mahdi kamali

Higher education is the fundamental cornerstone for the development of society. The objective of this research was to conduct an initial assessment and ranking of quality indicators for medical education inside Iran's higher education system.

The ARDL method was used. The expected relationship between the research variables was investigated, and then, the long-term and short-term coefficients were estimated in the second stage. To test the existence of long-term relationship, Banerjee, Dolado and Master's method was used. This test was performed based on the t-statistics. Long-term coefficients were extracted from ARDL model and dynamic error correction model. The investigation of the measures of educational quality in Iran's higher education system relied on the Gulpak article model and data obtained from the Statistics Center and the Central Bank of Iran.

Family cultural characteristics, parental education, parental economic status, location of residence, gender, and marital status were all independent variables that influenced the need for higher education. Additionally, there is a notable correlation between the number of children and the educational attainment of those children. Family background variables and cultural factors exhibit strong interdependence and directly influence an individual's perception of ongoing schooling. The variables of economic growth, consumer price index, and government spending in the education sector have a positive and statistically significant impact on the demand for higher education in Iran.

By identifying the primary markers of educational quality, one may pinpoint the barriers to academic advancement and therefore enhance the overall quality of education.

One of the most effective indicators of human capital and social determinants of health is the number of university graduates. Investigating the variables influencing Iran's desire for higher education was the goal of this study.

In this cross sectional study, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was used. The questionnaire used in this study included a researcher-made questionnaire to collect information on the target variables of the study. The first stage was using the Banerjee, Dolado, and Mastre approaches to find out if the model had a long-term connection before doing the long-term co-integration test. The t-statistics connected to coefficients inside an interval of the dependent variable served as the basis for this test's execution. The dynamic error correction model (ECM) and the ARDL model's long-term coefficients were retrieved. The Gulpak article model and information from the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Statistics Center, and other sources were utilized to investigate the variables impacting the demand for higher education in Iran.

Factors affecting the demand for higher education include the average free and night tuition, economic growth, employment rate, consumer and producer price indices, government spending on education and the ratio of urban population to the total population. The factors that influence the demand for higher education are government spending in the education sector, consumer price indices, and economic growth indicators.

Given the role that human resources play in the creation of human societies, particularly in the health sector, raising the proportion of government spending on education can spur demand for postsecondary education and advance national development.

Customers have a special priority as the cause of existence and in the continuation of banking life, and the analysis of customers' behavior in the financial and monetary markets in the financial literature was interpreted for a long time based on classical theories such as the theory of economic utility and the theory of competition, regarding the theories related to behavior Customers can also consider money demand models, the most important of which is Friedman's money demand theory. In this research, using this theory and the use of hierarchical analysis and finally simultaneous equation analysis, the factors affecting the behavior of legal bank customers have been investigated. Is. According to the research results; The deposit interest rate, premium deposit interest rate has a significant positive effect and inflation has a significant negative effect on the demand for long-term investment deposits, and for current loan deposits and savings of legal entities, there are significant negative and positive effects. Exchange rate fluctuations have a significant negative effect. It has demand for both types of current loan deposits and savings and long-term investment deposits. Electronic banking and payment facilities have a significant positive effect on both demand for current loan deposits and savings and long-term investment deposits.

In various studies, growth has been seen as a function of labor and capital, These two factors account for about 50 percent of economic growth. On the other hand, growth endogeneity is an issue raised by Romer et al. The present article examines the process of per capita income convergence in a set of 16 border provinces of the country for the period 2000-2019 with special attention to the role of social capital as a preparatory factor by the data panel method. According to the results, convergence is a function of factors such as accumulation of human capital, accumulation of physical capital and social capital. Different dimensions of social capital have different growth effects based on the level of development of the border province. Therefore 1- Trust (inverse per capita number of lawsuits related to issuing misplaced checks, embezzlement and bribery). 2. Participation (turnout rate) also controls different stable states between countries. The per capita income growth rate coefficient in the last 5 years is meaningless and since the convergence coefficient is not significant, as a result of this model is not convergent and there is always a stable difference in terms of per capita income between the border provinces of Iran. And the current levels of human, social and physical capital cannot be effective in reducing the difference in income levels of border provinces.

