jabbar bashiri

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by the death of neurons in the substantia nigra, the degeneration of dopaminergic neurotransmission, and the presence of alpha-synuclein and protein components in the cell body of neurons. The purpose of this research was to explain the effect of three months of interval aerobic exercise and quercetin supplementation on Bax and Bcl-2 in the hippocampus of male Parkinsonian model rats.

To conduct the present experimental research, 28 male Wistar rats were prepared and divided into 5 healthy control groups, 5 Parkinson's control groups, 6 Parkinson's training groups, 6 Parkinson's melatonin groups, and 6 Parkinson's training + Parkinson's supplement groups. were divided Then, the training groups performed the interval training program for 12 weeks and consumed 100 mg/kg of quercetin daily. Finally, after the last training session, the hippocampus tissue was removed to check the research variables.

The results showed that the interaction effect of exercise and supplementation on one hand and the main effect of supplementation on Bax on the other hand are not significant, but the main effect of exercise on Bax is significant. It was also found that the interaction effect of training and supplementation on the one hand and the main effect of training on bcl-2 is significant. But the main effect of croestin supplement on bcl-2 is not significant.

According to the results, the use of exercise alone or in interaction with Croestin supplement is recommended for diabetics under expert supervision.

Parkinson's disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of catalepsy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic training and food restriction on dopaminergic and catalepsy neurons in the brain tissue of Parkinson's disease model of rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months were randomly divided into five groups (n=8): healthy control (C), Parkinson's disease model (P), Parkinson's disease model + aerobic training (P+T), Parkinson's disease model + food restriction (P+FR), and Parkinson's disease model + aerobic training + food restriction (P+T+FR). The aerobic training regimen consisted of three months with five sessions per week at an intensity of 75-80% of maximum oxygen consumption. The food restriction group received approximately 11 grams of food daily. Catalepsy was assessed using the rod test, while dopaminergic neurons were quantified through brain sectioning and microscopic counting.

The P+T+FR group exhibited a significant increase in dopaminergic neuron count compared to the C, P, P+T, and P+FR groups (P=0.001). Furthermore, a significant reduction in catalepsy was observed in the P+T+RF group compared to the P group (P=0.001).

The combination of three months of aerobic training and food restriction resulted in improvements in dopaminergic neuron count and reduced catalepsy in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. These findings suggest that aerobic training and food restriction could serve as potential complementary interventions for Parkinson's disease treatment, alongside pharmacological approaches, warranting further investigation in this area.

     Considering use of caffeinea supplement by athletes and harmful effects of long-term caffeine consumption on male fertility, the aim of this study was determine effect of moderate aerobic exercise combined with Sertoli cell medium conditioning on testicular damage caused by caffeine consumption in adult male rats.For this purpose,30male Wistar rats weighing250±20grams, age9-10weeks, were celected in5 groups(healthy control,affected by caffeine,caffeine-exercise,caffeine-medium conditioning and caffeine-conditioning-medium-exercise).Groups2to5for4weeks, caffeine dose200mg/kg orally and group1receivedsame amount of distilled water.After 6weeks, conditioned medium Sertoli cells was injected into efferent ducts mice in treatment group.After 8weeks of media conditioning injection and moderate aerobic training(60minutes,1bar per day¸5days per week),blood was collected from all mice and testes¸ epididymis were isolated.Then the blood samples were centrifuged at speed of3000rpm,at temperature40degrees Celsius for15minutes,and highly soluble serum was used measure testosterone hormone by radioimmunoassay method.In study the histopathology of testis samples fixed in10% formalin,5micron thick sections were prepared according to method of preparing tissue sections for hematoxylin-eosin staining.prepared tissue sections were examined for histopathology. In group under influence of caffeine, level of testosterone decreased significantly compared to control group(p<0.05).In both caffeine-media conditioning group and caffeine-exercise group, level of testosterone increased significantly (p<0.05).In caffeine-media conditioning-exercise group, level of testosterone hormone shows significant increase compared to previous2groups(p<0.05).In histopathological observations, testicular tissue in caffeine-damaged group has severe changes in germ cells and stop spermatogenesis,reduction germinal epithelium layers,edema, severe hyperemia and bleeding in interstitial space,irregularity of overlying epithelium,changes in thickness and irregularity in basal layer and irregularity,wrinkling and disintegration of structure of tubules,in many ducts.It was sperm maker. significant improvement was observed in caffeine-media conditioning-exercise group and tissue structure of testicles was relatively normal or close to normal. Consuming conditioned media of Sertoli cells and performing aerobic exercise at same time improves testosterone hormone indices and reduces harmful effects of caffeine on testicular histopathology of rats.

