jamile tavakolinia

Landscapes cannot be explained only by obscure geographical frequencies that can be described by objective methods, but they are real subjective observations and experiences that can be inferred by artistic and aesthetic perception, analysis and comparison. Thus, recognizing the elements of the emergence, formation and development of any perspective can be considered as a mirror of the whole picture of human knowledge, culture and perceptions in geography. It is based on such an understanding that the present study attempts to combine qualitative content analysis techniques and soft operations based on interpretive philosophy with a qualitative approach to the question of why each geographical (urban) landscape emerges. Thus, by analyzing the content of printed resources in this field, 14 categories were extracted, and the experts answered the questions related to the role of each category by using the evaluation questionnaire. Finally, after collecting the questionnaires from 10 geography experts, with the help of Fuzzy DEMATEL technique, the existing relationships between categories were analyzed and finally, due to the defect and inability of this technique in leveling, the effective levels between categories were determined by ISM technique. In the meantime, the results indicated that the worldview category, which in the general sense includes religious and ideological concept, is considered as an independent variable of the geographical landscape system. At other levels, there is civic awareness, philosophical thought, and political thought, which serve as the basis for the geographical landscape. In this context, the perspective variables of context, governance, cultural dimensions, and social context are defined as the moderating variables of the geographical landscape system. From the set interaction of variables mentioned, such as the organization of living space, reading of living space, public and private agreement and social resilience are obtained.

Over the past years, the issue of equal participation of disabled and marginalized people in economic, social, and civil life has been a top priority for many countries. With life expectancy increasing across the world, cities need to accommodate an aging and growing population. Developing inclusive urban environments that support residents with different abilities in all stages of life is essential. This approach aims to restore the self-esteem and independence of disabled people and to encourage the development and implementation of user-friendly, universal, and inclusive design. This study analyzed the factors that affect the creation of inclusive urban spaces. The main indicators and variables of creating such spaces were determined by reviewing the theoretical research literature and using the opinions of 20 urban geography experts. Using Interpretive-structural modeling, the relationships between the indicators and the degree of influence and dependence of each one were determined and analyzed. Based on the findings of the research, effective factors in the creation of inclusive urban spaces were presented on 7 levels and consisting of 37 components. The most influential factors include accessibility, simple and understandable use, comfort, and flexibility

The quality of life in border cities depends on the influence of various social, economic, cultural, transportation, healthcare and communication factors. The theory of quality of life promotes and develops the concepts of the quality of people's living environment to provide the best ways of living for it, which is a social goal in different countries. In this article, the quality of life in the border city of Marivan has been investigated using economic, social, service, and physical-environmental indicators. The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied. The method of data collection is document and random..

The statistical population was calculated according to the population of Marivan city and using Cochran's formula, 383 people were randomly distributed. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, t-test, correlation coefficient test and multivariate regression.

The results showed that because the sig value of each of the indicators is smaller than the value of 0.05, there is a significant relationship between these indicators and the quality of life, and according to the average of the indicators, the economic index with an average of 2.55 is low. It is above the desired level of 3 and the rest of the indicators are above the desired level, the physical-environmental index with an average of 26.91 is the highest about the quality of life. The correlation coefficient of economic and social indicators is two by two and vice versa, service and physical-environmental indicators have the most relationship with each other, but according to their sig value which is less than 0.05, all of them have a significant relationship with each other.

The multivariate regression test showed that the physical-environmental index has the greatest impact on the quality of life index and the economic index has the least impact.

Cultural and physical changes are one of the forms of modernization and globalization processes in developed countries, and today the consequences of these processes have increased in the cities of developing countries. These consequences can be examined in several urban scales, including urban neighbourhoods. The following article examines the impact of modernization and globalization in the two neighbourhoods of Amiriyeh and Zafaranieh in Tehran and the reason for their differences in physical structure and cultural identity. The research method is quantitative and its strategy is causal. The research data collection tool is based on library studies, field methods and questionnaire techniques. The sampling method is based on the corrected model of Cochran, in which 60 questionnaires are distributed in each neighbourhood and questions about cultural identity are asked from the residents of the neighbourhood, the municipal officials and the housekeepers of the neighbourhoods, and the examination of the physical structure is based on field observations. Data analysis and comparison are made using Friedman and T statistical tests. The results of this research show that due to the different cultural, social and economic texture and structure of the two neighbourhoods, and since globalization and modernization focus on areas with higher information capabilities and potentials, the Zafaranieh neighbourhood in comparison With the Amirieh neighbourhood, it has been more affected by the processes of modernization and globalization, and their consequences are very evident in the production of the space of this neighbourhood from the point of view of the physical structure and cultural identity

