kheirollah parvin

The concept of Islamic banking is grounded in principles that emphasize rights, justice, and public welfare, aiming to manifest human ethics in financial transactions. Unlike conventional banking, Islamic banking prohibits unethical practices such as usury (Riba), risk/uncertainty (Gharar), and trading in forbidden goods. This ethical framework mandates that profits and losses in economic activities must be shared among capital, labor, and management, fostering a fairer financial ecosystem. However, the practical implementation of these principles often encounters challenges due to governance issues, lack of transparency, and bureaucratic inefficiencies.
     Blockchain technology, with its decentralized, transparent, and secure nature, presents an opportunity to address these challenges. By facilitating peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries, blockchain can potentially enhance the efficiency and ethical compliance of Islamic banking. This article examines the role of blockchain in realizing the ideals of Islamic banking, with a particular focus on its compatibility with the constitutional framework of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The primary research question of this study is: "what is the capability of blockchain in realizing true Islamic banking?" This question addresses the potential of blockchain technology to align with and enhance the principles of Islamic banking, particularly within the legal and ethical confines of the Iranian constitutional framework. The study seeks to explore whether blockchain can offer a viable solution to the challenges faced by Islamic banking, such as governance issues, lack of transparency, and adherence to Sharia principles.

The research hypothesis posits that blockchain technology is not only compatible with the foundational principles of Islamic banking but also significantly aids in achieving its goals. The hypothesis is based on the premise that blockchain’s inherent characteristics—decentralization, transparency, and security—can enhance the ethical and operational aspects of Islamic banking. Specifically, the hypothesis suggests that blockchain can:     Facilitate Sharia-compliant transactions by ensuring transparency and accountability.
     Reduce operational costs and risks by eliminating intermediaries.
     Enhance trust and credibility in Islamic financial institutions.
     Address governance issues through a decentralized and democratic framework.

This study employs a multifaceted methodological approach, incorporating doctrinal, legal, economic, and comparative analyses to investigate the role of blockchain in Islamic banking. The research methodology is structured as follows:     Doctrinal Analysis: This involves a detailed examination of Islamic legal principles related to banking and finance, focusing on the ethical and jurisprudential underpinnings of Islamic banking.
     Legal Analysis: This component analyzes the legal framework governing Islamic banking in Iran, including constitutional provisions and regulatory guidelines. The study assesses how blockchain technology can be integrated into this framework to support Sharia-compliant financial practices.
     Economic Analysis: The economic implications of adopting blockchain in Islamic banking are examined, particularly in terms of cost efficiency, risk management, and financial inclusion. The analysis considers the potential impact on various stakeholders, including banks, customers, and regulators.
     Comparative Analysis: This involves a comparative study of three governance models in banking: traditional bureaucracy, private blockchain, and public blockchain. The comparative framework evaluates the effectiveness of each model in terms of transparency, efficiency, and adherence to ethical standards.
     Framework Application: The application of the research methodology is guided by the following steps:     Comparative Evaluation: The three governance models—traditional bureaucracy, private blockchain, and public blockchain—are evaluated against a set of ethical and operational criteria. This evaluation identifies the strengths and weaknesses of each model in supporting the goals of Islamic banking.
     Policy Recommendations: Based on the findings, the study offers policy recommendations for regulators and financial institutions on how to leverage blockchain technology to enhance the ethical and operational aspects of Islamic banking.
     By adopting this comprehensive methodological framework, the study aims to provide a detailed and nuanced understanding of the role of blockchain in Islamic banking, with a particular focus on the context of Iran.

