hossein shahnazi

Dietary modification significantly impacts reducing myocardial infarction (MI) mortality and its recurrence. This study aimed to investigate the effect of education on the dietary intake of patients with MI based on the health belief model. This quasi-experimental study was conducted on patients with MI from October 2021 to January 2022. A total of 72 MI cases were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received an educational intervention based on the health belief model for three months in four sessions. The structures of the health belief model were measured using a questionnaire before the intervention and one and three months following it. Dietary intake was measured with a three-day dietary record before and after three months of the intervention. After the educational intervention, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the average scores of awareness, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy (P<0.01). However, no significant difference was observed concerning the perceived obstacles. Although there were no significant differences between dietary intake at the baseline, the intake of energy, cholesterol, and energy percent from carbohydrate, total fat, and saturated fatty acids were lower, and fiber intake was higher in the intervention group versus the control group after the intervention (all P<0.05). Given the positive effect of the health belief model in this study, it is suggested to use this model for designing education for MI patients focusing on nutrition.

Medication adherence means compliance with patient adherence to medication orders, including timely and correct consumption of medication prescribed by a physician. The present study aimed to determine the extent of adherence to hypertension drug medication in patients covered by comprehensive health service centers of Shahrekord, Iran.

A cross‑sectional study examined 401 hypertensive patients registered in the Integrated Health Record System (SIB). SIB is a Persian term related to Health Record System. To collect data, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale was used. The questionnaire was completed by the patients and analyzed using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA, version 26), Chi‑square test, independent t‑test, and analysis of variance.

The results indicated that adherence to antihypertensive medication was low in 5.7% of patients, while 63.3% of patients had sufficient compliance. Forgetting to take medications (52.9%) was the most common reason for nonadherence to medication in hypertensive patients.

Given that forgetting to take medications was the main reason for nonadherence to medication in hypertensive patients, designing and implementing necessary trainings by comprehensive health centers to realize the importance of daily use of medication by hypertensive patients and their families are recommended.

Every organization is created with human resources and without it, no organization will be able to survive. Due to the important role of human resources in health care systems and their satisfaction in ensuring the quality of care, the present study was conducted to determine the level of job satisfaction and its relationship with demographic variables in health workers working in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2020 on 164 health worker in Farsan and Koohrang counties of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. In this study, a standardized questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 at 95% confidence level. For descriptive analysis, central indices and dispersion were used and for analytical analysis, independent t-test, chi-square and one-way analysis of variance were used.

The mean scores obtained from the job satisfaction scores in the present study include 1.97 for the payment system, 3.27 for the type of job, 2.69 for the opportunities for advancement, 3.08 for the health system transformation plan, 3.10 for the organizational climate, 3.03 for the leadership style, 3.09 for the physical condition. and 2.26 were obtained for the correct execution of job packages. Statistically significant relationship between the payment system and the level of education of health workers (P < 0.001), between the opportunity for advancement and gender (P = 0.002), between job satisfaction with the health care transformation plan of health workers With the amount of service records (P = 0.002), between the organizational climate with the place of service of health workers (P = 0.004), between the leadership style and the level of education (P = 0.004), between the implementation of service packages for health workers and the residence of health workers (P = 0.004) was observed.

According to the obtained results, it was found that there is the highest level of satisfaction of health workers regarding the type of job and the lowest level of satisfaction in the field of payment system. In general, the job satisfaction of health workers working in Farsan and Koohrang cities is moderate and the need for comprehensive planning to improve the quality and quantity of health care workers is essential.

Urinary tract infection is a common infection in women during pregnancy, leading to many complications for both mother and fetus if untreated. The present study aimed to investigate the predictability of constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in adopting urinary tract infection prevention behaviors in pregnant women.

In the present cross‑sectional study, we selected 100 pregnant women who visited the comprehensive health service centers of Zarrinshahr using convenience sampling from July to September 2019. We collected data by a questionnaire designed based on the constructs of the TPB and analyzed data using SPSS 20 and linear regression test and Pearson correlation coefficient. A significant level was considered as α < 0.05.