Covid-19 is the third coronavirus after SARS and MERS in the last two decades, which has been able to infect humans by passing through animal species. What is certain is that cities are key jumping off points for the spread of a global pandemic. As this disease has challenged the health infrastructure of cities and the planning of urban planners. Now cities have come to the conclusion that they are very vulnerable and cannot be proud of what they have. Currently, the World Health Organization considers the Covid-19 disease a threat to all countries. The 22nd most populous city in the world has the highest death rate from respiratory diseases in Iran. Before the spread of Covid-19, respiratory diseases were the third cause of death in Iran. In this research, the metropolis of Tehran has been selected as the most populous and most polluted city in the country for research in the field of corona disease. And the main goal of the research is to investigate and spatially analyze disease-19 at the level of neighborhoods in Tehran. The main necessity of this research is the presence of the covid-19 disease at the level of the society and in Tehran as the center of the country, which has so far caused a lot of loss of life and, due to widespread closures, a lot of financial losses to the government and citizens. Due to the unknown nature of this virus, the present study and other related studies are helpful in identifying important dimensions.

The method of this research is analytical and exploratory. The data of this research was obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medicine, National Statistics Center of Iran and Tehran Municipality. In age grouping, one of the population census standards including 5 age groups 0-14, 15-24, 15-44, 45-46 and 65 years and above was the basis of the analysis. The data related to the spread of covid-19 (60111 people) were analyzed and prepared in Excel software during 20 months, and then descriptive analysis (including mean, standard deviation) was presented using SPSS software. In this research, 60,111 cases of Covid-19 have been investigated in the neighborhoods of Tehran. Set scan software was used for spatio-temporal analysis. In order to identify and discover the clusters, at first, time analysis was used, then spatial analysis was used, and finally spatio-temporal analysis of the prevalence was done. To investigate spatial autocorrelation, Moran's and cluster and non-cluster analyzes were used. Also, in this research, statistical scanning software was used to identify clusters.

The investigation of the spread of covid-19 during 20 months in the neighborhoods of Tehran showed that the distribution of the infection in the neighborhoods was heterogeneous. Men were more affected than women in all age groups, and the age group of 45 to 64 years had a higher incidence than other age groups, and the age groups under 25 had the lowest rate of infection in Tehran. The results of the statistical scan to identify time clusters showed that the highest rate of outbreak occurred in the 13th to 16th months of the outbreak, and as a result, a time cluster was identified in these months. This time cluster covered from April to July 1400. These clusters were close in terms of time and number. Also, 5 spatial clusters were identified in the investigated period, and clusters one and three were more important in the center and north of Tehran. The most spatial concentration of these clusters was in the center, north and south of Tehran. Some of the most important risk factors are in these two clusters. Like the presence of more elderly people in the northern areas, and polluting gases such as PM10 and NO2 were more scattered in the central and northern areas of Tehran. Finally, a significant spatio-temporal cluster was identified in the center toward the south and southeast, which showed that the prevalence clusters must have been influenced by the specific characteristics of urban neighborhoods. For the purposes of this analysis, spatio-temporal clusters are of the highest importance because they include both time and space. Previous studies show that the central and southern neighborhoods of the city have unsuitable environments due to the intense concentration of activities and pollutants. The results of the local Moran analysis showed that the high patterns are located in the center and the low patterns are located in the western part of the city. The results of the local Moran based on gender showed more changes, so that the high clusters in men were identified in the northern regions in addition to the center, and the low clusters were also present in the southwest in addition to the western regions. In women, there was a high clustering pattern in the central areas, but no low patterns were seen. The reason for the presence of these clusters can be related to the following: the extent of the western areas (21 and 22) is large and the population density and building density are low in them, and instead, most of the businesses and official buildings are located in the central areas of the city. For example, District 12 (Tehran's main commercial center) is not only located in busy streets, but also has the largest number of gas stations. Also, the height of the land is high in the northern and western areas of the city and there are natural air corridors in them. Instead, the amount of air pollution in the central and southern parts of the city has been reported more than in other areas, which can be one of the factors of high clusters in these areas.

