javad jafari

 
Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) or paramedics may not be able to do according to their moral standards during the COVID-19 pandemic, which can cause burnout and job dissatisfaction.
 
This study aimed to evaluate moral distress (MD), job satisfaction, and burnout among EMTs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
 
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Bam, Iran in 2020. In total, 134 EMTs completed the online survey that included demographic information, a MD scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and an item for assessing job satisfaction. Descriptive statistics along with independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney U, and Kruskal–Wallis tests, as well as multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze data.
 
The mean scores of MD and job satisfaction were 25.44 ± 12.78 and 3.63 ± 1.07, respectively. Concerning severity, the mean scores of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment (PA) were 35.45 ± 5.04, 20.61 ± 3.40, and 33.04 ± 4.07, respectively. All three burnout subscales were significantly correlated with job satisfaction (P < 0.05) and MD (P < 0.05). Access to personal protective equipment and education level significantly predicted MD (P < 0.05).
 
Despite high burnout and moderate MD, EMTs reported high job satisfaction, possibly because of increased social respect and salary. EMTs can avoid MD and burnout by learning how to handle ethical challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The appropriate effects of supplementation with minerals and vitamins on reproductive performance have been well studied before. The object of this study was to determine the effect of prepartum supplementation with vitamin E and selenium on milk yield and reproductive performances in dairy cows. In this study, 247 Holstein dairy cows were selected during prepartum transitional period and divided randomly into two groups. A group: a single injection of vitamin E + selenium at Day 250 of gestation and B group: two injection of vitamin E + selenium at days 250 and 270 of gestation. Indices of reproductive performance, milk yield and milk somatic cell count were compared between two groups. There was no significant difference in reproductive indices in B group compared to A group. Milk yield in different month of after calving and somatic cell count did not show any significant difference between groups. In summary, the results of this study showed that use of extra supplementation with vitamin E and selenium in prepartum period did not significantly affect reproductive parameters, milk yield and the somatic cell count.

Nurses are constantly experiencing various tensions considering their sensitive profession, so that, their physical, mental, and spiritual health aspects are at risk, and this issue can affect the quality of their care for patients. In this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the relationships between nurses' spiritual health and emotional intelligence.

This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. The study’s sample population included all nurses working in the Bam’s Pasteur Hospital (Bam city, Kerman Province, Iran). Sampling was done by available methods and in the end, 165 nurses were accepted to participate in the present study. Paloutzian and Ellison Spiritual Health Questionnaire and Bradbury and Greaves Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire were used to assess nurses' spiritual health and emotional intelligence, respectively. The collected data from questionnaires were entered into SPSS-18 software and were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical tests.

According to obtained results, the mean scores of spiritual health and emotional intelligence of the participants were 76.48±13.29 and 118.80±16.68, respectively. Among the demographic variables, only gender showed a significant relationship with the level of spiritual health (P=0.016). Also, a positive and significant correlation was observed between spiritual health and emotional intelligence (r=0.274, P=0.002).

The present study revealed moderate levels of spiritual health and high levels of emotional intelligence in the participants. thus, providing workshops in hospitals seems necessary to promote spiritual health via enhancing emotional intelligence in working nurses. As a more effective and long-term solution, we suggest that universities pay more attention to future nurses’ spiritual health by including courses related to spiritual well-being and emotional intelligence.

This literature review was conducted to investigate determinants of readmission among Iranian people with heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) as a chronic progressive syndrome may reduce the quality of life and increase their treatment costs. The rate of readmission is relatively high in these patients, presenting a major health problem.

In the present literature review, the literature on the topic were searched out in databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ProQuest, Magiran, SID, and IranMedex. The terms heart failure, congestive heart failure, readmission, rehospitalization, and Iran were searched without time limit. Literature search and evaluating the articles were independently conducted by two researchers, and all eligible studies were included in the review process.

Out of 601 studies found in the initial search, seven articles meeting the inclusion criteria entered the final phase of the study and were reviewed. According to these studies, the readmission rate varied from 10.9 to 40 percent. Some of the important factors affecting the readmission rate in patients with heart failure included age, gender, education, job status, underlying disease, disease stage, poor adherence to the therapeutic regimen, insurance coverage status, and place of residence.