Considering the consumption of caffeine as a supplement favored by theathletes and the proof of its long-term abuse effects on male fertility, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate aerobic training combined with the conditioning of Sertoli cell media in testicular damage caused by caffeine consumption.For this purpose,30male Wistar rats were tested in5groups.For4weeks, the groups received caffeine at a dose of200 mg/kg orally and group1received of distilled water.42days after that, the conditioned media of Sertoli cells was injected into the efferent ducts of the rats in the treatment group.After8 weeks, mice were sampled.Tissue samples were studied by histomorphometry andSOD,,GPX, TACand MDA.The group under the influence of caffeine compared to the healthy group, significantly(p<0.01).had lower values of seminiferous tubule diameter, epithelium height, interstitial thickness,TAC, SODandGPXand higher values ofMDA. Respectively, the three groups affected by caffeine along with exercise treatment, treatment with media conditioning and exercise along with media conditioning compared to the group affected with caffeine, have higher values of seminiferous tubule diameter, epithelium height, interstitial thickness,TAC, SODandGPX,and MDA values were lower.In the treatment group with media conditioning and exercise, there was a significant difference in the amount of decrease and increase in the mentioned parameters compared to the other two treatment groups (p<0.05).The results of the present study showed that the use of Sertoli cell media conditioning and aerobic exercise at the same time, with synergistic effects, improves the antioxidant defense indices and reduces the harmful effects of caffeine in the testicular tissue of rats..

Diabetes leads to defects in BDNF function and disturbances in CRP and IL-6 serum levels. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of simultaneous endurance-resistance exercise on BDNF, CRP, and IL-6 serum levels in type1 diabetic male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 30 adults male Wistar rats (250-300 grams and aged six weeks) were randomly divided into three groups including two diabetic groups, diabetic exercise (n=10), diabetic control (n=10) and a non-diabetic group, healthy control (n=10). At the end of the eight-week-old, an amount of 55 mg/kg of body weight of streptozocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally, to make diabetic. The diabetic exercise group performed the eight weeks of combined exercises; 5 times per week (endurance exercise with 75% Vo2max on the treadmill and strength training including 15 times climbing the ladder). To measure the serum levels of BDNF, CRP, and IL-6, blood samples were taken. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test were used to compare between-group and intra-group changes of BDNF, CRP, and IL-6. The significance level was P<0.05.

After eight weeks of endurance-resistance training, BDNF level significantly increased in the diabetic exercise group compared to the diabetic group (P=0.009). Whereas, it significantly decreased in the diabetic control group compared to the healthy control (P=0.0001). CRP levels significantly decreased in the diabetic exercise group compared to the diabetic group (P=0.008). However, it significantly increased the diabetic control group compared to the healthy control (P=0.0001). There was no significant change in IL-6 level (P=0.057).

It is recommended that diabetic people perform eight weeks of simultaneous endurance-resistance exercises to increase BDNF levels and reduce inflammation.

Oxidative stress induced renal injures are intensified following myocardial infraction(MI) which are accompanied by an elevated NOX4 expression rate. However; the effect of exercise training following MI on blood Nox4 and renal oxidative stress markers have not investigated in spite of the apparent evidence regarding the effects of physical training on renal structure and function, which was investigated in this study. 24 male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups (n=8) of healthy control, MI control and MI training. Eight weeks of running training at moderate intensity on a treadmill was conducted following MI induction via two executive days’ injections of Isoproterenol (100 mg/kg.day). while renal MDA, cabonylated protein(CP) and 8OHdG levels via spectrophotometry and colorimeteryWhile blood NOx4 as well as renal MDA, CP and 8OHdG levels in MI control rats were higher than their healthy control littermates, the amount of these parameters (except for CP) in MI group was lower than healthy control group (p=0.001 in any circumstances). However, all indices including on blood NOX4 (p=0.029) and renal MDA(p=0.001), CP(p=0.001) and 8OHdG(p=0.019) levels in MI training rats was still higher than healthy control littermates. MI is able to increase blood NOX4 level and incidence of renal oxidative stress. However, aerobic training could not fully ameliorate these hazardous effects of MI, in spite of its appreciable capabilities to reverse this trend. It seems that identification of the best effective training protocols in this area is warranted in addition to Eliminating the limitations in this study.