The investigation into the role of blockchain technology in realizing Islamic banking within the framework of the Islamic Republic of Iran has yielded several key findings. First and foremost, blockchain’s alignment with Sharia and ethical principles is evident in its foundational characteristics. The transparency, immutability, and decentralized nature of blockchain ensure that transactions can be conducted in a manner that upholds justice and fairness, fundamental tenets of Islamic finance.
     Compatibility with Sharia Principles: The results indicate that blockchain technology does not inherently contradict Sharia financial principles. Smart contracts, which are self-executing contracts with the terms directly written into code, can be designed to comply with Sharia rules. For instance, the prohibition of usury [Riba] can be enforced by coding interest-free transaction terms. Similarly, the avoidance of risk [Gharar] can be ensured through transparent and pre-defined contract conditions.
     Challenges and Solutions: One significant challenge identified is the anonymity feature inherent in public blockchain networks. While anonymity can protect user privacy, it also poses risks related to organized crime and tax evasion. Advanced solutions from other countries, such as Know Your Customer (KYC) protocols, can be implemented to mitigate these risks. KYC processes are essential to verify user identities and ensure that blockchain applications in Islamic banking remain secure and ethical.
     Advantages Over Conventional Banking: Blockchain technology offers several advantages over traditional banking practices, particularly in addressing the goals outlined in the Iranian Constitution. These advantages include:     Rights and Justice: Blockchain ensures transparent and tamper-proof records of transactions, promoting fairness and reducing opportunities for corruption. This aligns with the constitutional values of justice and equity.
     Cooperation and Qard al-Hasan: Blockchain facilitates the expansion of cooperative financial practices, such as interest- free loans [Qard al-Hasan]. Smart contracts can automate the management and distribution of these loans, ensuring compliance with Sharia principles and enhancing trust among participants.
     Preventing Corruption and Collusion: The immutable nature of blockchain records makes it difficult to alter transaction histories, thereby preventing corruption and collusion. This characteristic is vital for maintaining a healthy and stable economy, crucial for addressing economic crises like inflation and injustice.
     Framework for Implementation: To harness these benefits, it is crucial to establish a regulatory framework that combines the decentralized advantages of blockchain with necessary institutional oversight. This framework should incorporate identity verification mechanisms, compliance with Sharia law, and guidelines for ethical conduct in financial transactions.

The research concludes that blockchain technology is compatible with the ethical and Sharia principles underlying Islamic banking. The implementation of blockchain can address many of the current shortcomings in conventional banking systems, such as corruption, lack of transparency, and inefficiency, which have hindered the full realization of Islamic banking principles.
     Blockchain’s decentralized and transparent nature aligns well with the goals of Islamic finance, ensuring justice, fairness, and ethical conduct. However, to fully integrate blockchain into Islamic banking, it is essential to address the challenge of anonymity through robust KYC protocols and institutional regulations. This will prevent misuse and ensure that blockchain-based Islamic banking systems are secure and compliant with both ethical standards and Sharia law.
     Moreover, blockchain can play a significant role in transforming traditional banking roles, potentially rendering them obsolete in the coming decades. The technology’s ability to provide direct peer-to-peer financial services without intermediaries can reduce costs, increase efficiency, and enhance trust in the financial system.
     In conclusion, while blockchain presents numerous benefits for Islamic banking, its successful implementation requires a balanced approach that leverages its technological advantages while ensuring compliance with ethical and legal standards.

Cryptocurrencies have been presented as a destructive and resistant technology against the governments’ rule since their creation. The lack of uniform international standards in the field of cryptocurrencies, leaves room for interpretation by government actors. As a result, the attention of the governing institutions is mostly focused on the potential blocking of cryptocurrencies. But with the increasing move towards the smart economy, governments need to change their position from the policy of restriction to the policy of regulation and legislation and to strengthen their supervision over cryptocurrencies. The question is, how should government regulation and legal requirements on money laundering be applied to cryptocurrencies? Authentication of clients to buy cryptocurrency, creation of a regulatory and supervisory organization, registration of all contract-based cryptocurrency transfers, are among the answers to this question. This paper aims to determine the appropriate framework for regulation in terms of combating money-laundering through cryptocurrency.  Using a descriptive analytical method and library resources, we will comparatively study the Iranian and Italian government's strategy in this field.