It seems that for the effective prevention and control of the spread of Covid-19, individual health and medical policies and measures should be integrated with urban planning strategies, including the control of environmental pollutants and the implementation of environmental health programs. Therefore, paying attention to the investigated prevalence clusters at the neighborhood level of Tehran can help the policy makers of this sector for better planning.

Paying attention to expected performance is highly important in studying the structure of metropolitan regions. An appropriate structure and spatial-operational crystallization are constructive factors that ensure equilibrium and optimal performance. In this regard, the lack of knowledge of spatial nature, passivity, and poor performance are among the critical challenges of the spatial organization of city-centric areas in Iran, especially Qazvin. Therefore, in this research, we used the Meta-analysis method and three basic components - structural, operational, and interactive - to recognize the structural-operational nature of urban regions. We used graphic-based statistical methods in ArcGIS to investigate the obtained components. The analysis results showed that Qazvin's operational territory nearly corresponds to the urban collection scheme territory according to pendulum streams. Structural analysis of the Qazvin urban region showed that population and activity concentration is in the northeastern province toward the Tehran metropolis. By investigating the interaction component, we determined a strong relationship between Qazvin and peripheral urban and rural regions and a weak relationship with middle and southern urban regions. Operational analysis of the Qazvin urban region shows that, on the one hand, the peripheral position of the Qazvin urban region towards Tehran, and, on the other hand, passive local management at the inter-provincial level results in a lack of active interaction between Qazvin and peripheral outer-provincial centers. Therefore, we emphasize spatial integrity and introduce the need to apply novel managerial approaches based on regional governance and regional identity.

Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. In this study, the metropolis of Tehran has been selected as the most populous and polluted city in the country for research on lung cancer. 4158 deaths from lung cancer occurred during the study period in Tehran and Attempts have been made to use descriptive and inferential methods, as well as GIS software, to analyze the epidemiology of lung cancer and the factors that affect it (important risk factors). Based on this, the coefficient of changes and drawing of diagrams and maps have been used to study the current trend and the growth model has been used for forecasting. Important variables such as old age, smoking, asbestos and gender emissions, and habitat were also examined. The findings show that areas in central and southern Tehran have more deaths from lung cancer than other areas, and areas in the west (21 and 22) have experienced lower rates. Mortality rates are higher for men than for women of all ages, and 61.04% of lung cancer deaths are in the age group of 65. The results of the change coefficient model showed that the death rate due to this disease has been increasing during the years 1390 to 1394 and in 1396 there has been an increasing trend. Also, some areas of Tehran in terms of age (3 and 6) and smoking (3, 7 and 15) as well as asbestos emissions (increase in 1397) are more likely to suffer from death from lung cancer. Finally, according to the growth model, the northern and eastern regions and some central regions will continue to face the current trend of more deaths from lung cancer. As a result, it seems that to prevent and effectively control deaths from respiratory diseases, individual policies and health care measures should be integrated with urban planning strategies, including controlling environmental pollutants and implementing environmental health programs.

During the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. Today, as a metropolitan city that is supposed to play an international role in the region and a national role in the country, Tehran is facing numerous problems and issues that stem from underdeveloped local communities and absence of good urban governance. Consequently, the present study seeks to address the role of NGOs as an institutional capacity in realizing and improving the governance process in line with increasing the participation of local communities.