  Based on the results of the present study, the rate of readmission was high among Iranian patients with heart failure. It is recommended to consider interventions such as educational programs to improve patients’ awareness about this condition and their adherence to self-care activities.

In the present study, physical, chemical, and biological soil properties in pure plantation stands (21 years old) of Alnus subcordata, Populus deltoides, Cupressus sempervirens, and a mixed stand of Alnus subcordata-Populus caspica at Zaghmarz area, Neka city (north of Iran), were studied. In each stand, 10 plots of 400 m2 were selected and in each plot five samples were taken from 10 cm-depth of soil. The highest values of soil water content, pH, total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and magnesium available (Mg), basal microbial respiration (BMR), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) allocated to stands of A. subcordata–P. caspica and A. subcordata, while the highest amounts of organic carbon (C), C:N ratio, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and MBC/MBN ratio was observed in Cupressus stand. Analysis of PCA showed that Cupressus plantation has a positive correlation with the amount of C, CN, silt, clay, MBC, and MBC/MBN. But the pure and mixed stands of Alnus are positively correlated with total N, K, Ca, Mg, P available, water content, BMR, and MBN, showing the soil fertility of these stands and encouraging users to cultivate this species in the form of afforestation or agroforestry.

In order to prevent the complications of the disease and improve the quality of life of patients with stroke, home-based care programs could be effective. This study aimed to assess such an intervention.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 60 patients with stroke in Zahedan, Iran, in 2019. The intervention group received rehabilitation trainings for three sessions each lasting for 45 minutes. The control group received the usual care. The specific quality of life questionnaire for stroke patients was administered one and three months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software performing repeated measures analysis, independent t-test and chi-square.

The mean score of total quality of life in one and three months after the intervention was significantly higher in intervention group compared to the control group (p <0.001). The results of repeated measures analysis of variance regarding the effect of time and group on quality of life and its dimensions showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P <0.001).

Home-based rehabilitation intervention could improve quality of life of patients suffering from stroke.

The somatic cell count (SCC) is widely used to predict the health of cow ҆s mammary gland and the suitability of milk for human consumption. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional supplementation of vitamin E and selenium at two intervals during late gestationon SCC and retained placenta (RP) in dairy cows. The 138 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were selected, which were randomly divided into two treatment and control groups. The cows in the control group (n=66) received a single injection of vitamin E and selenium at one dose (20 cc/cow) on day 250 of pregnancy, and in the treatment group (n=72) received two injections of vitamin E and selenium on days 250 and 270 of gestation.The SCC, milk production, RP percentage, and reproductive indices were calculated in all cows.The results showed that the SCC, milk production, RP percentage, and reproductive indices of cows in the treatment group have no significant difference from the control group. However, the calving to the first insemination interval and RP percentage in the treatment group was reduced.According to the results of the present study, it seems that more detailed studies are needed to find the effects of additional supplementation of vitamin E and selenium on the incidence of RP, milk, and SCC.

 Since stroke cause chronic and long-term complications and still no pre-discharge rehabilitation program is developed for such patients, home-based rehabilitation is an appropriate caring approach for these patients.

 The present study aimed to explore the effect of home-based rehabilitation on adherence to treatment and quality of life (Qol) of individuals after stroke in 2019.

 In this quasi-experimental study 60 stroke patients admitted to the internal medicine and neurology department of hospitals affiliated to the Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, southeast of Iran, during 2019 are studied. Subjects were selected by convenience sampling and then randomized into the intervention and control groups. Data were collected using the Adherence to Treatment Regimen questionnaire and Stroke Specific Quality of Life scale, which were completed in two stages one and three months after the intervention. In the intervention group, rehabilitation training was provided in three 45-minute sessions during the hospital stay. After discharge, the training content was followed at home twice a week for two weeks (four times in total). Data were analyzed in SPSS-22 using repeated measures ANOVA, independent t-test, and chi-squared test at the significance level of P < 0.05.