Artificial intelligence is one of the most basic and serious topics of research and investigation in the world today. Artificial intelligence is progressing and developing in a lightning-fast and amazing manner in the current era. Very soon, we will see huge changes and developments in this type of new technology. This new technique and technology has been widely used internationally in various professions and industries. The profession of law, law, and distributive justice is not exempt from this issue; now this question is raised, which of the tools will be more useful and appropriate to achieve distributive justice; Human intelligence or artificial intelligence? Is it possible to bring society closer to real justice and fairness with this new technology in this modern era? What is certain is that artificial intelligence with the behavior of human intelligence strengthens capabilities and increases efficiency. Therefore, the findings using descriptive, analytical, and argumentative methods show that artificial intelligence in terms of speed, accuracy, and decision-making power in analysis and problem analysis is more effective and efficient compared to human intelligence. Thus, the use of this new technology helps a lot in the fair distribution of incomes, opportunities, and important economic issues in society. Although the negative effects caused by the expansion of this new technology cause economic, educational, moral, and other discriminations and inequalities; however, it is possible to reduce the negative effects of these inequalities caused by the development of this new technology by exercising caution, carefully managing and monitoring data, creating programs and supporting laws, and using artificial intelligence technology based on the principles of distributive justice.

According to numerous international human rights documents, the right to have an adequate level has been recognized as one of the examples of fundamental human rights, and these rights are also today, with their theoretical and philosophical foundations, as well as their new executive mechanisms, supra-sovereign rights and under the constitution. is considered universal; On the other hand, since the post-World War II period, the application of economic sanctions in the field of international relations as one of the guarantees of dealing with violations of the standards and international obligations of governments and with the aim of putting pressure on them to align themselves. With the global order, it has been given serious attention and its importance and application are increasing day by day. The purpose of this research is to examine the violation of the fundamental human right to have an adequate standard of living and the right to food through the application of international economic sanctions against governments. Applying such an executive guarantee itself causes a violation of food security and the fundamental human right to have an adequate standard of living, especially the right to food. Human rights, with their philosophical and theoretical foundations, are protective rights, and it is the duty of governments and domestic, regional, and global political institutions to respect, support, and guarantee their implementation, and the violation, limitation, or deprivation of these rights cannot be justified under any pretext. The legal validity of economic sanctions faces a serious challenge.

Policy-making is one of the important means of government intervention in various fields, including the economic field. Today, development has different dimensions and economic development is one of its most important dimensions. On the other hand, in modern economic discourses, knowledge-based economy has been mentioned. A term that was used for the first time by the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization and it refers to the use of knowledge and technology in economic activities. One of the methods of applying knowledge-based economy is the use of knowledge-based companies in the structure of the economic system. In Iran, in the past decade, knowledge-based companies have grown significantly, but these companies need various supports from the governing institutions to improve their performance. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and the library method was used to collect the sources. The results of this research show that the implementation of the government's support policies for knowledge-based companies in the long term has significant effects on the knowledge-based economy. Also, the mentioned companies play an important role in realizing the economic independence and self-sufficiency of Article 43 of the Constitution. Despite the provision of some legal support for knowledge-based companies, there are still legal and executive challenges in reaching the desired point.

As technology continues to advance in the realm of information and communication, human perception of space has transcended the boundaries of physicality. In parallel with the physical world, characterized by its tangible facts and realities, a new space has emerged—one composed of informational data. This virtual realm, governed by the ever-expanding realm of human needs, defies the limitations imposed by physical space. In response to the populace's increasing presence and engagement within this digital arena, governments have articulated a set of rights and responsibilities for its utilization. Nevertheless, a critical dimension of this discourse is the evolution of what can be described as a "cyber life." As virtual communities, virtual citizens, virtual interactions, virtual identities, and virtual security become integral facets of this digital realm, a fundamental question arises: Are individuals gradually giving rise to a form of existence characterized by their engagement in this new cyber life? Consequently, this article explores the question of what defines the "right to cyber life" and how such a right can be classified within the domain of human rights. Employing a descriptive-analytical and explanatory methodology, the findings of this article firmly establish the "right to cyber life" as a fourth-generation human right. This recognition is rooted in the way it has impacted the lives of individuals, shaping opportunities, presenting challenges, and posing potential threats within the realm of public policy.