In the study, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed direct relationships between the score of behavior and the scores of knowledge (P = 0.005), attitude (P = 0.02), perceived behavioral control (P < 0.001), and behavioral intention (P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis indicated that among the above variables, the perceived behavioral control, knowledge, and behavioral intention were significant predictors of scores of urinary tract infection prevention behaviors, respectively, in terms of their importance.

In this study, perceived behavioral control is detected as the main predictor of doing urinary tract infection prevention behaviors in pregnant women and should be considered in designing educational interventions.

Public health is one of the essential mental and psychological needs of human beings. The main purpose of this study was to present a model of participation in sports activities with the general health level and the moderating role of awareness based on the theory of planned behavior.

This was a descriptive-correlational study and survey in terms of data collection method. The study population consisted of 120000 participants in group and individual sports activities of Isfahan Municipality, Iran. A total of 384 samples (247 women and 137 men with an age average of 42 ± 14.1 and 46 ± 10.66 years old, respectively) were selected by stratified random sampling. In order to collect data, Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Planned Behavior of Karimi et al. were used for data analysis. The data obtained were analyzed using correlation coefficient, regression, and structural equations in SPSS software version 22 and AMOS software.

The results showed that there was a significantly positive relationship between willingness to do work and planned behavior of participation in sports activities, planned behavior of participation in sports activities, and general health (P ≤ 0.05).

As a result, it can be acknowledged that by informing people about the beneficial effects of sports, we can plan to stabilize their participatory behavior in sports activities in order to promote and maintain public health.

The present study aims at designing and evaluating the effect of new educational media‑based educational intervention on students’ stages of behavior change of physical activity. SUBJECTS AND

In the present interventional study, 225 students of medical sciences university were assigned into two experimental and one control groups using proportional stratified random sampling, where web‑based and software‑based educational interventions were used. Data were collected using International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Marcus’s stages of change scales, and a self‑made questionnaire including constructs of barriers, benefits, and self‑efficacy. Evaluation was conducted through pretest and posttest and immediate and 2 and 6 months of follow‑ups after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and Chi‑square, Friedman, one‑way ANOVA, and ANOVA with repeated measure.

Based on the results, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups before the intervention (P = 0.37); however, immediately and 2 and 6 months after the intervention, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of stages of change (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in the experimental group, the educational intervention led to improvement of individuals in the stages of change of physical activity. At 6‑month follow‑up, 75.4% of the software group and 60.6% of the web group achieved the maintenance stage.

The results suggest that designing intervention based on people’s level of preparation for changing behavior and using new educational methods such as web and software were effective on individuals’ progress in different stages of change of physical activity behavior and physical activity rate.

Stroke causes physiologic functional changes such as vascular resistance and arterial remodeling. This study aimed to explore the effects of 3‑month regular home‑based exercise rehabilitation on brachial flow‑mediated dilation (FMD), daily physical activity, and upper and lower extremity sensorimotor of the acute ischemic stroke patients.

This randomized control trial was done from August 2017 to September 2018. Patients with unilateral ischemic stroke were recruited from inpatient wards at an educational hospital. Patients were randomly assigned to the home‑based rehabilitation program (intervention group) or usual care (control group). Fugl‑Meyer upper and lower extremity sensorimotor score and Barthel score were evaluated in both the groups before and 3 months after baseline assessment. Furthermore, brachial artery vasomotor reactivity (FMD) hemiparetic arm assessed vascular health. The intervention group received home‑based rehabilitation exercise program for 3 months. The control group did not receive home‑based rehabilitation program and incentive telephone call. All data were collected and analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and appropriate statistical tests.

Forty ischemic stroke patients (twenty in the intervention group and twenty in the control group) were examined. Results showed that Barthel score and Fugl‑Meyer upper and lower extremity score and FMD in the intervention group were significantly higher than the control group after 3‑month home‑based exercise rehabilitation (P < 0/001).