 The mean total scores of QoL and adherence to the treatment regimen and its dimensions one and three months after rehabilitation were significantly different in the two groups, with the intervention group scoring higher than the control group (P < 0.001). Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the effect of time and group on the QoL and adherence to the treatment regimen and its dimensions. In other words, the intervention and time affected the mean QoL and adherence to the treatment regimen, which resulted in a significant difference concerning the time intervals (P < 0.001).

 This study showed that home-based rehabilitation improves treatment adherence and QoL in stroke patients; therefore, employing this method by nurses to engage the family of patients with chronic diseases in the process of treatment is recommended.

Mahdaviat is one of the most well-known and valid teachings in Islam. Belief in the birth of Imam Mahdi as the 12th Imam is one of the most basic Shiite beliefs. Among issues related to Imam Mahdi birth, the Identity of his mother is of particular importance. One of the documents expressing this subject is Imam Hadi's hadith about the Riser Imam’s mother. This hadith is mentioned in the three most important Shiite books. The study, surveying the validity of these three books and their documents, shows that among these three books, two books of Kamal al-Din of Sheikh Saduqh and Absenteeism of Sheikh Tusi are valid. But the validity of Dala'il al-Imama of Tabari is not provable. Among these two authentic books, the narrative document of Kamal al-Din is not valid, but the Sheikh Tusi's Absenteeism is true and valid. Therefore, it can be said that the hadith of Imam Hadi, who expresses the Imam's mother nationality as a Roman and her captivity , has come to us in a valid script and it is a real event

Driving a train is one of the high demand job due to high vigilance task requiring the ability to long periods monitor surrounding environment and recognizing signals. The aim of this study was to assess train drivers’ mental workload using heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices.
Material and An experimental design was conducted among 12 well-trained subjects to induce two different levels of mental demands in a metro simulator and to monitor mental workload levels while driving the train. The HR and HRV parameters were recorded and analysis using ECG signals. The HRV parameters including SDNNIX (p-value=0.01), RMSSD (p-value=0.00), %PNN50 (p-value=0.01), SDNN (p-value=0.07) and LF/HF Ratio (p-value=0.04) were significantly reduced in a normal operation task comparing to the abnormal one. The HR and HRV (SDNN, SDNNIX, RMSSD, %PNN50 and LF/HF Ratio) were found to be sensitive to mental workload in metro train driving .It is recommended to include the HRV parameters for mental workload assessment of train drivers

Diabetes as one of the serious problems in the health system is known as the silent death. An effective way to examine patients with diabetes is to evaluate self-care behaviors. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate self-care behaviors and related factors in diabetic patients referring to the diabetes clinic in Saravan, Iran, in 2017. The population of this descriptive analytic study consisted of 80 patients with diabetes type 2 referring to the diabetes clinic in Saravan selected by census method. Data were collected through demographic form and self-care behavior questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in SPSS (version 23) using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and ANOVA. self-care mean and standard deviation were 37.87±12.03, respectively. The findings showed that patients had low, moderate, and high levels of self-care behaviors (i.e. 62.5%, 32.5%, and 3.8%, respectively). Variables, such as levels of education and job status, correlated directly with self-care behaviors (P<0/05). The findings showed that the majority of patients indicated a moderate level of self-care. Therefore, it is suggested to improve self-care behavior by offering educational programs to raise the patients’ consciences regarding the importance of self-care behavior in controlling and alleviating the complication of diabetes

Most of traditions related to the lifestyle of Imam Mahdi (A.S) indicate the similarity between the lifestyle of Imam with that of the Prophet (PBUH) and Imam Ali (A.S) and this point is compatible with the basics such as the necessity of succession of Divine authority by another (equal) Divine authority, and the unity of the ultimate cause of sending Divine authorities. However, some traditions seem to contradict these traditions in appearance and point to the differences between the lifestyles. The present paper, by criticizing and evaluating the traditions regarding the differences of lifestyles, and proper analysis and summings-up between them and the traditions regarding the similarity between lifestyles, mentions this point that the outcome of the two categories of traditions shows the similarity between the traits. And these differences are never fundamental and wide-ranging, and if it seems there are differences between the lifestyles, they are due to the differences in the time intersections and diversity of conditions. And this point is also present in the lifestyle of Imam Mahdi (A.S). At the time of (Imam Mahdi’s) emergence, due to the changes in the conditions, he will behave differently with his enemies in comparison to the Prophet’s and Imam Ali’s method.