Conducted with the purpose of examining the role of NGOs in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city, this research employed the survey method and field studies. Data collection was carried out via distributing questionnaires among the sample population. The hypotheses of the study were then tested using statistical softwares such as the SPSS. The questionnaire included 35 items, out of which 10 and 25 items were specified to measure variables of NGOs and good urban governance, respectively. In this regard, 5 items were considered for each component of good urban governance which included participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. The scale of the study was validated by extracting the components of variables under measurement from the existing literature. Subsequently, they were localized using the comments of experts. Content validity and measurement scale were evaluated through qualitative reasoning. That is, the questionnaire used in this study had 3 content validities as the variables under measurement were derived from related research and constructs in questionnaires were correctly perceived by the sample population. To pretest the designed questionnaire, they were distributed among 10 experts and professors; next, following the correction and balancing of a few points, they were distributed among 30 individuals within the initial sample population; given the comments of this group, the relevancy of questions was ensured in relation to the sample population. Ultimately, the final questionnaire was designed and used for data collection.Results and DiscussionThe hypotheses were examined and the results are explained below:In the main hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that in order to realize good governance in cities as local environments, it is necessary to utilize capacities present in the constitution, century-long experiences of consultative localism (city association, Islamic council), and global experiences in the area of NGOs. Indeed, addressing the management of cities through a participatory approach requires an efficient framework which, according to the experiences of developed countries, is the good urban governance; an approach that is recommended by the UN as the global policy trustee in line with offering development. Accordingly, by increasing the social capital and accountability of local managers, emotional refining of the citizens, attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, and providing social solidarity in Tehran metropolitan city, NGOs have provided the means for realization of good urban governance.In the first secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “participation” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of participation in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. In affairs such as participation and delegation of authorities, urban management needs to mitigate legal ambiguities and increase localized educational and research centers. Subsequently, the government can play an effective role in this process by carrying out a set of sociocultural actions such as producing educational contents for schools and universities, instructing teachers, judges, government staff, and law enforcement personnel, teaching the principles and frameworks on the importance of utilizing the participation of NGOs through media and particularly the IRIB, reviewing the current rules and regulations in Iran, and modifying bureaucratic procedures. Governments can also increase the authorities of civil institutions such as the NGOs and mitigate urban management issues with the help of the local citizens as local governments, using the indices of good urban governance.In the second secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “reliability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of reliability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level.

suggest that NGOs currently do not occupy a suitable position in Iran; accordingly, any collective movement considered as voluntary activities are at a declining level throughout the society. Therefore, despite the considerable willingness of individuals to participate in such activities, factors such as low levels of trust and reliability in the society and absence of common positive values has resulted in these activities to remain as mere mental desires rather than practical, objective actions. In these circumstances, NGOs cannot be expected to be significantly effective on the area of reliability.In the third secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “transparency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of transparency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. There is an insignificant percentage of individuals within NGOs who believe in the effectiveness of these organizations on the transparency of the authorities; subsequently, an inconsiderable extent of willingness is shown to carry out activities in NGOs in line with establishing transparency among government authorities. It appears that in the current conditions, NGOs do not have a considerable effectiveness in realizing good urban governance due to issues that obstruct their activities along with the risks of engaging in political areas. As a result, to achieve success in increasing transparency, the entire government and non-government bodies and sectors including schools, universities, newspapers, the IRIB, and other mainstream media should work in harmony.In the fourth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “accountability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of accountability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. By attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, NGOs have managed to elevate the spirit of questioning among the members of the society; in addition, these elite individuals have managed to get their questions across to the government using modern communication tools including social networks. This has led to urban authorities to be held accountable, hence properly realizing this important aspect of good governance.In the fifth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “efficiency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of efficiency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Such lack of effectiveness can be attributed to a number of reasons including structural inadequacies in NGOs, weak social trust in these organizations, economic issues present in voluntary activities, and absence of professional functions in NGOs in shaping the civil society.

Results showed that in general, NGOs do play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city; however, despite their effective roles in actualizing components of participation and macro accountability, they do not seem to have an adequate role in realizing components such as reliability, transparency, and efficiency. Ultimately, it should be pointed out that the structure of urban management in Tehran at local levels requires enhancing the role of NGOs and participation of local communities and multilevel and multi-agent governance in line with efficient and effective urban management whilst reinforcing indices of good urban governance including participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Reinforcing good urban governance against a government-centered urban management approach requires a strong political will at the higher echelons of governance, particularly their belief in such pattern of administration.

Governance as an approach which has been formed conflicting with the concept of government in which it is tried to prepare principles like corporation, transparency, justice, responsibility, responsiveness, laws, consensus, and efficiency in order to develop the urban management performance. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the status of good governance approach in urban management of Babol. The descriptive-analytical method was used in which the necessary data were gathered using the questionnaire designed for the citizens and civil experts to benefit from their views. The analysis was done using descriptive tests like the mean, variance, and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics including one-sample T-test and Friedman. The obtained results showed the governance indicators in urban management of Babol are not satisfactory and there is no good urban management performance in the city. Based on the obtained results from the SWOT model to improve the urban management performance based on a good governance approach in Babol, a competitive strategy should be prioritized in order to develop the local institutions and to boost the performance of urban management.