Exercise and supplementation prevent the dysfunction of BDNFand disorder in the serum levels ofCRPandIL-6caused by diabetes.The purpose of the study wasto determine the simultaneous effect of2months of combined training and taurine supplementation onBDNF,CRPandIL-6indices in diabetic rats.In this experimental study.30 adult male Wistar rats(250-300 grams and aged six weeks)were randomly divided into three groups diabetic exercisesupplementation(n=10),diabetic control(n=10)and healthy control(n=10).At the end of the8weekold,the amount of 55 mg/kg of body weight of streptozocin(STZ)was injected intraperitoneally,to make diabetic.The diabetic exercise-supplementation group performed the two months of combined exercises,5timesperweek(aerobic exercise with75%Vo2max on the treadmill and strength training includes15 times climbing the ladder).Taurine supplement was available to rats in the form ofa1%solution in daily drinking water(500 ml).The serum levels of BDNF,CRP and IL-6 were measured with Eliza method.OnewayANOVAand posthoc Tukey test were used to compare betweengroup and intragroup changes of BDNF,CRP,IL-6.The significance levelwasP<0.05.After two months of aerobicstrength training and taurine supplementation,BDNFserum level significantly increased in the diabetic exercise group compare to the diabetic group(P=0.003).Whereas,it significantly decreased in the diabetic control group compared to the healthy control(P=0.0001).CRPserumlevel significantly decreased in the diabetic exercise-supplementation group compare to the diabetic group(P=0.008).Whereas, it significantly increased the diabetic controlgroup compared to the healthy control(P=0.0001).After2months of aerobicstrength training and taurine supplementation there was no significant change inIL-6 serum level in the diabetic exercisesupplement group compared tothe diabetic control group andinthe diabetic control group compare to the healthy control(P=0.059).According to the findings ofthis research,2months of simultaneous aerobic-strength training and taurine supplementation are recommended to increaseBDNFlevels and reduce inflammationin diabetics.

Arsenic exposure could likely lead to hepatic apoptosis and metabolic disturbances and high intensity interval training (HIIT) as well as curcumin supplementation seems to improve this condition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of HIIT and curcumin supplementation on hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and caspase-3 as well as blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glucose, triglyceride (TG), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in rats exposed to arsenic.

During the experimental study, 48 male rats were randomized into six groups of arsenic-HIIT (HIIT), arsenic-curcumin (curcumin), arsenic-HIIT-curcumin (concomitant), arsenic, ethanol control, and normal control. Arsenic and curcumin (5 and 15 mg/bw/day respectively) were consumed by gavage method. HIIT performed six weeks, five d/w, 60 min/session, consisted of running bouts (four min) at 85-90% of vVo2max with two min active rest intervals. The data were measured using colorimetry and Wester blotting and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA at the p<0.05.

Hepatic caspase-3 as well as blood glucose and TG were significantly higher, and blood TAC and HDL levels were lower in arsenic group compared to normal control (p=0.001 under any circumstances). However, blood HDL, glucose and TAC in all three groups of HIIT, curcumin and concomitant as well as liver caspase-3 just in concomitant group had not significant difference as compared to control group (p>0.05). Additionally, hepatic NRF2 were elevated to levels even higher than control group in curcumin and concomitantc groups (p=0.001).

Although the up-regulated blood TG-induced by arsenic could not restore with HIIT, curcumin or concomitant interventions, however, three interventions efficiently restore the elevated blood glucose and also the lowered HDL and TAC. Moreover, increased hepatic caspase-3 was only corrected with concomitant intervention, while only curcumin could restore the lowered levels of hepatic NRF2 induced by arsenic.

we investigated the effects of six weeks of HIIT and curcumin supplementation on hepatic cellular death and also GSH level in male rats exposed to drinking water arsenic.

48 rats were randomized in six groups including HIIT, curcumin, HIIT+curcumin, arsenic, ethanol control and normal control. Arsenic 5 mg/bw.day and curcumin 15 mg/bw.day, were consumed orally for entire the study period. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (5 d/w, 60 min/session (with 4 min running at 85-90% of Vo2max and 2 min recovery at 50-60% of Vo2max intervals).

Arsenic exposure down regulated hepatic CK18 M65 level and also in a lesser extent; the cellular GSH content. Curcumin supplementation either alone or concomitantly with HIIT, could reverse the changes in hepatic CK18 M65 level. However; only in the HIIT+curcumin group, a remarkable elevation of hepatic GSH level was observed.

Arsenic exposure renders liver to an increased oxidative stress and apoptosis level and the both HIIT and curcumin supplementation have appreciable effects to neutralize these hazardous effects. Moreover, only the synergistic effect of HIIT and curcumin supplementation could attenuate the liver antioxidants following arsenic exposure. However, more investigations remains to be done because of the study limitations and lack of similar evidence in this area.

Diet-induced obesity is associated with several cardiovascular diseases and myocardial apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the myocardial apoptosis in the diet-induced obese rats.

