فهرست مطالب m .armin

Due to the consumer demand for use of low-fat products, many efforts have been made to reduce oil absorption in fried products. Gums are a group of hydrocolloids that are used to reduce the absorption of oil in fried foods.

The effect of apricot gum based edible coating at different concentrations ( 0 , 8, 10 and 12%) during deep fat frying of zucchini cuttings were evaluated as a solution to reduce oil absorption and improve the shelf life. Physico-chemical properties of fried zucchini such as moisture and oil contents, frying yield, weight loss, acidity, pH and soluble solid content, shrinkage rate, ripening index, chlorophyll content and firmness were determined.

The results showed that coating with apricot gum had a significant effect on moisture and oil contents and frying yield of zucchini cuttings (P˂0.05). Coating with apricot gum resulted in higher acidity and lower pH and soluble solid content (BX) in coated samples. The lowest ripening and highest firmness was also observed in the coated samples.

This study suggests that by using edible coating based on apricot gum can be achieved in fried zucchini cuttings with less oil absorption and higher frying efficiency, which is more acceptable to the consumer in terms of physicochemical properties. The best results obtained using apricot gum coating at a concentration of 12%.

In the present study, first, an in vitro experiment was conducted to study the effects of Thymus vulgaris L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Mentha piperita L. water extracts on reducing the growth of Fusarium rot disease factor of cucumber (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum (forc)) by the saturated paper disk method. According to the results, the water extracts of Th. vulgaris, F. vulgare, R. officinalis, and M. piperita at a concentration of 250 ppm with the inhibitory zone diameter of 24.66, 17.33, 11.66, and 10.33 mm, respectively, showed the highest antifungal activity compared to the control (the inhibitory zone diameter of 3.66 mm). Then, it followed by a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of Th. vulgaris and F. vulgare water extracts on the cucumber cv. Nagene treated with F. oxysporum. The water extract of Th. vulgaris at a concentration of 200 ppm with the disease index of 31% showed the greatest reduction in the disease symptoms compared to the infected control and the F. vulgare treatment with the disease indices of 82.66 and 42%, respectively. Study on the activity of polyphenol oxidase, β-1, 3-glucanase, and peroxidase enzymes under the greenhouse conditions showed that the activity of all three enzymes had an increasing trend. So that the activity of enzymes in the combined treatment of Th. vulgaris water extract (200 ppm) and pathogen increased respectively from 1.12, 1.11, and 0.27 ΔOD/min/mg protein on the first day after the inoculation to 5.25, 4.81, and 2.88 ΔOD/min/mg protein on the 12th day, and it had a significant difference with the control. Considering the results of this research, it was found that the water extract of Th. vulgaris, in addition to the direct fungicidal effect, could increase the activity of defense enzymes in the cucumber plants resulted in the host plant resistance induction against the pathogen.

Drought is one of the most important climate phenomena which occurs in all climate conditions and most of the regions on the earth and brings in a lot of injuries to human and natural ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to investigate drought‛s characteristics including intensity, duration and its frequency and to find out their regional risk and forecasting, too. For this reason, some of rain gauge stations in Kheirabad watershed in which their data had been recorded until the end of water years 2011-2012, were selected. Drought conditions for each station were investigated for four different periods including three monthly and one annual periods, using Standardized Prediction Index. Then, drought prediction was performed using SPI values modeling using ARIMA and SARIMA time series. The results showed that in most of the studied time periods, the droughts in the Khyrababad basin are often of medium drought and wet years are of the same type. Study of the persistence of dry and wet periods in selected stations indicates that drought and wet years are more likely to be 1 and 2 years old and have more frequency than other dry and wet periods but the continuity of the normal situation, even for 5 years or more, has been observed in some stations, including the Boyeri and the Nazmakan. The results of drought prediction using time series show that the ARIMA model can better predict SPI values and increase the time interval from 12 months to 48 months more appropriate prediction. Also, the results of the evaluation of the models show that by increasing the time scale from 12 months to 48 months, the slope of the regression line and the MAE and RMSE values are lower.

Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is a new combustion mode which a mixture of fuel inside the cylinder is provided by injection of low reactivity fuel in the fuel inlet manifold and multi-stage injection of high reactivity fuel inside the cylinder. By changing the engine input parameters and determining the conditions, this study attempted to approximate a biodiesel dual-fuel (C11H22O2) / natural gas emgine to the combustion phase of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) to examine and compare the efficiency and output emissions. The understudy influencing factors included the comparison between the biodiesel-natural gas and diesel-natural gas fuels with similar energy generation, relevant strategies, and fuel emission rate. In this research, the 3401E Caterpillar emgine geometry was employed for the numerical simulation by the commercial Converge Software and SAGE combustion model. The results showed that, due to the high Cetane number and high oxygen present in its composition, the biodiesel fuel gave rise to earlier combustion as compared with diesel. The injection time precession, shortened injection time, and increased injection rate in the first phase increased pressure, average temperature, and the heat release rate, and the power and yield of combustion enhanced. Likewise, due to complete combustion, the rates of output emissions, including CO2, HC, and soot, decreased.

