and savings, weakness of institutions and lack of infrastructure and communication network compared to other indicators, respectively. Also, in general, social vulnerability traps and related indicators have received more attention than other underdeveloped traps in rural areas.

One of the main problems of spatial development, especially in less developed complaints, is the rupture of the space organization due to the relationship between the interactions between settlements. The space organization of Zebarkhan district of Neyshabour is no exception to this rule. Efforts to address the space police force of settlements can pave the way for the development of development programs at various levels. In this regard, recognizing your relationships and your abilities in rural schools and setting up the correct way to use these abilities is one of the first and basic steps that must be taken firmly.Goal of the research: The present study analyzes and evaluates the space organization of Zebrakhan village and the changes that occurred in it during a period of 23 years (1375-98).Research

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The method of data collection was library and field. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, with a spatial approach and with a scientific method to explain the changes and developments that have occurred during the past 23 years in the space organization of the rural area of Zebarkhan, Neyshabour city. The statistical population of the study includes 29 urban and rural settlements located in Zebarkhan sub-district of Neyshabour city.Geographical area of research:The geographical area of the research is Zebarkhan village of Neyshabour city. Zebarkhan section consists of three villages that Zebarkhan village is known as the most populous village.

The findings showed that the lack of proper distribution of services and lack of spatial balance has led to increased mobility and movement between human settlements in the countryside. Therefore, the three settlements of Ghadamagah, Baghshan and Darroud with the first to third ranks have become the main places of intra-district traffic.

The results of flow analysis indicate that the flow pattern is one-way relationships and no complementary, two-way and synergistic bonds are formed. This model is in line with the theory of the growth pole with the sovereignty of cities and is still far from the regional network model. In general, it can be said that the space organization of Zebarkhan village lacks a spatial balance that by creating a balance in the distribution of facilities and services, balanced and sustainable development and optimal space organization can be achieved.

The current world economy has put ecosystems and human societies in critical straits. Neoliberal capitalism, in order to maximize profits, turns all elements of nature into commodities and justifies it scientifically. The main goal of this article is to present a conceptual framework in ecological economics. In the strict scientific sense, ecological economy refers to an economic system that is in harmony with the basic principles of ecology as well as "systemic principles of life". In a broader sense, ecological economics refers to economic theory and practice that does not see the economy dominating the fields of nature, society and culture, but believes that the economy should be active within nature, society and culture. In terms of methodology, four basic principles for ecological economics are identified based on the theory of life systems and the philosophy of organism. These four principles are nested systems, self-generating networks, open systems and cognitive interactions. The basic question is how these principles can be used to design an ecological economic system that facilitates life at the individual, social and environmental levels. The current research connects the ecological economy to the systems theory, which can justify the necessity of the research. The findings show that ecological economics should give priority to activities that maximize the well-being of humans and non-humans, as well as whole ecosystems, and its main goal should be to serve life processes in social and ecological systems.

Sistan and Baluchestan provinces and especially Sib and Soran cities have been affected by drought for many years. Most of the effects of this crisis have affected the agricultural sector, especially in rural areas. The occurrence of drought in this city has many direct and indirect effects on the lives of villagers and, certainly, it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon in terms of natural factors and the occurrence of droughts; Therefore, the first step to deal with and reduce the economic and social effects of the phenomenon will be to know and accurately understand the management factors on the occurrence and intensification of this phenomenon. With this knowledge, the study investigated this issue in rural areas of Sib and Soran cities. Quantitative research is practical in terms of purpose. Because the goal of the research is to achieve rules that are used in real and practical situations and help to improve executive methods. 19 villages and based on Cochran's formula, 300 families were selected as a sample. Data collection on two questionnaires; First questionnaire was to identify the consequences and spatial effects of drought and the second questionnaire was in the form of the Delphi technique to determine the effective management factors and strategies for drought. The risk of drought in rural areas has had negative social, environmental, and economic consequences. The spread of false and illegal businesses, the depletion of springs, wells, and surface water resources, as well as the instability of residents' livelihoods have been among the most important negative consequences of drought. On the other hand, lack of job diversity and lack of government investment is the most important management factors in aggravating the effects of drought, in which changing the pattern of water consumption and its storage as effective solutions were obtained.