Thirty-two male rats, after an obesity induction period, were randomly selected and assigned to four groups including non-obese control (NOC; n=8), basal obese control (BOC; n=8), obese control (OC; n=8), and obese+HIIT (OT; n=8). NOC and BOC groups were sacrificed before the training period. The OT group underwent a HIIT program performed 5 times/week over 12 weeks. Rat hearts were removed 48 hours after the last training session. The Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome-c, Bid, caspase-8, as well as caspase-3 protein expressions were analyzed using western blotting. Data were analyzed using independent t test.

After obesity induction period, the Bax, Bid, cytochrome-c, caspase-8, caspase-3 proteins, and Bax/Bcl-2 in BOC were found to be significantly higher than those in NOC (P=0.025, P=0.0001, P=0.013, P=0.017, P=0.01, P=0.18, respectively). However, Bcl-2 protein in BOC was detected to be significantly lower than that in NOC (P=0.025). The results obtained after completing HIIT training showed that Bid, cytochrome-c, caspase-8, caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl-2 in OT were lower than those in OC (P=0.005, P=0.039, P=0.001, P=0.04, P=0.05, respectively). However, Bcl-2 protein in OT was significantly higher than that in OC (P=0.004). No significant difference was found between OT and OC regarding Bax protein (P=0.32).

Diet-induced obesity may have exacerbated the myocardial apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. However, it seemed that HIIT training significantly prevented the increase of myocardial apoptosis in obese rats.

Arsenic exposure leads to cardiomyocyte apoptosis as well as cardiac failure and it seems high intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplementation could be beneficial. However, no straight information is available in this area. Therefore, the effects of HIIT and curcumin supplementation on myocardial caspase 3 level as well as expression of miR-30, miR-199a and miR-874 were investigated in rats exposed to arsenic via drinking water.

48 rats were randomized in six groups including Arsenic-training, Arsenic-curcumin, Arsenic-training+curcumin, arsenic, ethanol control and normal control. Arsenic 5 mg/bw.day and curcumin 15 mg/bw.day, were consumed orally for entire the study period. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (5 d/w, 60 min/session (with 4 min running at 85-90% of Vo2max and 2 min recovery at 50-60% of Vo2max intervals).

Arsenic exposure increased cardiac caspase 3 level (P=0.001), while decreased mir-30 expression (P=0.001) compared to control group and these changes could only attenuated by curcumin supplementation (P=0.039 and P=0.003 respectively). However, HIIT did not exacerbate effects from arsenic exposure upon caspase3 up regulation as well as a diminished mir-30 expression level (P=0.095 and P=0.26 respectively).

Arsenic exposure could likely predisposes the heart toward apoptosis which seems could be attenuated only by curcumin supplementation. Moreover it seems that HIIT fails to overcome arsenic toxicity; neither exuberate cardiac apoptosis. However, more researches are warranted because of the lack of evidence and also study limitations.

The risk of renal injury rapidly increases following myocardial infraction (MI), however; aerobic training and curcumin supplementation have beneficial effects on both the kidneys and the heart post MI. Moreover, blood renalse level can also provide appreciable information regarding these organs health status. Therefore, the aim of study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training and curcumin supplementation on blood renalase, creatinin and blood ure nitrogen (BUN) levels and renal tubular damage in male rat model of induced myocardial infraction.

40 male wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n=8) of healthy control, MI control, MI training, MI curcumin and MI concomitant (training+curcumin). MI was induced by isoproterenol injection. The training program (consisted of five sessions of running/week at moderate intensity on a treadmill) was conducted throgh eight weeks and curcumin was administrated by gavage method 15 mg/kg.day. Blood renalse was determined by ELISA method, while creatinine and BUN level by enzymatic method and the tissue damge level was evaluated by histologic analysis. The data was analysed by one-way ANOVA (Tokey test as post hoc) and Chi square tests with a confidence level of 95%.

Blood renalse (P = 0.001), creatinine (P = 0.001) and BUN (P = 0.025) was significantly higher in MI control group compared to healthy controls. However, the amounts of these indices had no significant differences with MI control group in all three intervention groups of MI training, MI curcumin and MI concomitant (P > 0.05). However; renal injury was significantly lower in all three intervention groups than MI control group (P = 0.007, P = 0.037 and P = 0.001 respecetively) and also in MI concomitant group compared to both of MI training (P = 0.006) and as well as MI curcumin (P = 0.003) groups.

The hazardous effects of MI on all three variables could be ameliorated following all three interventions. However, the concomitant intervention is superior to both of the aerobic training as well as curcumin supplementation for reductions in the histologic injury level.

little is known about the concomitant effects of HIIT and Q10 supplementation in modification of the mitochondorial biogenesis and function in obesity conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the concomitant effects of HIIT and Q10 supplementation on soleus muscle mitochondorial content as well as NRF2, SIRT-1 and Tfam levels in obese male rarts.