Trifluralin (Terfelan) is the main pre-plant incorporated herbicide for weed control in cotton cultivation. The use of reduced doses of herbicides in combination with increasing plant competitiveness is one of the important strategies in sustainable weed management. To Investigating the possibility of reducing the dosage of Trifluralin in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in conventional and ultra-narrow row spacing cultivation, a field experiment was carried out in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Sabzevar in 2015-2016. Factors were cultivation system (conventional; (70 cm row spacing) and ultra-narrow row (20 cm row spacing) and Trifluralin dosage (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% recommended dose (1440 g ai.ha-1). The results showed that the number of bolls per plant and the weight of boll per plant in ultra-narrow row conditions, in all herbicide doses, were less than conventional. Ultra-narrow row spacing had less maximum weed dry weight (115 g.m2) compared to conventional spacing (140 g.m2). The non-application of herbicide in ultra-narrow row spacing decreased seed cotton yield by 69.99% and in conventional spacing by 81%. Overall, in ultra-narrow row condition, based on 5 percent seed cotton yield losses, the dose of herbicide can be reduced to 25%, while there is no potential for reducing herbicide dosage in a conventional spacing system.

Sausage is poor in bioactive compounds such as omega-3 fatty acids and fibers. Therefore, consumers prefer to use novel meat products with improved nutritional and sensory properties. Flaxseeds contain several bioactive compounds such as essential fatty acids, fibers and antioxidants. Addition of the oilseeds to meat products can increase antioxidant properties, omega-3 and dietary fibers of the products.

In this study, effects of flaxseed powder at 0 (control), 3 and 6% on chemical compounds, pH, residual nitrite, thiobarbituric acid index, textural properties, microstructure and sensory evaluation of the samples were investigated. Quantity of the oil in the batches containing flaxseed powder was deducted from the total oil based on the flaxseed powder contents. All samples were stored at 4 °C and the experiments were carried out on Days 1, 14, 28 and 42.

Use of flaxseed powder in sausage formulation increased the nutritional properties without altering sensory properties of the product. Based on the results, addition of flaxseed powder decreased pH, nitrite and residual moisture contents and increased protein, ash, fiber and total calories (p > 0.05). Nitrite contents decreased during storage. In addition, flaxseed powder decreased the textural parameters. Microstructural results of sausages showed decreases in density and size of the pores by increasing flaxseed powder contents. In general, addition of flaxseed powder up to 3% included no effects on sensory evaluation parameters in sausages (p > 0.05).

Based on the results, sausages formulated with flaxseed powder can be used as novel processed meat products that contain appropriate quantities of bioactive compounds and compensate nutrient lacks of the conventional sausages.

In salt stress conditions, the use of moderating substances such as potassium-containing fertilizers can reduce the negative effects of saline on yield and yield components of crops. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of potassium amount on yield and yield components of Common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) grown under salt stress. The study was conducted in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions in Sabzevar branch, Islamic Azad university in 2016. A factorial experiment was carried based on completely randomized design with three replication. Factors were: amount of potassium (0. 150 and 300 kg k2O ha-1) as Solopotash form and salinity levels (0, 6, 9 and 12 dS.m-1). The results showed that increasing potassium amount in salt stress conditions increased the yield and yield components of Common purslane and the highest plant height, number of lateral branches, number of capsule per plant, number of seeds per capsule, dry weight of plant, grain yield, potassium content and lowest amount of sodium was obtained by consuming 300 kg. ha-1. Salinity at 12 dS.m-1 level, 57.75% reduced plant height, 55.75% number of lateral branches, 37.27% capsules per plant, 68.56% seeds per capsule, 67.57% 1000 seed weight, 71% plant dry weight, 47.21% grain yield and 41.91% plant potassium content and increased 27.65% sodium content compared to control. In total, the results showed that till 9 dS.m-1 grain yield was not statistically significant and consumption of 300 kg.ha-1 was more suitable for reducing the effects of salinity stress.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of seaweed extract on yield and yield components of Cotton under salinity stress, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Sabzevar Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in 2017. The experimental factors included application rate of seaweed extract at four levels of 0, 2, 4, and 6 ‰ and foliar application time at two levels at the vegetative and vegetative+flowering stage. The results showed that the time of seaweed extract application had no effect on the number of sympodial branches, the number of bolls, boll weight and grain yield, while foliar application of seaweed extract at vegetative + flowering increased the final height, lint percent, cotton seed yield and fiber yield. Foliar application at a concentration of 6 ‰ of seaweed extracts increased 31.19% in height, 32.19% in sympodial branches, 41.44 in boll, 23.25% in boll weight, 41.43% seed cotton yield, 61.43%, seed yield, 29.66%, fiber yield and 42.34% lint percent, In general, the results of this experiment showed that two times foliar application of seaweed extract at level 6 per thousand in vegetative and flowering stages were recommended for producing maximum yield and yield components of cotton under salt stress conditions.