Urban is a social institution and itʹs identity not only a locational reality but also it is a reality with social, cultural, economical elements. They are formed by preserving the physical and architectural exclusive characteres, social accumulation and citizen lifestyle in the historic variation processes. Cities loss their readability and identity in changing and sprawl trends. This applied research, examined the effect of the urban spatial stractural changes and sprawl expansion on its identity in Sari. The research method is documentary and field studies, the processing and Structural analysis were performed by using smart pls software and the hypothesis of the effect of urban expantion and sprawl on the physical, functional, perceptual factors of identity was confirmed with regression coefficients -0.746, 0.798 and -0.722. The results showed that urban sprawl led to loss of the physical and preceptual factors of urban mental image landscape and urban historic tradition center and reduction of social cohesion. The result of this trend in sari converted Social walking city to the car-friendly sprawl citiy

The central part is the identity of a city and due to multiple urban functions, it is the best representative of human culture. However, uncontrolled expansion of the cities has caused a number of issues and problems. In the past, urban centers were the residence hubs in addition to being a place for events and gatherings, spending time and civic interactions, but over time, some of these activities have moved from the centers to the periphery and subsequently, the population habitation in surrounding areas has gradually led to social, economic and physical decline in urban centers. As long as, Functionalist approaches business centers and efficient families leave the centers in favor of the suburbs and poorer households with weak social and economic bases and abandoned property migrants choose the centers for housing, many characteristics of decline and decline such as high unemployment, low skill level, poor housing conditions, poor and unusual social environment, high density and severe social damage, etc. are brought to the center. Positivist philosophy, modernist planning, geometric typology, hardware engineering all created the conditions for the pure economic, social, and physical characteristics of urban centers to disappear and the weakness of policies of reconstruction and habitation of residents, job opportunities and housing development priorities in other urban areas and the lack of attention to intermittent development exacerbated the decline in quality of life in urban centers. The central part of Tehran is no exception to this rule. The bazaar, which was once considered as the backbone of the city, after the period of modernization with the rapid growth of urbanization in the second Pahlavi period was neglected. District 12, with the area of ​​Tehran Bazaar and adjacent residential areas, has lost one third of its population during 1980-81. Various groups living in this area, especially higher-income families, have left the city center to live in better-equipped and modernized areas of north of the city, and immigrants and low-income families have replaced some of these families. The available data show that the northern part of Tehran bazaar belonged mostly to low-income groups of bazaar merchants and other urban groups. In recent years, one of the new approaches that has been considered in responding to this issue is the notion of quality of life, which in addition to objectivity and external manifestations, also attends mental and internal vision in planning. Although various studies have been conducted on quality of life, but due to 1) lack of comprehensive studies in all aspects of quality of life and 2) lack of causal relationships between variables affecting quality of life with emphasis on the commercial sector of the city, this study is necessary and it is also an innovative aspect of this research. Therefore, the purpose of this study is "analysis of causal relationships and identifying key factors affecting the reduction of quality of life around the city's commercial centers" in the study sample.

This research is applied one in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in view point of nature. The methods of data collection are quantitative. In this research, at the first, indicators were extracted from theoretical foundations, only repetitive indicators in relation to quality of life have been used. After determining the criteria and indicators that reduce the quality of life in the first stage of Delphi, these indicators were provided to a group of experts to confirm their validity according to the local conditions of Tehran's 12th district, on this basis a number of indicators were eliminated and some were added and in the continuation of the work for more validity in the form of a matrix of 27 x 27 were provided to 19 experts for the survey. Variables that can be used to analyze the disturbance of the balanced relationship and spatial dialectic in this part of the city and according to other sources and interviews with experts, the binary relation  of these variables is measured and analyzed during research.