Twelve‑week regular home‑based exercise training was well tolerated by the intervention group. After this period, improvements were reported in brachial FMD as well as daily physical activity and upper and lower extremity functional capacity.

Life skills are sets of abilities that provide the basis for adaptive and positive behavior. Although there are several studies confirming the effectiveness of life skill training on the quality of life and mental health of females, no research evidence is observed on this issue among the Iranian health care providers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of life skills training on the quality of life and general health of health care providers.

This semi-experimental study was conducted based on the pretest-post-test design with a control group. The study population was selected from health care providers in health homes of Mobarakeh and Lenjan, Iran, and they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. In the pretest, both groups completed the quality of life and general health questionnaires. Subsequently, the experimental group received five 90minute life skills training sessions (10 skills). After two months, the groups were asked again to complete the questionnaires. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 20) through the Chi-square test, independent t-test, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression.

After two months of intervention, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups regarding the total scores of the quality of life and its dimensions (P<0.05). Moreover, a remarkable difference was observed in the experimental group in terms of the quality of life before and after the intervention. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the levels of disorders regarding the general health of the experimental group after the intervention. Additionally, a reverse relationship was found between the disorders in general health of the health care providers and their quality of life with its dimensions (P<0.05).

According to the results of this study, life skills training and raising the awareness of individuals can have a positive effect on all aspects of the individuals' life, particularly, their quality of life and general health. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the efficacy of the training sessions in which different educational methods are utilized with variations in teaching techniques.

Based on the results of many studies on the relationship between nutritional status and clinical implications in dialysis patients, malnutrition is one of the most important factors associated with mortality in these patients. The current study examined the effect of nutritional education based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on nutritional knowledge, HBM constructs, and dietary intake in Hemodialysis (HD) patients. One‑hundred chronic HD patients entered to this randomized clinical trial in 2017 in Iran; 41 in control group and 45 in intervention group completed the study. Demographic data and four 24‑h recalls were collected. To evaluate the nutritional knowledge and HBM constructs, a researcher‑made questionnaire was used. Patients were evaluated before, immediately after, and 3 months after intervention. Eight 1‑h education sessions in 4 weeks were considered for intervention group. Independent samples t‑test, Chi‑square test, and repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Repeated measures ANOVA test showed significant increases in scores of the nutritional knowledge test, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers (p = 0.001), perceived benefits (p = 0.010), and self‑efficacy (p = 0.019) after the study in the intervention group. There were no significant differences between two groups in energy, protein, High Biologic Value (HBV) protein, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol, fiber, vitamin B2, B3, B6, B12, E, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium intake. It seems that education based on HBM can improve nutritional knowledge but in order to influence on dietary intake, longer interventions that are more comprehensive are needed.

The identification of the factors related to adoption of skin cancer preventive behaviors in adolescents plays a significant role in the appropriate design and implementation of relevant educational approaches. The aim of present study was toinvestigate the factors associated with skin cancer preventive behaviors in the male high school students of Isfahan, using the protection motivation theory (PMT). This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 311 male high school students of Isfahan in 2018. A reliable questionnaire was used for data collection, whose validity and reliability had been confirmed before. The data were analyzed, using the SPSS software (version 20), Pearson’s correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression, one-way ANOVA, independent t test, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated that the score of skin cancer preventive behaviors was inversely associated with response cost score (P < 0.001), while it was directly related to perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, self-efficacy, response efficacy, fear, and protection motivation (P < 0.001). The multiple linear regression model showed that among the constructs of the PMT, the scores for self-efficacy, response cost, and perceived susceptibility were significant predictors of skin cancer preventive behaviors, respectively, in order of importance. This study showed that the PMT constructs were associated with the skin cancer preventive behaviors, which could be promoted by designing and implementing educational studies based on the constructs