Sport and physical education, as an influential cultural element, has had an active presence in the history of Iran and has gradually become the owner of rules and regulations. There is always a trace of sport in most laws, from the constitution to the approvals of the parliament and from the approvals of the cabinet to the approvals of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution and the Supreme Council of National Security. "Sport has been a human twin and has always been with him over the days. "It is not possible to know the beginning of sport, because human beings need to move their muscles to stay and live from the beginning of creation, and sport will remain their companion until the end of their lives." In the present research work, an attempt has been made to acquaint the legal community of the country with the institution of physical education, which is a short step in the development of sports law in the country. To achieve this goal, first the category of sports in Iranian public law is mentioned and then the institution of sports in international law is considered.

Health is one of the most basic needs of all humans, and the main function of the health system of any country is to provide services in this area. The purpose of this research was to answer the question of how health services are provided, by which institution and according to what principles. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the expansion of social security in the 29th principle of the constitution, based on the fact that all people enjoy the benefits of social security as a universal right, was put on the agenda. Based on this, the main institutions, organizations, institutions and funds in the fields of insurance, support and aid of this system were obliged to carry out their executive and business affairs in the field of production and provision of services and related legal obligations by means of contracts whose terms are proposed by the Ministry of Cooperatives. Work and social welfare and the approval of the Supreme Council of Welfare and Social Security will be assigned to brokerage institutions. Although in Iran’s legal system, various institutions are responsible for providing health services to different sections of the society, but the main institutions that provide insurance services are the Iran Health Insurance Organization and the Social Security Organization, and each of these organizations, according to the duties and obligations are responsible for providing health services in the community.

Investigating government obligations is one of the important topics in the field of public law studies. The commitment to achieve distributive justice is also one of the duties and obligations of governments to eliminate poverty and deprivation in societies. In the system of the Islamic Republic, this type of commitment derived from Islamic teachings has become the governing spirit of the Constitution and the ultimate and essential goal of the government arising from it. Despite this, the evidence shows that distributive justice has not been realized not only in Iran's society after the Islamic Revolution; Rather, the occurrence of a deep class gap and the accumulation and monopoly of wealth and power will lead the society to decline and collapse? The problem is, what causes and factors have caused such anomalous conditions in the religious and revolutionary society of Iran? In response to the question raised, the findings of this research, which were obtained using the descriptive, analytical and argumentative method, show that the obligations contained in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran are often of the "obligation by means" type, that is, efforts To prepare the work without achieving the result, while the government's commitments will achieve the desired result when it moves towards "commitment to the goal".

The constitution is a national pact and as such must be more consistent than other laws and no event, or changing of taste or time should be allowed to change it. That being the case, the passing of time, new needs, and inefficiency of the constitution when facing changes cannot be overlooked. Also, the real owners of the constitution are the people, and the right to govern is given to governments by the people. The purpose of this research is to propose an argumentative framework to justify the new generation’s right to demand changes in the constitution. The basic question of the research is how can the new generation’s demand right be accepted in relation to the principle of constitutional stability? Based on the hypothesis of the research, the new generation’s right to demand constitutional change is accepted in the framework of the changeable principles of the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the present study, the descriptive-analytical method is used to investigate the relationship between generations’ demands and the constitution. The results of the research indicate that the unchangeable articles of the constitution are absolutely permanent and there could be no demand for amending them, but the changeable articles can be amended in light of new generation’s right to demand constitutional changes.

Proper legislation, in addition to enacting laws that must have all the conditions and characteristics of a good law, such as: observance of the essential, formal and ceremonial principles of legislation, in the legislative dimension should also reduce the number of laws and improve the efficiency and quality of norms and Ultimately lead to the realization of the rule of law. In this study, using library studies and adopting a descriptive analytical approach, in response to the role and function of revision in the implementation of appropriate legislation, we came to the answer that: the function of revision of laws at two levels, posterior (after legislation) and a priori (during Legislation) can be reviewed. Subsequent revision is the recognition of the applicable law, where the inflation of the laws, the conflict of several laws, the complexity of the laws, etc. make it difficult to recognize the ruling law. But the revision during the situation was related to the legislative stages that; Preparing the legal system environment to increase the quality of laws, legislation based on real needs, reducing legislative inflation or extremist legislation, no need to amend and repeal laws, assigning former laws, etc. are some of its legislative functions to achieve appropriate legislation