48 rats randomized into six groups of lean, obese reference, obese control, obese+HIIT, obese+Q10 and obese concomitant (HIIT+Q10). Obesity was induced by high fat diet and HIIT) were done for 12 weeks (five sessions/week, with 10 intrval bouts for four min at 85-90% of v VO2 peak each session), while Q10 was consumed 500 mg/kg.bw daily. Data were measuered using western blot and Mitotrackervmethods and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.

Mitochondorial content (P = 0.049) as well as NRF2 (P = 0.002), SIRT-1 (P = 0.007) and Tfam (P = 0.040) levels were significantly lower in obese control than lean group. Mitochondorial content and SIRT-1 levels of three intervention groups of obese+HIIT (P = 0.001), obese+Q10 (P = 0.001) and obese concomitant (P = 0.001) were significantly higher than obese control group and even could precede lean group values (with exception for mitochondorial content in obese+Q10 group (P = 0.001)). Moreover, only in both groups of obese+HIIT ( P= 0.033), and obese concomitant (P = 0.038), NRF2 levels were significantly higher compared to obese control group. However, in none of the intervention groups the Tfam levels had significant differences compared to obese control group (P > 0.05 in all three cases).

Obesity likely suppresses soleus muscle mitochondorial biogenesis, or at least increases the removal rate of pre-existing mitochondria. However, HIIT as well as Q10 supplementation seems to partially capable to restore this down regulation, with a greater effects expected for HIIT. However, more investigations remain to be done due to lack of similar evidence and study limitations.

the aim was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and curcumin supplementation on expression levels of FSTL1 and Smad7 and also Type I, III and IV collagens in rat model with myocardial infraction (MI).

48 male rats were randomized into five groups of Reference, HIIT, Curcumin, Concomitant (HIIT+ Curcumin) and Control, following isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction. After Reference group execution in order to conform the MI, curcumin was administrated through oral gavage 15 mg/kg.day. HIIT sessions were conducted for five days per week, each session for 60 minutes, consisted of 10 bouts (each for 4 min) of running repetitions at 85-90% of v VO2 peak separated by 2 min active rest intervals between running periods. Left ventricular FSTL1, Smad7 and also type I, III and IV collagens expression level was detected by western blotting.

In all three intervention groups of HIIT, Curcumin and Concomitant, the cardiac weight was significantly higher (p=0.001, p=0.018 and p=0.001 respectively), while type IV collagen expression level was significantly lower (p=0.001 in any circumstances) than Control group. However, only in the Concomitant group, a significantly lower type III collagen (p=0.033) expression level as well as higher FSTL1 (P=0.001) and Smad7 (P=0.008) expressions were recorded, compared to the Control group.

A diminished cardiac type IV collagen expression level in accompany with a zero mortality rate in all three interventions could likely imply on the safety of HIIT as well as curcumin supplementation to suppress post infraction myocardial fibrosis. However, only concomitant intervention could decrease infracted left ventricular type III collagen expression level, with an elevated FSTL1 and Smad7 expressions, which outlines their synergistic prescription to achieve better results. However, more researches remains to be done because of the lack of evidence and study limitations.

Little is known about the concomitant effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin on arsenic toxicity in the brain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of HIIT and curcumin supplementation on cerebral malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, homocysteine and also expression of caspase3, caspae-8 and caspase-9 protein in rats exposed to arsenic.

In this experimental study, 48 male rats were randomly divided into six groups: arsenic+training, arsenic+curcumin, arsenic+training+curcumin (concomitant), arsenic, ethanol-control and normal-control. Arsenic five mg/kg/day and curcumin 15 mg/kg/day were consumed orally (gavaged) for six weeks. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (five sessions/week, each session lasted 60 min) consisted of four min running bouts at 85-90% of vVO2max with two min recovery intervals at 50-60% of vVO2max. Elisa, Western blot and also TBARS as well as Grace reaction methods were used to quantify cerebral homocysteine, caspase expression, MDA and nitrite levels respectively. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests at the p<0.05 level.

Arsenic exposure significantly elevated brain caspase-3, -8 and -9 expression, as well as MDA and homocysteine levels (p<0.05). All of three interventions including HIIT, curcumin and their concomitance obviated arsenic induced cerebral MDA elevation compared to normal control group (p<0.05), however; it could not fully corrected homocysteine levels (p>0.05). Caspae-8 and -9 protein expression levels were restored to normal control group level, just in concomitant group (p<0.05).

Arsenic exposure leads to an increased rat cerebral homocysteine, lipid peroxidation as well as intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways activation. While HIIT, curcumin and their concomitance prevented arsenic induced cerebral lipid peroxidation, only with curcumin supplementation remarkable benefits were observed for rest of variables. Further, only in the concomitant group, the arsenic induced elevations in the activity of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways were fully prevented. However, more researches should to be done because of the study limitations and lack of similar evidence in human population.