In both direct and indirect relationships resulting from MIC MAK software, macro and institutional policies are at the first level, policies that stem only from macroeconomic trends and not the public utility, such as inappropriate gentrification and renovation policies. In worn-out textures, the development of the service sector and the decline of industrial and workshop activities, the inefficiency of the planning institution at the national level, unproductive capitalism, rapid population growth in recent decades, the uncontrolled expansion of Tehran, market trading land and rent in the northern and western regions of the city, inefficiency of the planning institution at the national level, inefficiency of land management policies, lack of services in urban plans, lack of accountability in Tehran, inappropriate housing policies at the national level and Local, lack of services in urban plans, rapid migration in recent decades and lack of accountability in Tehran lead to the disruption of balance and the emergence of inequalities and classification of society, and finally reduce quality of life.

The results show that according to the indirect relations matrix, the variables of "policy inefficiency", "unproductive capitalism" which are managerial and institutional indicators, are recognized as key variables to improve or reduce the quality of life in the city center. These policies should be given priority and the proposed solution to this issue is to pay attention to urban regeneration policies in the region, based on the comprehensiveness of the view of these policies and the use of the capacities and potentials of the region. Public oversight and inter-organizational communication should be considered in the planning and implementation of urban programs

Strengthening urban rural links with the aim of economic development and poverty reduction depends on local, regional, socio-economic and ecological conditions, and existing flows between urban-rural settlements and resulting regional network can create urban-rural links and lead not only to the establishment of spatial networks, but also to pave the way for the establishment of social networks. This could provide a suitable platform for integrated rural urban development. Using a descriptive-analytical method and logical deduction framework and selection of 20 border villages as a sample and viewing the international border as a spatial reality, this article aimed at analyzing spatial flows between rural and urban settlements in border areas of the Golestan province, through which we can explore the possibility for the establishment of a regional network based on links and integrated urban rural development. The results show that there is a direct correlation between flows and the level of development of rural settlements to form a regional network and the existing flows between urban and rural settlements in studied area within the framework of a regional network includes three local networks. In the west coast of this area, Gumish Tappeh city as a small town and village-city of Simin Shahr and surrounding villages have formed a local network (based on the village system of Simin Shahr). On the eastern coast of the Madarshahr district in Gonband and Inche Borun city have formed a local network (based on the village system of Inche Borun). And the middle areas of the city of Aq Qala and the village of Anbar Olum and the surrounding villages have formed another local network (based on Anbar Olum village system). A local network is forming in the westernmost part of the studied area including Gonbad City and its villages (Dashli Borun village). Keywords: Regional Network, Local Network, Rural System, Turkmansahra, Rural-Urban Development

Looking at the urban management and administration trends shows that planning is not possible without paying attention to participatory approaches and local scale. In this regard, the local community governance was proposed as a model for effective and efficient administration in the local community. Local community governance has the high potential for local community participation in decision-making. Basically, governance refers to the process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented. In this paper we analyze the components of the local community governance such as accountability, responsibility, rule of law, transparency, effectiveness and efficiency and interaction between participation and institutional trust in the Drake neighborhood. It should be added that the local community participation is considered as key to the success of community-based planning and local community governance also, trust has importance in many measures including institution-building and capacity development as well as improving governance. Also, accountability is a key requirement of good governance and can be considered as the key to the success of many initiatives and programs. Indeed, when the established mechanisms of accountability work, corruption is reduced. In this context, the theoretical and library studies and in the field a survey of 100 questionnaires were used. The results showed that the components level of the local community governance in the Drake neighborhood is lower than the average level. Furthermore, it was found that there is a direct correlation between the local community governance components, institutional trust and participation. Therefore, the local community governance and institutional trust rating will be reduced when participation rate is reduced.