One of the most important duties of the government in order to achieve distributive justice is to eliminate poverty and deprivation in the society, which can be identified in the Iranian constitution and the international covenant. The rights of the international covenant are also included in the constitutions of most of the countries of the world, including the country of Iran, and the governments are committed to these rights, despite the limitation of their sovereignty; But the problem is that, despite the many efforts of the government and the duties that are under the responsibility of the government based on the laws, but until now, distributive justice has not been achieved in the desired way. The present research, with the descriptive and analytical method, while explaining and analyzing the legal aspects of the important and fundamental concepts of the subject, with the aim of identifying the obligations of the government related to distributive justice in the constitution and the international covenant, and with legal analysis and interpretation, it will investigate how the subject is from different perspectives. became. and the international covenant and with legal analysis and interpretation, it will be investigated how the issue is from different perspectives.

Lawmaking is a matter of governance and transparency is one of the elements of good governance. Transparency is identified with components, the most important of which is the role of public participation. The greater the public participation in something, the more transparent it is. This paper seeks to describe and explain the transparency in the legislative process of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Federal Republic of Germany in five steps including: “proposing a bill”, “review commissions”, “deliberation in parliament”, “final decision” and “signing and publishing the law”. In conclusion, the gaps of transparency in the legislative process of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognized in the field of public hearings, the influence of influential groups, and public vetoes. Therefore, increasing the public participation in these fields can improve the transparency of the legislative process of Islamic Republic of Iran.

The new form of the government, which is being realized along with diversity, differences and distances, raises questions about the conditions of exercising government power in the societies entered in the postmodern era. With such a situation and by entering into complex relationships of mutual dependence and being present in the competition of various powers with which it is required to combine and pass through multiple lines of rupture, it seems that a significant part of the means of action and its ability to control the transformation Social has lost; The government is no longer considered to be the arena of purity, selflessness and sacrifice, but it is considered the position and position of pursuing individual interests. At present, this thinking has prevailed that the public administration should be efficient and beneficial like a private person, and this efficiency will lead to the realization of good management. According to the research, it should be said; The assumption based on which the public administration, which serves the public interest, is not able to provide efficiency and usefulness gave way to the idea that the administration is required to continuously improve its functions and reduce its costs, just like private individuals; The department is committed to carrying out its missions in the best possible conditions, and taking care of the quality of its support using the best tools and facilities available to it. Therefore, its difference with private institutions is fading. In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to investigate the legality of the reduction of the specificity of the government in the post-modern era by distinguishing "public-private" as an element of fundamental thinking.

Financial corruption, which creates a class divide and reduces public trust, is one of the problems that various factors have an impact on. In this research, some of the most important organizational processes, including the recruitment process of employees, lack of prevention of financial corruption, lack of attention to organizational culture, and the weakness of supervisory authorities, have been taken into consideration And the aim is to identify the basis of financial corruption And as a result, she prevented it from happening. The question that can be raised is how organizational processes can lead to financial corruption.? In response to the mentioned question, it was said in a descriptive and analytical way If their requirements are not paid attention to in organizational processes, the creation of financial corruption in executive organizations will be facilitated. In order to eliminate corrupt organizational procedures, it is necessary to pay attention to some points, including: The principle of equal opportunities and consolidation of employment laws in a special law with minimal exceptions, Using legal capacities such as the law on promoting administrative health and combating corruption to prevent financial corruption by eliminating its shortcomings in the field of supporting corruption reporters, Promotion of organizational culture by paying attention to codes of conduct And finally, solving the defects of the selection regulatory bodies and administrative violations In the field of monitoring the selection of all employees on a periodic basis and redesigning the institution of administrative violations and its definition under the presidential legal vice

Positive discrimination implies any action such as admission to universities, employment, public contracts, commercial loans, and the right to buy or sell land on the basis of membership in a particular group for the purpose of fostering greater equality. These actions go beyond anti-discrimination policy. Their existence may be a result of constitutional requirements, administrative laws and regulations - such as requirements for public contracts court orders or voluntary action. The goal of positive discrimination is to counter social behaviors that reproduce group inequality even in the absence of intentional discrimination. This descriptive-comparative study is intended to examine the experience of positive discrimination in higher education in the United States, India, and Iran. The paper will argue that positive discrimination programs in the field of higher education, regardless of the terms that are supposed to eliminate them over time, will create double discrimination.