Effective communication between primary healthcare workers and people is a critical skill for providing appropriate healthcare. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of educational intervention on communication skills and self-efficacy of primary healthcare workers (Behvarz). This quasi-experimental study carried out between 104 people, who were the primary healthcare workers of health centers in Saveh and Zarandieh city in 2018. The primary healthcare workers of Saveh (60 people) were assigned to the test group and the primary healthcare workers of Zarandieh (44 people) were assigned to the control group. The test group received four 90 minute sessions training course on self-efficacy, and communication skills. Data were collected before the educational intervention and 2 months after the educational intervention by a questionnaire including demographic variables, self-efficacy, and a checklist of communication skills. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software through Chi-square test, paired sample t-test, and independent sample t-test. Based on the results, there was no significant difference between the mean scores of the self-efficacy and communication skills in the test and control groups before the educational intervention (p>0.05). After the educational intervention, a significant difference was observed in the all areas of communication skills (starting the session and creating a relationship, data collection, paying attention to people's point of view who referred to the health center and providing information, mutual agreement and ending the session) and self-efficacy (p<0.001). Also, the mean scores of self-efficacy and communication skills increased in the test group after the educational intervention (p<0.001). Educational intervention is effective on the improvement of communication skills and self-efficacy of primary healthcare workers.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are the major factor in the loss of working time, increased costs and human damages. There are various methods for teaching the principles of ergonomics in the workplace. The purpose of this study was the survey of training with game technique on the empowerment of health care providers in Yazd city in the field of ergonomics. In this quasi-experimental study, 30 health workers were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data were gathered by researcher made questionnaire consisted of two parts (1-demographic questions, 2-knowledge, attitudes, and ergonomic assessment of the workplace) and a checklist for assessing ergonomic risk factors in the workplace. The intervention group received educational intervention as a game during the four sessions and the control group has participated in lecture sessions. The gathered data was analyzed using statistical software SPSS19. Following the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, ergonomic assessment of the workplace, significantly increased in intervention and control group compared to before intervention. But those who used the game method got higher scores. Also, after the intervention, the score of ergonomic risk factors in the workplace was reduced in the intervention group. The results of this study emphasize the usefulness of educational intervention to empower health personnel in the field of ergonomics. Also, educational planners should use more attractive learning methods, such as game techniques, rather than lectures in the educational process.

Elderly people with low levels of health literacy, as one of the most at-risk groups, have some problems regarding the perception of information related to their health. This study was conducted with the aim of determining health literacy status in elderly population of Dorood, Iran. This cross sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 220 elderly people referring to health centers in Dorood in 2017. The sampling method was first stratified random sampling. To collect information, the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) was used as self-report. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software, using Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The mean age of participants in this study was 66.29 ± 7.57 years. The results of this study showed that the mean of health literacy score in the subjects was56.45± 19.9 from 100 and the health literacy of 57.2% of the elderly was insufficient. This study showed that there is a significant relationship between health literacy with age, education level and income (p <0.05). The health literacy of elderlies is low in Dorood and the level of inadequate health literacy is less common in people with older ages, lower education, and lower income levels.

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency throughout the world, and young girls are among the most vulnerable groups. The quasi-experimental study was conducted on randomly selected 190 junior high school girls to determine the effect of PRECEDE-based health education program in prevention of iron deficiency anemia. The intervention was carried out in three 90-minute sessions, and data were collected immediately and three months after the intervention using PRECEDE–based questionnaires. A significant improvement was observed in the case group compared to the control after the intervention in mean scores of predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude), empowering factors (holding and participation in educational classes and use of educational resources), reinforcing factors (peers’ and teachers’ encouragement) and iron deficiency preventing behaviors. The present study showed the positive effect of PRECEDE-based educational intervention in increasing iron deficiency anemia preventing behaviors.