INTRODUCTIONGlobalization as a meta-process or a set of processes is largely accepted as free movement of capitals, goods, people, technologies, ideas, etc., all over the world. This “time-space compression” and formation of “space of flow” is changing our understanding of contemporary world, or in a better word, it compels us to think seriously about new ontology of space. At the same time, it is a fact that we are living in an urban era. Nowadays we can speak about “planetary urbanization”, and we can ask if there is any space which is not urban. No matter what we name them; concept, phenomenon, historical event or [meta]process, cities become the place of globaliztion. This leads to creat a body of studies in the urban domain. It is proclaimed that Iran, as a so-called developing oil-exporting country, with adherence to ideological government, is not part of this global space of flows or “Actually Existing Neoliberalism”. But it is possible to say that a process which compels us with a new ontology to space does not affect Iranian cities. We say NO. Hence, in this paper, the relationship between the globalization and Iranian cities raises a question. Then, the main question of this paper is as follows: Q: How does globalization affect Iranian cities?
METHODOLOGYThis paper is a theoretical one. We used discourse analysis in order to answer the research question. On the other hand, we used the spatial distribution of urban mega-project in Mashhad as the second most populated city of Iran to show the theoretical framework in an actual existing policy in an Iranian city. For the spatial analysis, we used Spatial Autocorrelation in software such as ArcGIS and GeoDa.
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONIt’s a belief that Iran is not part of the global space of flows. The minimum share of global capital circulation (Foreign Direct Investment is only 2 percent of Gross Fixed Capital formation in Iran) and the fact that Iran was ranked among the lowest countries in globalization indexes indicates its present position. Hence, Iranian cities are not considered as an actor in the global scale; none of the Iranian cities are in the world city network. Rennie Short named Tehran as a ‘Black Hole’; it is among eleven cities which met three criteria: they had a population of over 3 million, were not identified by GAWC as a world city and did not share their national territory with a world city.
There is a body of studies related to the globalization and cities in Iran. Most of them are dedicated to the dominant literature. They study the position of the Iranian cities in different rankings. They, generally, persist in the necessity of improving the position of Iranian cities in the global ladder of global cities. As a result, we can see ‘urban reconstruction for globalization’ as the key agenda for urban planners and city authorities in Iran. Some others conclude the fact that Iranian cities are not part of space of flows is rooted in the Constitution, because it represents specific geo-political code which limits the capacity of cities to play an active role in space of flow and it is why Short put Tehran amongst “Resisting Cities”.
This conception of globalization, which itself is discursive, based on some statements. It is necessary to reconstruct the city for globalization and it is one of the most important statements in today’s urban planning in Iran. We can claim that this statement is the “planning habitus” amongst Iranian planners and city authorities in Iran.
CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONSThe dominant discourse of globalization, which is called as globalization of neoliberalism discourse, presents a linear-scalar interpretation. This discourse of globalization is shaping planning habitus amongst Iranian city authorities and planners. Iranian cities reconstructing based on globalization flow is a key statement for this discourse. Based on this common sense or habitus, cities compete to attract different form of capitals. On the mentioned statement, it is reasonable to accept that building “high-tech global trade zones” and “investing urban mega-projects” could help the process. This process will result in raising the position of Iranian cities among global cities. In this atmosphere, Islamic ideology and oil revenue are important issues in urban network of Iranian cities, for instance latter one play a major role in financing urban mega-projects.
All we have discussed here was about globalization and global scale. But local scale is also important. It is clearl that local communities continue to obtain political potential in the age of globalized power. Hence, the distinction between the “local” and the “global” as separate scalar fields remains problematic, as matters of the shifting boundary between a territorial inside and a territorial outside or as “in here” and “out there”.
Globalization and new communicational networks offer the potential of “action at a distance” and therefore we can suggest new type of community titled “distanciated community” in the “open source neighborhoods”. We could, thus, see localities as the sites of intersection and juxtaposition of new spatio-temporalities with older ones. Then we can speak about globalization in Iran Cities in different way (beyond studying Iranian cities in hierarchy of globalized city or studying APS spatial distribution).

Amount and status of municipal services’ distribution can have an effective role on spatial commutation of people and population variations in urban regions, and since taking equal distribution of population into account is one of the criteria of civic sustainable development, the distribution of municipal services should satisfy spatial justice. The goal of this research is to evaluate the coordination level in population sparseness and services’ distribution in different areas of Ardebil. Using descriptive-analytical study and application of the equilibrium distribution of entropy and scattering coefficient also checked Vikor model for study of equilibrium in the distribution of services in the city of Ardabil. Statistical population areas of 44 districts in the city of Ardabil in seventeen index is evaluated. The results show that the 6 and 7 in the 2 highest rating (very important) and in 4 of the 7-fewest points (very poor) are located on the first and last. Also based on Pearson’s coefficient, there is no meaningful relation between population density and services’ distribution (0.161), i.e. services are not distributed according to population need, but socio-economic properties of residents in different areas has effected scattering and distribution of services.