Public interest includes affairs that are beneficial to the people en masse. Building on the the right of every individual to file lawsuits as well as non-governmental organizations to do so on behalf of the people, public interest litigations play an important role in fulfilling justice and actualizing the rights of the public which might have been disregarded due to poverty, disabilities, illiteracy, negligence, etc. Consistent with Art. 156 of the Iranian Constitution (hereinafter the Constitution), the Judiciary Branch is held accountable for maintaining justice in the society. Paragraph (2) of the Art. exclusively stipulates that the very task of restoring public rights- which itself precipitates the restoration of justice- is entrusted with this branch. The Guidelines on the Supervision and Pursuit of Public Rights- developed based on Art. 156 of the Constitution- has specifically made the prosecuting attorney liable for the restoration of public rights. However, it has not so far been fulfilled properly mainly due to the many onerous supervisory and judicial responsibilities the prosecuting attorney is entrusted with. It, therefore, behooves the Legislature to formally acknowledge public interest litigation and the potential it carries in restoring public rights- and in effect social justice. Recruiting a descriptive-analytical method, the researchers have examined the body of laws and regulations in the Iranian as well as some foreign legal systems. It is concluded that the right of the individuals in filing public interest lawsuits has not been identified in the Iranian legal system which, it is recommended, shall be reconsideredt.

The aim of the current research is to examine international environmental law with the approach of preserving resources for future generations. Indiscriminate exploitation and the introduction of environmental damage by humans have caused concern in the realization of the rights of future generations. Identifying the rights of future generations is an important step to achieve sustainable development, in this regard, environmental protection and reasonable and fair use of resources in order to achieve a sustainable future by which the rights of future generations are guaranteed. It is the duty of the international community. In this regard, the concept of the rights of future generations, which first entered the field of international law with the ratification of the United Nations Charter in 1945 and was subsequently developed in international environmental law with the issuance of the Stockholm Declaration of 1972. However, the concept of "rights of future generations" as a moral or normative principle faces many ambiguities.

Corruption is the use of public interest for personal gain. One of the most important ways to deal with corruption is to consider the principle of transparency as one of the main pillars of good governance.Transparency makes all actions and activities visible and closes the ways for violations and the spread of corruption. The question is whether transparency in the Iranian legal system is achievable or not? In this research, through descriptive and analytical methods and use of library resources while considering the legal norms of Iran were used in order to achieve transparency and despite some shortcomings, there are sufficient resources from upstream documents to ordinary laws, and what can be stated as a challenge and a barrier to transparency is the non-compliance of laws and lack of proper supervision by executive bodies. It is relevant. To solve this problem, all executive bodies must take steps towards transparency while paying attention to the existing laws. In this regard, consolidation of employment laws and regulations based on meritocracy, strengthening transparency laws along with eliminating their shortcomings and paying attention to general policies of the government is necessary for transparency and elimination of corruption.

Today, developed countries have realized the important role of free zones in the growth and prosperity of the national economy. Due to their large size compared to other free zones of other countries, Iran's free zones have a special position that if the existing opportunities are well managed, we will see the growth and prosperity of our beloved country's economy in various fields. However, what has been observed from the performance of the free zones of the country so far shows that, unfortunately, these zones have not yet been able to approach the intended standards, and there is a kind of inflation of law in these zones. At first, the rules of free zones were predicted and approved to solve the problems and issues of these zones, but after a while, the inadequacies of these regulations in various fields forced them to refer to the labor law, and then this dichotomy caused confusion and problems for different groups. , Especially the issues between the worker and the employer. It is obvious that the existence of a comprehensive and complete law to manage the development of these areas is one of the basic principles of success. Therefore, in this article, we try to study the labor relations in free zones, which play a significant role in the development of these zones, and as a result, the regulations of free zones and the problems caused by its shortcomings are considered and practical suggestions for Problems are presented.