Media play crucial role in disseminating health information. Due to the importance of accurate health news reports, and the national need to professionalism in health journalism, this study aimed to investigate the characteristics of health journalists, and health reporting status and the challenges involved.
Using consensus sampling, this descriptive cross‑sectional study was conducted on all health news reporters in Isfahan (34 journalists) in 2015–2016. Data collection was done via a researcher‑made questionnaire. Content validity of the questionnaire was determined by qualitative method and based on the opinions of six experts. The test–retest reliability coefficient was 98.0. Data analysis was done by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16 and descriptive statistics and content analysis were used for analyzing the responses to two open questions.
Among 34 journalists, 56% were women and 44% men; the majority of journalists (65%) had no specialized training on health reporting, 35% of journalists were not able to understand the health issues, and the knowledge of medical terminology in 59% of them was moderate to low. The most important required skill for reporters was the ability to interpret medical research reports (88%), 97% were eager to participate in specialized health education.
Our study showed that health journalists lacked knowledge and specialized training for dissemination of health news. This has brought about serious challenges. Thus, development and implementation of training courses in close collaboration with educational department of the Ministry of Health and news programs professionals at Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting is highly recommended.

The present study aimed to explore effects of companionship in training sessions on primiparous women’s knowledge, attitude and performance toward breastfeeding.
In this case- control interventional study, 105 primiparous women in the 30th to 34th weeks of pregnancy were selected and assigned to three groups, namely the intervention group without a companion (n=35), the intervention group with a companion (n=35), and the comparison group (n=35). Data gathering tools was a questionnaire and breastfeeding observational checklist. The control group received routine training in the hospital, but the other groups were trained by the researcher in four 90-minute sessions. Data were collected before and after the education, immediately after childbirth, and four and eight weeks after childbirth and analyzed using SPSS(version 20.0) software and appropriate statistical tests.
No significant difference was observed in terms of demographic variables such as: maternal and paternal educational level and occupation status between control and intervention groups (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between the mean scores of knowledge and attitude toward breastfeeding in the two intervention groups before and after the educational intervention, right after child birth, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after child birth (P According to results of this study, education during pregnancy and support from the accompanying person, before and after childbirth expand knowledge of breastfeeding, reinforce attitude toward it, and boost its performance.

There has been growing interest in adolescents’ emotional intelligence. The strengthening of its various components including general health, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and self-esteem seems necessary. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and general health, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and self-esteem in second grade students in public high schools of Isfahan, Iran.
This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on 240 second grade students in high schools in 2015. The subjects were selected through multistage random sampling. They completed a demographic characteristics questionnaire, Shiring’s Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Self-regulation Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale (Sherer et al.), and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, Spearman’s correlation, and independent t-test in SPSS software.
Findings: Based on the correlation test, there was significant relation between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy (P = 0.001), self-esteem (P = 0.001), and general health (P = 0.001), but the relation between emotional intelligence and self-regulation was not significant (P = 0.221).
Attention to the improvement of emotional intelligence considering gender differences can be effective on the improvement of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and self-regulation skills and general health, and thus, it is important in educational programs for students.

The early diagnosis of developmental disorders and timely interventions profoundly affect the health of children and their families; however, the detection rate of these disorders is much lower than the actual one. The present study aimed to explore effects of educating mothers about the national child development screening plan on identifying children with abnormal development.
This pretest-posttest experimental study was a randomized controlled trial. The sample size was 100 mothers with a one-year-old child having attended healthcare centers in Najafabad (one of Isfahan’s township). The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was used for gathering data. Three educational sessions were held for mothers of the experimental group. The questionnaires were completed both before and after the intervention. Data was analyzed using the SPSS program, version 20, frequency distribution, chi-square, Mann-Whitney and paired t-test.
The mean score of child development from the mothers’ perspective in all domains in the experimental group after the intervention was significantly lower than that before the intervention (p In order that mothers could fill out the ASQ correctly and children with abnormal development could be detected, it is better to provide training in the importance of developmental screening and the early diagnosis of developmental disorders. Moreover, mothers with a one-year-old child should be educated about how to complete the questionnaire. It is also important to teach how a child is assessed.