Stagnation of companies leads to tax, insurance and banking arrears, adjustment and unemployment of human resources, decrease in value and credit of the company, decrease in the value of the company's brand, intensification of partners' differences and legalization of company's issues, acquisition of company's assets by non-specialists,... and finally, the added value of the sub-sectors will decrease and production and economic growth will decrease. In order to realize the economic slogans announced by the Supreme Leader (Madazla Al-Ali) during the last few years, the strategies for revitalizing stagnant mining and industrial companies (with many previous and previous connections) should be examined. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to formulate a strategy for revitalizing stagnant mining and industrial companies. Therefore, the current research is based on the purpose of a survey and descriptive relationship investigation. For this purpose, through the method of hierarchical analysis as well as the study of related documents, a conceptual model for the revival of stagnant mining and industrial companies from the group of mining, chemical, textile (clothing and cellulose), food and metal industries with the opinion of 400 experts and stakeholders of this group were defined and compiled. Based on the results of the research, using hierarchical analysis for each group of industries, strategies for revival such as debt reorganization, transfer of management, financing, identification of new markets, sale of surplus assets, etc. were identified and prioritized..

What is important today in various markets, including health tourism, The existence of a Loyal tourist is because the cost of finding a new tourist is more than 1 times the Maintenance of a loyal tourist . on the hand, the main research that has been done. In the Field of health tourism demand so far, It has focused on the number of tourists as a Dependent variable. In addition, in all functions of health tourism, the issue of Heterogeneity of tourists in the study of tourism demand has not been considered.

Therefore, this study aims to estimate the tourism demand by land management areas. According to 3tourist land management areas in this article, which include area (Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan and Semnan), Region (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil And Kurdistan), Region (Hamedan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and Ilam), Region (Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, and Khuzestan) Region (Fars, Bushehr, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad), Region (Tehran, Qom and Alborz), Region (Zanjan, Qazvin and Markazi), Region (Yazd, Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan), And Region (South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and North Khorasan) Therefore, the Purpose of this study is to estimate the sensitivity of health tourism in land management Areas (except area5) using the model of Glinus et al. ( ).

According to the results of The research, the data of which were extracted from the questionnaires of foreign tourists, In all areas there is the highest sensitivity to costs.

Due to the impact of high tourism Sensitivity to costs such as transportation and travel costs, Cost of ccommodation and the Cost of health services in tourism demand Prevention and the impact of relative prices (Exchange rates), Accommodation fee, treatment fee and service price, Develop and Increase domestic services at a lower cost than foreign competitors by the government.

One of the important goals of today's societies is to achieve a happy society. A happy society leads to improvement of sufficiency and satisfaction with life, improvement of growth and economic development. In this regard, one of the factors affecting happiness is governance indicators, so the purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of governance indicators on happiness in a selection of countries in the Middle East and North Africa region in the period of 2006-2020 using the autoregressive distributed interval of panel distribution failures. (ARDL) is The studied countries are divided into two groups of high-income and low-income countries in three models. According to the research results in the first model for countries with per capita GDP and efficiency, the government has led to an increase in happiness. In low-income countries, there is a negative relationship of 0.84 between GDP growth per capita and happiness index. In the second model, for high-income countries, there is a negative and significant relationship between indicators of responsibility and political stability with happiness. For low-income countries, the responsibility of the negative effect and effectiveness of the government has a positive and significant effect on happiness. In the third model, for countries with high GDP, the quality and supervision of the government leads to an increase in happiness, and corruption leads to a decrease in happiness. For low-income countries, the quality of government supervision has led to a decline in happiness. Therefore, by improving good governance indicators, governments can increase people's happiness and their satisfaction with life.
 Governance, Happens, ,Mena, Panel ARDL