The occurrence of climate change and its impact on surface water and groundwater resources, along with inappropriate management of water resources have led to an increase in the social and environmental vulnerability of river systems. Assessing the vulnerability of river basins, especially in developing countries such as Iran is essential and is considered as one of the main priorities of the water resources planners for the sustainable management of these resources and for the formulating of policies consistent with the regional conditions. In this line, this paper focuses on the assessment of the vulnerability of the Jarahi River Basin.

The study area of this research, the Jarahi River Basin, with an area of about 24000 square kilometers is located in southwest of Iran with a population of about 870000 people. In this research, the River Basin Vulnerability (RBV) method was used to assess the vulnerability of the Jarahi River Basin. This method examines the vulnerability of ecosystem and human simultaneously and consists of a total of six main indicators including ‘governance’, ‘economic status’, ‘social condition’, ‘environment’, ‘water stress’, and ‘natural hazards’ indicators. In this method, data are evaluated quantitatively. The combination of these indicators is based on a raster summation algorithm which can be carried out in the ArcGIS platform.

The anlysis shows that the vulnerability of the Jarahi River Basin corresponding to each of the indicators of governance, enconomic status, social condition, environment, hazards and water stress are 0.76, 0.41, 0.061, 0.43, 0.44 and 0. 84, respectively. The results exhibit that the Jarahi River Basin is severely threatened by natural hazards, and in particular, the flood hazard threatens all parts of the river basin. It is also exposed to high water stress. The highest water stress (0.76) associated with Shadegan sub-basin that is located in the southern part of the basin. In addition, Saiddon sub basin has the lowest literacy rate among the sub basin of the Jarahi River Basin with the rate of 79%. A significant part of the Shadeghan sub-basin exhibits considerable environmental impacts, interpreted as a discernible sign of human footprints in the area.

Generally, in the Jarahi River Basin, the vulnerability of three indicators, namely "governance", "water stress", and "natural hazards"are quite significant. In particular, flood assessment analysis shows that almost all the river basin is highly susceptible to flood hazard. Also, seismic hazard threatens a considerable portion of Behbahan and Takht-E Deraz sub-basins. The results regarding the water stress show that almost half of the basin (mostly Shadegan sub-basin) suffers from high water stress. Through controlling corruption, improving Iran’s political stability status and reducing the government fragility index, an improvement in the governence indicator can be achieved. Concerning the water stress indicator, given that the excessive use of water in the agriculture sector is mostly responsible for the high vulnerability state, changing the current land-use and accordingly the cropping pattern in the Jarahi River Basin will potentially have a positive impact on water stress indicator.Moreover, regarding the natural hazards, given the high potential of drought, flood, and earthquake occurrences in the research area,it is possible to somewhat reduce the incurred damages caused by these phenomena in the river basin by means of paying due attention to knowledge, awareness, planning and efficient management.

A field experiment was conducted in 2012 at the Agricultural Research Station of Motahari of Sabzevar¡ to determine the influence of different crop management practices and weed interference duration on grain yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). A split plot experiment was employed in randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of three crop management practices (Low¡ Medium and High input levels) and sub plot of five weed interference duration (0 as control¡ 15¡ 30¡ 45 and 60 weedy days after chickpea emergence). The results showed weed density¡ weed dry weight and number of plants per pod were not affected by crop management practices¡ however¡ plant height¡ biological and economic yield were inflenced by crop management practices. High input level had the highest plant height¡ biological and economic yield. Increased interference reduced yield¡ number of plants per pod and number of branches per plant of chickpea. Yield loss after full-season weed competition (60 days interference) was 80.60% as compared to control. Although increasing of weed interference reduced weed density but weed dry weight was increased. Fitted logistic regression function coefficients showed that the onset of yield loss was earlier (24.5 days after emergence) at low input levels while at high input levels it was postponed to 26 days after emergence. It can be conducted that increasing interference duration would reduce yield and yield components of chickpea¡ but under high input conditions competitiveness of chickpea will be increased.

In this study, the effect of split application of nitrogen and herbicide doses on the yield and yield components of wheat as infested with weeds were evaluated at the Research Field of Motahari Agricultural School of Sabsevar, Iran. The experiment was conducted in split plot with three replications. The three split applications of 150 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen as urea [30% at planting and 70% at stem elongation (T1), 25% at planting, 25% at tillering and 50% at stem elongation (T2), 25% at planting, 50% at tillering and 25% at stem elongation (T3)] were assigned to main plots, and five doses of herbicide applications (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dosage of Imazamethabenz-methyl) to sub- plots. The results showed that herbicide doses significantly affected yield and yield components of wheat and weed population. Increasing of herbicide doses affected biological and grain yield of wheat positively. The results also indicated effect of nitrogen application methods were more pronounced than that of herbicide doses. The highest spike per m2, thousand grain weight, biologic and grain yield, as well as the least number of infertile spikelet, were obtained by T3 treatment of nitrogen fertilization and herbicide application at recommended doses. These results suggested that 75% recommended dosage of Imazamethabenz-methyl and application of nitrogen by using T3 treatment would increase, economic yield of wheat.