High-fat diet (HFD) can cause several health problems and chronic inflammation. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of endurance training along with HFD on serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17 in male Wistar rats.

In an experimental-controlled study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups of HFD, training (T), HFD + training (HFDT), and control (C). Exercise training consisted of 40 minutes of running on treadmill at the maximum speed of 55%-65%, five sessions per week for four weeks. Forty-eight hours following the last intervention, serum IL-6 and IL-17 levels were measured. Data analysis was conducted by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test at P<0.05.

The results showed that serum IL-6 and IL-17 levels significantly increased as a result of HFD (P=0.001). Endurance training decreased IL-6 and IL-17 levels and there was a significant difference between training and HFD groups (P=0.001). However, based on the difference between HFDT and control groups, the variables did not return to baseline values.

According to the results, HFD induced inflammation in a short duration of four weeks manifested by elevated inflammatory indices. In contrast, endurance training ameliorated HFD-induced elevation of IL-6 and IL-17 and these levels did not return to baseline values.

Nowadays, considering the occurrence of various diseases as a result of inflammation, finding a solution for inflammations caused by various factors is very important. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and complementation on the levels of CD22 and TRL4 in obese wistar rats.

In an experimental study, 40 Wistar rats of two-month age range, were purchased from Pasteur Institute of Karaj and divided into four groups (each group including 10 animals) of high-fat diet without intervention, endurance training group, only olive supplement, and the olive supplement group with endurance training. Animals in the training groups underwent a two-month endurance training program (80% maximal oxygen consumption). Also, in the olive oil supplement group, one gram of olive oil per kg body weight was fed daily through oral gavage. ELISA method was used to evaluate serum TLR4 and CD22 levels, Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normal distribution of samples, and one-way and two-way ANOVA were run for the purpose of between groups comparisons (p<0.05).

The results showed that two months of endurance training alone do not have a significant effect on inflammation )TLR4 (P=0.09), CD22(P=0.16)) in obese male Wistar rats. However, consumption of olive oil alone significantly reduced TLR4 (P = 0.009) and CD22 (P = 0.008). This is while two months of endurance training with oil consumption had no significant effect on TLR4 (P = 0.09) and CD22 (P = 0.10).

It seems that consumption of olive oil can reduce obesity-induced inflammation (TLR4) to some extent. However, further research is needed to fully reveal this.

Obesity is associated with several metabolic disorders and myocardial apoptosis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation on myocardial apoptotic proteins in obese male rats.

Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups including non-obese control (NOC), baseline obese control (BOC), HIIT, CoQ10, HIIT + CoQ10, and control. NOC and BOC groups were sacrificed at the beginning of the study. Exercise groups were subjected to a HIIT program over 12 weeks. Rats in CoQ10 group were gavage-fed with 500 mg/kg-1 CoQ10 supplement throughout the study. The heart muscle was removed 48 hours after the last training session. The B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cytochrome c, BH3-interacting domain death agonist (Bid), caspase-8, and caspase-3 protein expressions were analyzed using western blotting. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The Bax, Bid, cytochrome c, caspase-8, caspase-3 proteins, and Bax/Bcl-2 were significantly higher in BOC group compared to NOC (P = 0.025, P = 0.0001, P = 0.013, P = 0.017, P = 0.010, P = 0.180, respectively). Moreover, Bcl-2 protein was lower in BOC compared to NOC group (P = 0.025). HIIT program decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (P = 0.012), Bid (P = 0.0001), cytochrome c (P = 0.003), caspase-8 (P = 0.006), and caspase-3 (P = 0.002) proteins and increased Bcl-2 (P = 0.001) proteins in heart muscle. CoQ10 supplementation significantly increased Bcl-2 protein content (P = 0.001).

HIIT exerts an anti-apoptotic effect in heart muscle of obese rats. Although the administration of CoQ10 increased Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein, it did not show a potent synergistic effect along with HIIT to reduce obesity-related myocardial apoptosis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of aerobic training and curcumin supplementation on  mitochondrial NRF-1 and NRF-2 gene expression of cardiomyocytes in infarction model male rats.

32 male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, aerobic training, supplementation, and aerobic training + supplementation.  The training  and training + supplementation groups participated in an aerobic training program for 8 weeks. The training was performed on an intelligent animal electronic treadmill 5 days a week, and at this time the control and supplementation  groups did not have an training program. Also, curcumin supplementation was given to the supplementation and training + supplementation groups five days a week by gavage.  After surgery, the expression of NRF-1 and NRF-2  genes in cardiomyocytes was avaluated using real-time PCR method. Shapiro-Wilk and two-way analysis of variance were used for the analysis of data.