In Iran, development measures are carried out in villages with the priority of physical-spatial development based on the rural leadership plan. Hadi plan or in other words comprehensive rural development plan, with the goals of creating the development and development of the village according to the cultural, economic and social conditions; provision of social, productive and welfare facilities; guiding the physical condition of the village; The creation of facilities to improve villagers' housing and environmental and public services has been prepared and implemented. Considering that this plan from the second development plan has received the attention of the policy and planning system and considering the importance of Hadi plan at the village level of Iran, it is necessary to evaluate the implementation performance of this plan as well as to know its achievements by identifying the strengths. And the weakness of this plan is to use its results to modify the conceptual framework of the plan or make a fundamental change in its framework. In this regard, the present study, which is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method (based on the contextual theory approach), has conducted a consequential evaluation of the master plan in rural settlements of Iran. The required data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 25 experts and were coded (open, axial and selective) using Maxiquida software. The results of this study showed that the process of preparing and implementing a master plan in rural settlements of the country has positive consequences (such as improving the mobility system, improving the structural housing, emergence of new economic activities, spatial equality in infrastructure and welfare services, regularity in physical expansion and promotion Environmental quality) and negative (such as poor attention to rural ownership, weakening of cultural elements, laying the groundwork for commodification of the village, increasing the size of villages around the metropolis, destruction of natural-ecological resources, weakening the cohesion and visual diversity of physical texture). Also, the results of this study emphasize that the negative consequences of this plan are affected by trends such as government-centered, weak organizational interactions, weak professional capacity of project consultants, weak local community empowerment, weak attention to local community participation and the dominance of modernist approach to project preparation.

The globalization of the economy, political, social and economic developments in societies and human interventions in the natural environment have led to the Transformations of various types of natural spaces, agricultural spaces and man-made spaces.The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent and causes of Transformations in man-made space in the Lashtnesha Area.Qualitative inductive research strategy, method of collecting documentary and field data and to study the historical developments of written and oral sources were examined.Spatial Transformations was studied through satellite imagery in the Google Earth engine and edited based on field information in the ArcGIS environment.26 samples were prepared for targeted interviews from local informants and 43 images and a video of the conditions of the region and for the analysis of all data, the qualitative method of grounded theory and ATLAS.ti software were used.According to the findings, natural spaces in the region decreased, rice increased until 1996 and then decreased, for gardens in 1996 decreased then increased and man-made spaces increased throughout the period.These Transformations were influenced by the past and its historical context and based on demographic changes, land ownership and inheritance law, along with elements such as the effects of the global economy, policy-making of governments and institutions, institutional change, dysfunctional institutions, the system of regulation and rewards, the atmosphere of uncertainty, production and uncertainty. The competitiveness of productive activities in the study area has led to the expansion of real estate capitalism and commercial and service constructions, which indicates the expansion of unproductive capitalism, the lack of complete formation of capitalist cycles. The dominant motivational structure in the area, due to historical experience, daily problems and non-indigenous knowledge, directed the mental structures and beliefs of the people towards the sale of land.

Villages that have a high population and have a council and Dehyar are determined as the statistical population of this study (14 villages). The total population of households in the studied villages is (5913) people. Therefore, based on the Cochran's formula, 360 families were selected as the sample population. The method of data collection in this research is library and field such as questionnaire, observation and interview. Then the necessary information is collected and classified. In the library section, using documents, statistics, information and experiences of other rural areas, to complete the information, refer to the relevant organizations in the region, and finally with field surveys, discussions and questionnaires, and from software ARC GIS, SPSS and Expert Choise software, Maurice Davis model are used. Findings showed that stability in environmental and spatial-physical dimensions was evaluated higher than the utility number 3 and was significant at the alpha level of 0.000. Also, the numerical mean analysis of these items in the study area shows a positive effect on the environmental and spatial-physical dimensions, which are at a higher level than other dimensions. In order to correlate the dimensions of sustainable development in terms of the degree of correlation in the performance of rural management in rural sustainability in general has been used. Non-parametric correlation analysis indicates a direct and significant relationship at the alpha level of 0.01 between economic dimensions with social, environmental and physical-spatial dimensions. There is also a direct relationship between the dimensions of the physical dimension and the social and environmental dimensions. Also, the ranking of stability dimensions showed that the physical-spatial dimension with the weight (0.356) was at the highest level compared to other dimensions and the economic dimension with the weight (0.174) was at the lowest level. Is.

Creating social justice in the villages is one of the factors that make life in the villages more prosperous and not only can it prevent the repulsion of the population, it can also attract the population. Among these, balanced distribution and distribution of rural credits are among the most important factors creating social justice in the rural environment. Therefore, using the Delphi method, seven factors of population characteristics, spatial characteristics, physical characteristics, economic characteristics, tourist attraction, natural environment characteristics, and managerial-institutional characteristics to analyze the spatial distribution of rural development credits in relation to the implementation of rural master plan in Bardsir County was determined to be divided into 23 sub-factors. Then, using AHP method, criteria and sub-criteria were prioritized. The results of this section showed that economic factors with 0.261 and household dimensions with 0.145 were the most important criteria and sub-criteria. Some criteria, such as distance from the road, did not already exist and were prepared using this tool. Also, the map of each sub-criterion was reclassified based on their importance using the GIS. Finally, the ranking of villages was done using the TOPSIS method and the results showed that out of 32 villages in which the pilot project has been implemented and allocated credit in the past, only 12 villages are in the top priorities of the TOPSIS program and 5 villages in They are at the lowest level of priority, in which the master plan has been implemented. In fact, it can be concluded that so far little attention has been paid to geographical criteria in the distribution of rural credit.