Everyday, 13 accidents occour in our country’s petrochemical industry that unfortunately with human death. The aim of this research is identify and rank risks and factors can damage to Khark Island petrochemical Jetty. The tesearch has application nature and with using study of national and international articles, risks identified. Then use filled questionnaiers by 35 person of HSE experts, Jetty authority, assistance of manager in Khark Island petrochemical and captain of a damaged ship in this jetty to rank of risks at FMEA model in 4 aspects of occurrence possibility, severity, detention and RPN. Findings of resarch show Electrified one and three phase switchgear are have most rank in terms of RPN

The belief in the uprising of the promised savior (Mahdi) is a common cause between original Shiite and Sunni as the main denominations of Islam. This belief can only become realized if we firstly have those expectations and, secondly, provide the grounds for it. The present article seeks to address these two categories in the narratives. Due to many traditions in this regard, the present article, except in rare cases, refers only to authentic narrations and refuses to quantify the various traditions of the weak source. This research seeks to show that the expectation of the savior in both denominations is a common issue overall, and even any negative impression or some replies to critiques has been documented in narratives of both denominations (not just Shia). The necessity of laying the foundation for the savior is even clear for non-believers in the case of Mahdaviyyat. In the continuation of the existence of groups that always seek for the truth and provide the basis for the emergence based on the traditions, accounts of what will happen, have been fixed and characterized for them, such as the onset of the uprising from the East and the end of it in Jerusalem, the intimidation of the existing opposition, the last battle with the leading Antichrist with Imam Mahdi aided by the companionship of Jesus Christ. At the end of the article, the narration of Qom's man can also be interpreted as the invitation of Ayatollah Khomeini who gave an opinion that exporting the revolution can be created by promoting three important issues of pure Islam, independence and democracy. Thus, the recent allegations of Muhammad bin Salman goes against all these facts and it only expresses his own phobia of Iranians and Shiite people.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems operate online and test different materials using ultrasonic guided waves and piezoelectric smart materials. These systems are permanently installed on the structures and display information on the monitor screen. The user informs the engineers of the existing damage after observing signal loss which appears after damage is caused. In this paper health monitoring is done for plate shaped structures made of ST-37 steel. After conducting the experimental tests, the stored signals by the multi-layer artificial neural network algorithm is processed and the damage caused in the plate is detected. By analyzing the graphs, it becomes clear that after causing damage the signal amplitude decreases. In the experimental test two piezoelectric discs are used on a steel plate which have been installed using a strong adhesive. Using a strong adhesive improves wave, propagation in the structure. Developing innovative testing methods for the SHM system has caused better control in structures after assembly.

Achieving organizational objectives depends on the effectiveness of administrators. However, managerial efficacy largely depends on the knowledge and skills of managers. This study aimed at assessing the skills of financial and budget management of the Ministry of Health from the perspective of resource development assistants of universities of medical sciences nationwide.

This cross- sectional study was conducted in 2012. Study participants were resource development assistants of universities of medical sciences in Iran. We adopted simple random sampling method in locating participants. Data were collected using pretested questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney test (as a non-parametric test) and Friedman test.

The highest mean recorded under financial management skills was technical skills (3.58±0.50), followed by human skills (3.50±.048), and perceptual skills (3.32±0.52). With regards to financial and budget management and performance monitoring, the means of technical skills, as prioritized by directors, was 3.72±0.71, followed by human skills (3.72±0.70), and perceptual skills (3.66±0.75). A significant association was found between perceptual skills of financial managers and budgeting and performance monitoring managers (p= 0.014).

Operational level managers, such as financial and budgetary managers, need to acquire more technical skills. Therefore, we support activities that promote technical skills and awareness of managers within organizations, such as organizational training courses and distribution of educational materials like brochures.