Both training and curcumin supplementation variables significantly increased the expression of NRF-1 and NRF-2 in cardiomyocytes.  The results also showed that there is a positive and significant interaction between two variables, so that the increase in expression of NRF-1 and NRF-2 genes in the training + supplement group was more than the other groups.

 It seems that both training and curcumin supplementation alone and in interaction with each other can increase the gene expression of some factors that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiomyocytes of male rats with myocardial infarction.

Obesity contributes to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance (IR). In contrast, exercise and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) have been recommended to assist glucose control and IR.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and COQ10 supplementation on hepatic IRS-2 and SREBP1 proteins in obese male rats.

Forty-eight male Wistar rats after an obesity induction period were randomly assigned to six groups, including non-obese control (NOC), baseline obese control (BOC), CoQ10, HIIT, HIIT + CoQ10, and control. NOC and BOC groups were sacrificed at the beginning of the study period. After 12 weeks of intervention consisting of HIIT program (2 min running at 85% - 90% speed max interspersed with 2 min running at 45% - 50% speed max, 5 sessions per week) and/or CoQ10 supplementation (gavage-fed 500 mg.kg-1) protein content of hepatic SREBP1 and IRS-2 were measured by western blot analysis. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and two-way ANOVA at P < 0.05.

Comparison between non-obese and obese control groups indicated a significant difference in weight and Lee index (P < 0.001). Obesity induction elevated hepatic SREBP1c, while reduced IRS-2 protein content (P = 0.0001). Moreover, HIIT decreased hepatic SREBP1 level (P = 0.007), whereas increased IRS-2 content (P = 0.0001). However, CoQ10 supplementation had no significant effect on SREBP1 and IRS-2 (P > 0.05), and no interaction between treatments (HIIT×CoQ10) was observed (P > 0.05).

HIIT positively regulates hepatic proteins involved in hepatic IR. However, CoQ10 has no effect on proteins involved in hepatic IR implication that its effect on glucose regulation and IR does not seem to be mediated by SREBP1 and IRS-2 proteins

A high-fat diet increases triglyceride (TG) accumulations in hepatocytes and results in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs). In this regard, this study investigated the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), along with a high-fat diet on the serum levels of aminotransferases in male Wistar rats.

Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the standard diet, high-fat diet, exercise + standard diet, and exercise + high-fat diet groups (each containing 10 animals). HIIT program consisted of 6-12 repetitions of 2-minute highs-intensity exercise (85-90% of the maximum speed) interspersed with 1-minute low-intensity exercise (45-50% peak speed) with the frequency of 5 sessions a week over 12 weeks. High-fat diet groups received a diet regimen including 58% fat, 25% protein, and 17% carbohydrate, ad libitum. The blood samples were taken from the left ventricle 48 hours following the last intervention to assess TG, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate amino-transferase (AST) concentrations. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests.

The findings showed the mean of ALT, AST, and TG in the high-fat diet group was significantly greater compared to the standard diet group (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the mean of ALT, AST, and TG in the exercise + high-fat diet group was significantly lower in comparison with the high-fat diet group (P = 0.01, P = 0.017, and P = 0.012, respectively).

Although HIIT ameliorated high-fat diet-induced elevations in the serum levels of TG, ALT, and AST, they did not reach the baseline levels. Thus, it may indicate that a diet as the underlying cause of NAFLDs is more important than any other interventions such as exercise.

Obesity suppreses muscle mitochondorial biogenesis and the effects of HIIT and Q10 in this area remains to be more investigated. The aim was to investigate the concomitant effects of HIIT and Q10 supplementation on two indices of mitochondorial biogenesis in obese male rats’ skeletal muscle.48 male rats[16 weeks, obese group weight: 272to372gr(308.8±22.36gr); normal weight: 140 to 197gr (158.622.21gr)] were randomized into six groups including normal weight, obese reference, obese control, obese HIIT, obese Q10 and obese HIIT concomitany with Q10 groups. Obesity was induced by high fat diet. Q10 supplentation 500 mg/kg.bw.day and HIIT(10 activity bouts for 4 min at 85-90% of v VO2 peak with 2min rest intervals) were done for 12 weeks. Western blot and spectrophotometery methods were respectively used to quantify the variables and the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. A lower soleus PGC-1α content were observed in obese reference(P=0.001) and also obese control(P=0.003) groups compared to normal weight group with higher citrate synthase activity (P=0.039,P=0.031 respectively) in both of them. HIIT(P=0.001), Q10(P=0.001) and their concomitment (P=0.001) elevated PGC-1α expression to levels even higher than normal weight group, with more efficacy were noted for HIIT rather than Q10(P=0.017). None of interventions changed CS activity (P>0.05). It can be concluded that obesity suppreses muscle mitochondorial biogenesis and HIIT efficiently compensates this condition and even elevates muscle mitochondorial biogenesis compared to normal weight rats. Q10 supplementation has also beneficial effects, although weaker than HIIT. However, more investigations remain to be done because of similar evidence and study limmitations.

The effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplementation on CD31+ capillary cell count and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in left ventricle (LV) of male rats in the model of myocardial infraction were determined in this study. 40 male rats were divided into four groups: HIIT, curcumin, concomitant (HIIT+CUR) and control following isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction. Curcumin was administered through oral gavage as 15 mg/kgbw/day. HIIT was performed for 8 weeks, 5 sessions a week and included 60 minutes of interval running (4 min. of running with the intensity of 85-90% of VO2max and 2 min. of active recovery with the intensity of 50-60%). The results showed that HIIT in both HIIT and concomitant groups significantly increased LV VEGF protein expression (P=0.001) while no effect was noted for curcumin (P>0.05). Only curcumin significantly reduced (P=0.001) LV MMP9 protein expression (in both curcumin and concomitant groups). All three interventions significantly increased LV CD31+ capillary cell count (P=0.001). A significantly greater effect was noted for HIIT than curcumin (P=0.001) and for concomitant than both HIIT and curcumin (P=0.001). The results showed that all three interventions including curcumin, HIIT and concomitant were involved in capillary proliferation following infraction; however, curcumin induced capillary growth seems to occur through paths independent of VEGF as well. But the exact function of MMP9 down-regulation induced by curcumin is still unclear and more research is required because of the study limitations.

There is a little information about the synergic effects of exercise training and curcumin supplementations on arsenic exposure in the brain. We investigated the effects of six weeks of aerobic training and curcumin supplementation on hippocampal caspase 3, total antioxidant capacity and GRP78 level in rats exposed to arsenic.

Eighty five male rats were randomized in six groups including training, curcumin, training+curcumin, arsenic, ethanol control and normal control. Arsenic and curcumin were administered orally for entire the study period. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (5 d/w, 60 min/session (with 4 min running at 85-90% of Vo2max and 2 min recovery at 50-60% of Vo2max intervals).

 Exposure to arsenic through drinking water caused a significant increase in the amount of caspase 3 (P=0.001) and GRP78 (P=0.001) and a non-significant decrease in the total antioxidant capacity level (P=0.95) of the hippocampus. HIIT also significantly elevated hippocampal caspase 3 level (P=0.001), however only curcumin supplementation could attenuate caspase 3 (P=0.001) and TAC alterations (P=0.001) induced by arsenic exposure.

Arsenic exposure renders the hippocampus to oxidative stress and risk of apoptosis. In spite of a remarkable protective effects by curcumin supplementation, HIIT fails to overcome arsenic toxicity in the brain.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HIIT and curcumin supplementation on cardiac tissue caspase 3 content and also expression of miR-1 and miR-133 in rats exposed to arsenic. Forty-eight (age: 16 weeks, weight: 340.31 ± 24.77 gr) male rats were randomized into six groups including on Arsenic-Training (HIIT), Arsenic-Curcumin (Curcumin), Arsenic – Training + Curcumin (Concomitant), Arsenic (Arsenic), Ethanol Control and Normal Control (pure water). Arsenic 5 mg/bw.day and Curcumin 15 mg/bw.day were consumed orally for six weeks. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (5 d/w) including on 60 min interval running/session (each interval bout was consisted of 4 min running at 85-90% of v Vo2max with 2 min recovery between work intervals at 50-60% of v Vo2max). Cardiac Caspase 3 and miRNAs expression levels were evaluated by western blot and RT-PCR analysis methods respectively. Cardiac mir-1 expression level (P=0.001) and also caspase 3 content (P=0.001) were higher, however; mir-133 expression level was lower (P=0.001) in the Arsenic group than the Normal Control. While no differences were observed in miR-1(P=0.20) and miR-133 (P=0.45) expressions as well as caspase 3 content (P=0.26) between the HIIT and Arsenic groups; lower caspase 3 content was observed in Curcumin group than the Arsenic counterparts (P=0.001). However, in Concomitant group, there were a lower mir-1 expression (P=0.042) and caspase 3 content (P=0.001) in accompany with a higher mir-133 (P=0.010) expression compared to the Arsenic group. Arsenic exposure predisposes cardiomyocytes to apoptosis via modifications in both miR-1 and miR-133 expressions which is associated with cardiac diseases. While physical training could not fully overcome arsenic toxicity in cardiomyocytes, curcumin supplementation and mostly the concomitant effect have more benefits. However, more research warranted to be done because of the lack of similar evidence and also limitations in this study.