Sport and physical education, as an influential cultural element, has had an active presence in the history of Iran and has gradually become the owner of rules and regulations. In most laws, from the constitution to the approvals of the parliament and from the approvals of the cabinet to the approvals of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution and the Supreme Council of National Security, there are always traces of sports. "Sport has been a twin of man and has always been with him over the days. "It is not possible to know the beginning of sport because human beings need to move their muscles to stay and live from the beginning of creation, and sport will remain their companion until the end of their lives." In the present research work, an attempt has been made to acquaint the legal community of the country with the institution of physical education, which is a short step in the development of sports law in the country. To achieve this goal, first the category of sports in Iranian public law is mentioned and then the institution of sports in international law is considered.

The issue of power is one of the issues that have been continuously discussed and disputed by political and legal thinkers and philosophers. Based on this, different theories have been proposed regarding its meaning. According to many experts, the new approach to the concept of power in the context of new thought begins with the views of Thomas Hobbes. As one of the greatest political philosophers of the modern era, he theorized the concept of power for the first time, in which power is expressed based on the concept of sovereignty and in relation to the government. Other thinkers have also taken steps in this way. Looking at Foucault's thoughts in the postmodern era regarding power, a dominant model and intellectual and cultural framework that forms a set of models and theories for a society (paradigm) was created. From this point of view, in the postmodern era, the power and its relations are not concentrated in the government institution, but are plural in the society network, and public order is based on the principle of difference and specificity of individuals and groups. The aspects of power transformations in the postmodern era include: denial of the political nature of power, productive and positive nature of power, networkedness and fluidity of power relations, and denial of meta-narratives that legitimize power. Power and public order are two related categories in modern legal and political thought;

Transparency is considered as an  important principle of good governance in many countries. Transparency in public affairs means the free flow of information about public affairs and the availability of such information to all. Creating transparency in public affairs can achieve different goals, including increasing public trust in the government. To be sure, it would be difficult to advance a country's plans without the assistance and cooperation of the people and non-governmental organizations. On the other hand, by increasing public engagement in government plans as well as building trust between government and citizens, the government will face fewer challenges. Given these points, the importance of discussing public trust and the need for promoting it, is clear. This paper, while emphasizing the importance of public trust, will show the impact of transparency on gaining and promoting public trust. Furthermore, the place of transparency in the Iranian legal system will be discussed. To this end, while Iranian laws and regulations on transparency are briefly reviewed, the Bill on the Act on Transparency will be evaluated insofar as it is seen as the most important step in creating public transparency in terms of gaining public trust.

Modernization of governance and the attainment of collective enthusiasm and participation in political decision-making began since the fundamental shift of sovereignty from the Sultan to people. The modern state, as a descendant of ancient forms of governance, defines its sovereignty based on human wisdom rather than spiritual sources. As a claimant to the divine and popular sovereignty, the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI)—within the Constitutional Law—has recognized its own political–legal framework based on revelation and jurisprudence. Yet as a political entity in international politics and relations, the IRI cannot remain indifferent to the necessities of the modern world, especially when it comes to political and legal systematization. As a result, the IRI has also used modern methods of governance to organize the country legally and politically as well as to manage public affairs. Since state and modernity are pluralistic phenomena in intellectual and political systems, there are differences in the way the components of the Modern are recognized. Taking this as its central topic, the present study used a descriptive–explanatory and prescriptive approach as well as the library data to analyze the constituting components of state. The main finding is the fact that the difference lies in the normative basis and genesis of the two legal systems.

Sovereignty implies the legitimate supreme power of the command, which enables governments to legislate and ensure its implementation. The Sturdiness and exercise of citizenship rights is one of the most important features that define the governance strategy of states to protect the fundamental rights of citizens. The legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a legal and political structure that has based its sovereignty on the sovereignty of God and people oriented Sovereignty, has recognized and guaranteed the rights of citizenship within the framework of Islamic norms. This study is talking about the answer to the question of what is the relationship between citizenship rights and government sovereignty. The method of this research is descriptive and After explaining the views on sovereignty to the issue of citizenship by emphasizing its role in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran is seeking to reach main target of this research that is a multifaceted relationship between citizenship rights and government sovereignty.