In this paper simulation of steady super cavitation phenomenon Çhas been considered by using partial non-linear model of Boundary Element Method(BEM).The grid mesh used is fixed and the strength of dipole and source are constant on each element. With the assumption of a partial non-linear model the cavity condition is applied on the body with the assumption that cavity height is low. Thus there is not any calculation on the cavity surface, but it is restricted to only the panels on the body surface. Cavitation number is known at first and the cavity length is determined in every iteration. When the lengths obtained in two successive iterations are very close to each other it assumed to be the answer. Based on this method two Kutta conditions including Morino condition and Iterative Pressure Kutta Condition(IPKC) are studied to satisfy the wake surface condition. The application is a wing with NACA16006 section. Iterative pressure Kutta condition compared to Morino condition needs higher computational costs, but on the other hand leads to more accurate results. It has been shown that the simulation of the flow with super cavitation over wing leads to a pressure difference at the trailing edge of each strip if we use Morino’s Kutta condition. While if Iterative Pressure Kutta Condition is usedthe results are satisfactory. Comparing the results show that this method leads to very accurate predictions for the behavior of flows with cavitation, while significantly lower computational cost is required if we use the simple cavity closure condition.

Simultaneous presence of heavy metal and organic compound (like phenol and cadmium), is one of the most important environment pollutant source that there are in petrochemical industrial, plating and etc, that have adverse effects on environment and human health. Therefore, the purpose of this study is, photocatalytic removal of cadmium with UV/ZnO process in presence and absence of phenol and formate as hole scavenger from aqoues solution in batch system. First, design and construction of reactor was done. To the study on role of adsorption process, solution was equilibrium in dark for 30 minute. Then effect of various parameters was investigated in the presence of UV light. So optimum pH was obtained with chang solution pH and constant conditions. After clarifing optimum pH, the effect of nanoparticle dosage, concentration of cadmium, contact time and effect of presence and absence of phenol and formate was investigated. Although removal of cadmium increased with increase of pH, but to preservation of cadmium in the solution form, in experiment pH was 7. Removal efficiency increased with increase of contact time and optimum dosage was obtained equal to 2 g/L. Too photocatalytic removal efficiency was decreased with increase of initial cadmium concentration. Also the obtained results showed that presence of phenol and formate cause increase of cadmium removal efficiency. Generally the result of this study showed that studied methodology can be used as a effective method in photocatalytic removal of cadmium with UV/ZnO process in presence of phenol and formate as hole scavenger.

The “appearance era” is the era of crystallization of human talents; when the reality of humans will find an opportunity to appear. Shia tradition sources have spoken about an exceptional event in the appearance era which can be the origin and the foundation of human talent shining. The focus and the development of intellect will be an important event in the appearance era. The how of this phenomenon is itself the subject of an independent research which has been investigated by the writer in another article. The important question which we seek to answer now is to clarify the affected areas by the development of the intellect. In other words, when the intellect is completed, in what dimensions the effects of this evolution will show itself.
According to this research, in the field of gnostic knowledge, people achieve the knowledge like self-examination, theism, and theology. In the moral and value aspects, people are adorned with the values such as worship, justice, and avoidance of sin. The result of the development of instrumental rationality is a great change in the areas such as economics, management, politics, security, and taking advantage of the nature.

Development of intellect has been the mission of all prophets and saints. People will have the necessary preparation for evolution of intellects based on experience and historical maturity in the era of reappearance and Imam will begin his universal mission by evolution of humans intellects. Based on some narrations,intellects will be evolved by the era of reappearance and the means of this collection and perfection of intellects is the powerful hands of Vilayat. Accumulation of intellects means gathering of each individuals intellect and its result is reaching to unity and consensus. Accumulation of intellects is carried out by gradual propaganda and education of Imam and the effect of Imams favor is normal and natural but not miracle. The contemporary knowledge has also figured out that human possesses significant skills and capacities who is able to enjoy them in future. At the end of this study, it is pointed out to the mutual relation between intellect and science; science causes growth of intellect and intellect provides the ground to achieve science.