The existence of stagnant enterprises in Isfahan province, like other provinces of the country, has been raised as a problem, and therefore, in order to realize the economic slogans announced by the Supreme Leader (Madazleh Al-Aali) during the last few years, the revival of stagnant economic units should be investigated and analyzed be placed. This research seeks to examine and analyze the pathology of the revival of stagnant and semi-active economic units in Isfahan province and specifically targets the pathology of the process of revitalization of industrial and mining units of this province. For this purpose, through questionnaires and interviews with experts, as well as studying related documents, a conceptual model for stagnant industrial units from mineral, chemical, textile (clothing and cellulose), food and metal industry groups was defined and compiled. According to the results of the research, it includes external and uncontrollable factors as well as internal and controllable factors on the non-revival of industrial units. Also, for each group of industries, strategies for revival such as debt reorganization, transfer of management, financing, identification of new markets, sale of excess assets have been suggested and prioritized using hierarchical analysis.

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the effect of the Covid-19 (Corona) epidemic on production inflation (as a pressure on business). For this purpose, the data of the years 1360-1400 and autoregression models with distribution breaks (ARDL) and error correction (ECM) have been used. Based on the obtained results, Corona and economic sanctions have led to an increase in production inflation (as an obstacle for business) in the investigated period. Also, for each unit increase in liquidity and real exchange rate, production inflation (as an obstacle to business) will increase by 1.9 and 0.7 units, respectively. According to the findings of the research, the anti-inflationary effect related to the educational expenses of businesses has been effective in reducing the pressure on businesses simultaneously and intermittently. In addition, for every one unit increase in per capita income, the pressure on businesses decreased by 0.8 units. According to the findings, the speed of reaching the balance will be 51%, which shows that 51% of the short-term imbalance error is adjusted convergently in each period.

Iran, as one of the preventive (health) tourism regions and hubs of the world, has potential preventive and health capacities. On the other hand, health tourism brings three times more currency than other areas of tourism, so it is necessary to recognize the factors affecting the attraction of health tourists in different regions of Iran. According to 9 tourist regions in this article, which include region 1 (separately 5 land management regions, which are regions 2 (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Kurdistan), region 5 (Fars, Bushehr, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad), region 8 (Yazd, Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan), region 1 (Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan and Semnan) and region 3 (Hamedan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and Ilam) which in terms of health in areas with natural resources and suitable climate Comparative advantage and priority (regions 2, 1, 3, 5 and 8), preventive tourism demand (health) was estimated by the almost ideal demand method. Based on the opinion of 226 preventive health tourists in 5 land management areas, the sensitivity of foreign preventive tourism demand (health) to the effective factors and types of health tourism expenditures is measured. The results in all 5 preventive tourism areas indicate the sensitivity of foreign tourists to various macro factors such as inflation and exchange rates, the amount of personal income can be captured. In addition, the variables of relative prices (exchange rate), transportation and travel costs, medical facilities, standard accommodation, health tourism facilities, accommodation costs, health services prices, cooperation between tourism agencies and medical centers are all It affects the demand of tourists. Also, foreign tourists are highly sensitive to costs and preventive expenses in Iran and less sensitive to other expenses such as transportation and accommodation services and other expenses.

The statistics, although different, indicate the fact that a significant number of the country's economic units with large capitals are stagnant or semi-active for various reasons. Stagnation of companies has destructive effects, such as increasing financial debt and creating tax, insurance and bank arrears, adjustment and unemployment of human resources, reducing the value and credibility of the company, reducing the value of the company's brand, intensifying the dispute between partners, and legalizing issues. The company's assets will be acquired by non-specialists and... The existence of stagnant enterprises in Isfahan province is also a problem like in other provinces of the country, it should be noted that there is no comprehensive and local model in the field of revitalizing stagnant economic enterprises, so the issue should be Therefore, this research seeks to investigate the financial methods of reviving the stagnant and semi-active industrial and mining units of the province. In line with the financial methods of revival, the ranking of new methods of revival was done using the opinions of 105 beneficiaries of stagnant companies and 237 experts in the field of financing. Based on the results of the model based on the output of Export Choices software. In twenty groups, the priority of the methods was obtained, based on which the three priority methods for the revival of stagnant and semi-active companies in Isfahan province are: 1- Equipment and reconstruction, ownership, and 2- Exploitation, construction, exploitation, paying rent to investors and Transfer and 3- Mutual sale