Introduction:

 Indigenous knowledge as a storehouse of nomadic knowledge has techniques that can be used to facilitate the acquisition of new techniques and be effective in the realization of sustainable production activities, which justifies the forthcoming research. Indigenous knowledge based on experience has been tested and applied over the centuries; Compatible with indigenous environment and culture; It is dynamic and changing, which is why in recent decades the use of indigenous knowledge in development programs has increased worldwide.

Purpose of the research: 

The purpose of this article is to study the indigenous knowledge of traditional ranchers in the territory of Semnan province, especially Sangsari and Elikai tribes, with a special focus on "lamb" breeding. In this study, the question has been answered that in traditional animal husbandry, what techniques have been common in the field of production, maintenance and exploitation of lambs.

The research data was collected by ethnographic method and interpreted using anthropological techniques. Geographical area of research: The statistical population of the study consists of the tribes and clans of "Nimeh Kochro" and "Rame Gardan" of Semnan province.

Utilizing the experience and accumulation of knowledge of a society, which is very costly due to the requirements of acquiring new technological knowledge. And lead productions and encourage and stimulate technological innovation. This is followed by branding and technological innovation, the issue of intellectual property, which can ultimately lead to investment trends and productive capital attraction.

There is a great potential in the indigenous knowledge of nomadic tribes and shepherds of the region, and it is worthwhile to use these resources of knowledge without arrogance in the development of productive activities as a foundation and starting point for scientific developments and society to benefit from its benefits. The reserves of knowledge without arrogance should be used in the development of productive activities as a foundation and starting point for scientific developments and the society should benefit from its gifts.

Degradation of the country's forest resources and natural pastures has various factors and has adverse ecological, economic, social and political consequences. The main purpose of this article is to explain the degradation of Iran's forest resources from the perspective of the concept of resources in a relational approach by relying on documentary information and local studies and to answer the question that from the perspective of the concept of resources in the relational approach. What are the factors affecting the destruction of the country's natural forest resources? From the set of research findings, it is inferred that in the social context under discussion, the combination of resources has had interactions that have led the use of material resources towards the use of resources in the traditional system. In the context of the study population, the interactions of natural resources, knowledge, power and social capital have been in a way that can be acknowledged. Sophisticated complex, creative and innovative interactions have no place.

In recent years, development has been emphasized from another perspective using a knowledge-based approach. This kind of view requires the creation of growth centers and technology parks in different areas. The main purpose of establishing technology parks is to promote science and technology in the region, and Sistan and Baluchestan Science and Technology Park is no exception to this rule. With the establishment of the Science and Technology Park, the province intends to increase the quality of its industrial and production sectors with the help of its human resources. The present study, with the aim of the role of science and technology parks in creating jobs for rural women, has tried to examine the importance and role of Sistan and Baluchestan Science and Technology Park in this regard. In order to collect data, snowball interviews with experts and technicians have been used. The population of this research includes officials, managers and experts in the field of science and technology of Sistan and Baluchestan province who are working in the science and technology park and the growth unit of this park. In this regard, 20 officials in the relevant field were interviewed. The results show the positive impact of technology on employment, education, turning ideas into business, self-esteem and self-efficacy of rural women. In addition to the positive effects, a number of individual, knowledge-skills, socio-cultural, managerial, legal-legal barriers to the employment of rural women were identified. Active participation of women, reform of community attitudes and development of government support were suggested.

Technological changes and enhanced human abilities in exploiting of mountainous areas, and the need for economic diversification of human settlements located in mountainous areas has led to the expansion of rural tourism (in combination with natural tourism) which can complement and encourage productive activities and provide the basis for achieving sustainable development. The present study has been conducted with the aim of investigating and analyzing the impact of the dysfunctional institutional structure on the development and consequences of tourism in the mountainous rural areas of Rezvanshahr. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population consists of mountainous tourist villages (14 villages) in Rezvanshahr district. The results showed that due to the dominance of the dysfunctional institutional structure, the expansion of tourism has led to the unbalanced development of mountainous settlements. While this activity has led to population re-attraction in mountainous villages but due to the dominance of the dysfunctional Institutional structure, it seems that the space lacks any kind of management, proper organization and it is without supervision. In other words, the dysfunctional institutional structure hinders the development of tourism via maximizing individual benefits and it led to the expansion of tourism in mountain villages for personal gain and to the detriment of the nation. While the mountains of Iran are a common natural heritage of all Iranians and this shared heritage and valuable intergenerational wealth must be obsessively managed and protected as much as possible. The effects and consequences of irrational and destructive exploitation of mountainous areas will not only be limited to the mountains but also it will expose the whole society to irreversible social, economic and political damages.