Pregnancy is one of the high‑risk periods for women’s health that the lack of attention to healthy behaviors such as weight control behaviors can lead to adverse consequences on the health of women and also the fetus. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to explore the determinants of weight control self‑efficacy among pregnant women using Health Belief Model (HBM).

In this cross‑sectional study were enrolled 202 pregnant women referring to Health Care Center in Isfahan city, Iran. Sampling method was multistage random. A researcher‑made instrument based on HBM structures was used after confirming the valid and reliable. Data were analyzed by software SPSS 21 and descriptive statistics were represented with (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and analytical (Pearson correlation, independent t and liner regression) at the significant level of <0.05.

The average age of participants was 27.80 ± 5.08. HBM structures were able explained 31% of variance of weight control self‑efficacy. Also, of the studied structures, perceived benefits, perceived barriers were statistically significant predictors of weight control self‑efficacy, within which perceived barriers (β = 0.391) was the most significant predictor.

The findings of current study showed that the HBM model could be as a suitable framework to identify effective factors for designing educational intervention to improve weight control behaviors among pregnant women.

Obesity causes depression and undermines mental health in adolescents. It is also related to adulthood diseases and mortality. The current study drew upon an educational intervention to modify some Health Belief Model constructs to preventing overweight and obesity among adolescents.
In this quasi-experimental study 100 boy students recruited from selected boys junior high schools in Isfahan. They were randomly assigned to intervention (n=50) and control (n=50) groups. In 4 training sessions, a nutritionist introduced different types of healthy foods and explained how to consume them. A sports coach also taught how to do physical exercises well in 4 sessions (each one 90 minutes in terms of nutrition and physical activity). Data of pretest and posttest gathered from demographic and a valid questionnaire were fed into the SPSS software, version 20.0 and analyzed using relevant statistical tests.
The independent t-test revealed that, before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the mean scores of knowledge, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, physical activity, and nutrition behavior (P>0.05); but, after the intervention, this difference between the two groups was significant (P Considering the positive effect of model base education to improve obesity related life style in adolescents, it seems that planning and implementing these kinds of interventions in schools will be useful to promote healthy life style in students.

The Internet is an integral part of our everyday life. Aside from its positive effects, what have garnered researchers’ attention are its adverse side effects and adolescents’ addiction to it. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Internet addiction and its relationship to anxiety, stress, and depression among Iranian high-school students in Shahr-e Kord, Iran.
The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 417high-school boys and girls in Shahr-e Kord in 2016. In order to gather data, a two-section questionnaire was applied. It included personal information and Young’s Internet Addiction Test, which explored the status of Internet addiction, and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21), which investigated anxiety, stress, and depression among the students. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software.
As for the prevalence of Internet addiction, 69.5% of the students were normal users, 27.6% had a mild addiction to the Internet, and 2.9% were severely addicted to the Internet. The results revealed that the mean score of anxiety, depression, and stress among the Internet Addiction was significantly higher than that among the normal Internet users (P Given the prevalence of Internet addiction among students in this study which is similar to some Europe countries and its significant association with anxiety, stress, and depression, it appears necessary to plan to take interventional measures and educate students about the optimal use of the Internet.

Studies report inappropriate snack and junk food consumption patterns in children and young adults in Iran. The current survey was aimed to explore fast food consumption behaviors in high-school students based on the Theory of Planned Behavior.
A cross-sectional study was done among 500 high-school students. Samples were selected based on cluster sampling method at first and simple random at second. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. To analyze, SPSS-16 and tests, including t-test, Chi-square, correlation coefficient and multiple regressions were used.
The monthly frequency of fast food consumption was 4.01. The TPB explained fast food use behaviors with R2 of 0.6, effectively. Results also represented that frequency of fast food consumption was meaningfully in line with behavioral intention (β = 0.60, P It seems likely beneficial to consider important subjective norms (especially friends) that may strongly effect on high-school student intention to use fast food. Also students perceived behavioral control must be increased.