This investigation has been conducted to determining plant species diversity in relationship to the physiographical factors in western Bodjnourd forests (North of Iran). To cope with the aim of study, 220 ha of these forests (called Joezak-Darkesh forest) at 1400-2000 m a.s.l. with different geographical aspects and slope steeps of 0-80 percent were identified. Number of 55 sample plots of 20 × 20 m as random-systematic distribution was selected to determination of the trees and shrubs. In addition, within each plot 9 micro-plots 2 × 2 m were confined to recognition of ground non-woody flora. The highest value of species similarity was obtained between two low height classes (

In the mathematical analysis, there are some theorems and definitions that established for both real and fuzzy numbers. In this study, we try to prove Bernoulli's inequality in fuzzy real numbers with some of its applications. Also, we prove two other theorems in fuzzy real numbers which are proved before, for real numbers.

One of the arguments for the existence of Imam Mahdi is the reasons taken from religious traditions or the Hadiths from the Innocent Twelve Imams. The reasons for the existence of Imam has been sought to deny the existence of Imam by the author of the book the author of Al-Imam Al-Mahdi: A Historical Fact or a Philosophical Hypothesis (Ahmad al Katib, 2007). According to his claims, the arguments and narratives of Shia scholars on the Absence of Imam are null and void, because the traditions cannot inform us of something before it happens and to be a miracle. The proofs can be attributed to the Imam's Absence if only Imam Hasan Askary and his son can be shown to have existed essentially. The Shiite scholars also admit that there must be proof of existence initially and then any argument to his Absence. Therefore, he claims, the traditions relating to Absence can never prove the existence of the Twleve Imam in the first place. The Shiite scholars in the beginning also argued only to prove his existence and they would not talk about his absence. The traditions relating to the two period of Absences did not appear until Nomani's time. This research explains the different ways Shiite clerics have argued for the Absence, using the Absence traditions and seeks to show that the problem Katib has stated, is due to his misrepresentation of the word and meanings of Shiite scholars. Shiite Imam never use the Absence traditions for the purpose of proving the very existence of Mahdi. Katib's counter-argument for the Absence also relies upon this fundamental error. Also, contrary to his claim, Shiite scholars have expressed the Absence from the beginning, and the writers before Nomani have also brought traditions relating to Absence. Therefore, that claim is also invalid and unacceptable.

In order to investigate the influence of soil factors on plant diversity and ecological groups in the Northern Khorasan Province، 220 hectares of Joezak-Darkesh forest was studied. At first، 55 sample plots 20 m x 20 m were selected for vegetation determination. Then، 18 samples from superficial layer of soil (depths of 0-10، 10-20 and 20-30 cm) were taken and electric conductivity، pH، organic matter (OC)، total nitrogen، available phosphorus، soil texture، K and C: N ratio measured. The first ecological species groups using two-way analysis method of TWINSPAN was conducted and the study area to five different ecological units Cotoneaster integeryma (A)، Fraxinus excelsior (B)، Prunus divaricata (C)، Carpinus betulus (D) and Acer laetum (E) was divided. Analysis of ecological species groups showed that different groups had significant difference (p <0. 05) on Simpson diversity. Duncan’s test revealed that the highest species diversity allocated to E، B and D ecological groups، respectively. This is while that، in terms of other biodiversity indices، no significant differences was detected among the ecological. Pearson regression Analysis displayed that increased of pH in 3rd depth of soil had negative effect on the Simpson diversity index and Margalef species richness. The amount of OC and K in first soil depth had positive effect on the Simpson diversity. Other soil characteristics did not affect the diversity indices. From this research it can be deduced that among the affecting factors، OC and K of first soil depth separated five-fold ecological groups in the investigated site.

According to Imamiyyah, the proof of God against the people is not perfect without an imam, so there is always an imam on the earth as the proof of God and the earth does not remain without an imam, but it is not necessary for the imam to be always apparent but he can live hidden from the people. There are several authentic narrations which prove this fact. On the contrary, there are authentic narrations signifying the necessity of the imam’s being apparent all the time. Initially, these two groups of narrations seem to be contradictory. The present research aims to reconcile between these kinds of narrations and also to reply to Ahmad al-Katib who tries to reject the idea of the existence of the twelfth Imam referring to these narrations. According to Shi’a, being apparent is not a necessary condition of an imam at all and the narrations containing the word “apparent”, whether concern the usual condition of the Muslims’ society, not when they are taken with the wrath of God or it has an especial meaning like dominant or specified and does not deny the occultation of the Imam at all.