Social and economic factors which causes inequality and social exclusion have the main role in the variety of peripheral spaces forms. One cannot expect improvement in the current situation in the network economics, along with information technology at the ointment of economic neoliberalism, something that has been shown clearly by northern Europe and also by the counties that have abandoned central planning system. Analysis and planning of urban and its peripheral space, have been based on the approaches of separating the elements and factors affecting the transformation till 1990, that made it difficult to manage the city and peripheral environment comprehensively. This shows that comprehensive planning of city-region cannot be merely rely on spatial planning and positivism. It is the proper combination of methods and taking into account the political, historical, social and economic trends in planning that can improve the current situation. The system on governance and monitoring should regulate the institutional structure in such a way that, while not blocking the way for personal initiatives and personal motivations, the efforts of individuals and organizations to maximize benefits, be consistent with long term interests and national benefits.

Real estate is Part of capitalism, so long as produces the increased value by consumed value is served for productive capital flow. When it only focuses on asset value by trading and expediency Motivation the capitalism is Accounted as unproductive capital. The purpose of this research is to study and find real estate mechanism in Miandoab Area.. By applying RS technique, the changes in Land coverage of case study Area during 1998, 2006, 2016 were attained by Landsat images. 47.49 increase of built Level indicates the widespread activities of real estate in this Area. Data collection and data analysis were done by Q method. The logic of this reasoning is abduction. The society of communication includes 32 economy, geography, and planning of rural-urban professors that were selected by target sampling. The concourse of communication is arranged by new sources and Interviews in the form of 107statements, by society of communication in Q cards. The results based on factor-exploratory analysis of person-based (stephenson method) showed that eight factors as follow: economy channel and rentier government, deficiency in legal structures and Mafia activities, low risk of Investment in real estates, weakness of productive capitalism and the lack of formal channel ownership, taking land as a commodity, urban scrip and Service expanding, local-spatial representations of real estate bourgeoisie and hoarding have affected on capitalism mechanism. Also, weakness in economy channels, dependency to oil rent and disregarding of Land taxes caused to formation of real estate capitalism and eventually removed capital from production Orbit

In recent decades, planning system has faced a change in the concept of development because of the intrinsic dynamics of human societies and the ineffectiveness of theories in solving problems. The Intellectual concept development has required assessment of the conceptual framework of planning theories in the rural development. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate rural development policies of the Sixth Five-Year Development Plan of Iran based on postmodernism theory. The research methodology is qualitative based on Meta-synthesis and content analysis.  The method of collecting data is library-based and logical reasoning was used to understand the categories. The results showed that key principles of postmodernism theory are non-rationality. Evaluation of rural development policies revealed that these policies are relatively compliant with principles of postmodernism planning. In other words, programs derived from modernism are observed along with postmodernism planning policies that implies to eclecticism thoughts in provision of rural development policies of the Sixth Five-Year Development Plan.

In Iran, which is a water-scarce country, planning is centralized and large-scale based on political-contractual boundaries. This has led to the degradation of the functional levels of the land and has caused numerous problems. Therefore, finding the optimal geographical context and efficient planning unit for the lower levels has always been the focus of planning scholars including geographers. The purpose of this study is to propose a basis for the political division of space for spatial planning and transition from centralized national-sectoral planning. This research is theoretical and in terms of nature and method, it is a deep descriptive-analytical case study. The present study, with a combined approach (analogy and deduction), firstly, by analogy and logical analysis, evaluates the status quo using documentary study. Then, it studies inductively the Karkheh catchment as a spatial domain of research in order to explain an alternative pattern. Analyzes were performed using Arc GIS software. New theories of development, especially the theory of bio-regionalism, emphasize ecological factors in the designation of biological areas. The ecological implications of these theories have been specifically introduced through catchments and their relationship to communities. The findings of the study identified the catchment as a bioregional boundary and considered the Karkheh catchment to be compatible with the Lak spoken area. The results show that Karkheh catchment can be a suitable spatial planning unit for the study area. The relative homogeneity in the structure of natural-ecological, social, cultural, economic, and spatial convergence within the territory as well as the adaptation of rural and urban settle