The World Health Organization identifies oral health as a necessity for public health through the entirety of life. This issue has been considerably addressed due to susceptibility to tooth decay during pregnancy and maternal and fetal health..
Investigate the effect of educational intervention on perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, and DMFT of pregnant women..
Patients and A quasi-experimental survey (pretest, posttest, and control group) was implemented in 88 primiparous women in the first trimester of pregnancy who attended private clinics in Delfan city, Iran. It was conducted using random sampling and then assigned to intervention and control groups. Data were collected using a questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, a DMFT checklist, and some health belief model (HBM) constructs. After collecting baseline information, an educational intervention consisting of 4 training sessions for the intervention group was scheduled. In the sessions, lecture, focus-group discussion, video, and role-playing were used as the main educational strategies. Four months after the intervention, a post-test questionnaire and DMFT checklist were conducted. Data were analyzed using SPSS (ver20) software and Chi-square, independent t-test, and repeated measure ANOVA at the significant level of α According to the independent t-test, the mean score of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, and DMFT was not different between the two groups before the education (P > 0.05), during the intervention, or after intervention. Repeated measure ANOVA explained that the aforementioned score was different in the three cases (pretest, 2 months after intervention, and 4 months after intervention) after intervention (P Results showed that education on some of the HBM constructs resulted in increased knowledge of oral health, perceived susceptibility, and self-efficacy of pregnant women. It is also possible to prevent increased DMFT during pregnancy..

The stage of youth is critical for human development in several ways. On the one hand, it can lead people towards the adoption of a healthy lifestyle during adulthood based on these earlier practices. On the other hand, it can comprise the development of healthy living practices later on in live, an outcome which is often caused by the youth adopting a risky lifestyle early on.
The primary objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of implementing an educational intervention program based on the BASNEF Model (a simplified approach to understanding behavior), designed to cultivate self-administered lifestyle control skills in youths.
This was a quasi-experimental intervention study, implemented during 2010 - 2011. A total of 288 randomly selected high-school students between the ages of 15 and 17 participated in this study. These students were later divided into experimental and control groups. Subjects completed a BASNEF questionnaire at the baseline (pre-test), one month later (post-test) and three months after the educational intervention (follow-up). Four educational sessions were held, each of a 120 - 150 minute duration. After the data had been collected, the ANOVA test was used to compare trends in changes. The Pearson correlation coefficient was then used to analyze the correlation between components of the BASNEF model. Finally, regression analysis was used to determine the predictive power of the study.
Results from the intervention study reveal that the beliefs and attitudes about nutrition of the intervention group, calculated in terms of scores, improved significantly for both male and female subjects (P The BASNEF model could be effective in encouraging the adoption of nutritious eating habits and more active lifestyles at an early age in order to foster long-term health and well-being.

Self-Medication is an epidemic case whole over the world. It contains the use of a kind of drug for curing or preventing of being sick or improving health without a specialist prescription. This survey was done to consider Isfahan nurses’ perception regarding the causes of self- medication in patients.
This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 291 nurses who working in 10 private hospitals of Isfahan which selected through randomly. Gathered data were entered to SPSS software, version 20, and were analyzed with descriptive statistics along with Mann-Whitney and Spearman rank correlation tests. Alpha level set at ≤0.05.
Findings: The first reason of self-medication was the high cost of treatment and drug with 82.1%.The second reason was pre experience of sickness at a rate of 72.5% and the third reason was ignorant of the side effects of drug at a rate of 72.5%.
Based on the result of the current survey it seems that increasing co-operation between groups to reduce the cost of physicians visit fee and offering ways like the prohibition on selling drugs without prescription, and using mass media like TV to increase of people information can decrease the request form using intractable drugs.