Part of the Asās al-Eqtebās, like many other books of logic in the Islamic scholarship, is devoted to the art of poetry. These books are largely based on Aristotle’s Poetics, and therefore the contents therein of the part on poetry are mostly adapted from this philosopher’s book of Poetics. However, the process of translation (from Greek into Syriac, from the latter into Arabic and from Arabic into Persian), the commentaries and summaries of the Poetics as well as the unfamiliarity of translators and commentators with the subject matter of the book (the dramatic poetry of ancient Greece), have caused the material taken from the Poetics to become outlandish and sometimes erroneous. The word shahnah in the section on poetry in the Asās al-Eqtebās is a misreading of sahnah meaning look and colour of the face, being an incorrect rendering of the Greek word prosopon denoting “mask” in Greek theatre. Also, the expression akhz be wojuh in the Asās al-Eqtebās is an incorrect translation of the Greek word hypokrisis that means playing role, its agent noun  being hypokrites which denotes “dramatic role player”. As the artists in ancient Greek theatres always wore masks, this word is probably related to dramatic mask. Both expressions (sahnah and prosopon) have found their way from Avicenna’s book of Shefā into Asās al-Eqtebās.

Comprising medical and health (prevention) types of tourism, health tourism is of great importance for Iran, considering the country’s potential medical capabilities (the presence of qualified practicing physicians and extensive medical and treatment facilities) and appropriate natural health resources (such as hot springs, salt domes, salt lakes, and Mud therapy facilities). Moreover, the capacity of health tourism in terms of foreign exchange earnings is more than three times than that of ordinary international tourism. However, despite its great capacities, Iran has a modest share of the health tourism market, the increase in which requires the assessment of the elasticity of health tourism demand from the Middle East in terms of the relevant effective factors. Therefore, this study sought to find answers to the following basic questions: 1- What are the factors affecting the demand for health tourism? 2- What is the elasticity of the demand for health tourism in terms of such factors? To this end, this study assessed the demand for health tourism using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) and the simultaneous equation Model. Moreover, a questionnaire was administered to 182 tourists coming from the Persian Gulf countries to express their opinion regarding health tourism and estimate the elasticity of health tourism demands in terms of relevant effective factors. The results of the AIDS estimations revealed that the price elasticity of health tourism demand was greater than one, while the price elasticity of other products and accommodation services was less than one. Moreover, it was found that the elasticity of health tourists' demand from Iran belonged to significant variables such as the tourist’s income level, visa validity, expenses, exchange rate variations, and the inflation rate.

Extended Abstract
Among different areas of tourism, health tourism has received a lot of attention due to creating threefold currency compared to other types of tourism, capabilities and competitive advantages. Advances and medical achievements and the high level of health care equipment in Iran have created new possibilities and opportunities for the field of medical tourism. Iran due to its specialized doctors, low treatment costs, natural resources and suitable climate, proximity to Arab countries and similarity of culture and dialect with some neighboring countries have advantages in the field of attracting medical tourists from these countries despite the obstacles and weaknesses such as the presence of competitors in the region. Iran's share of the health tourism market is small despite its high capacity for medicine and healthcare. Therefore, Iran, as one of the regions and centers of medical tourism in the world, has potential therapeutic and medical capacities.
 
The research area includes four tourism zones with comparative medical advantage, according to the report of land use planning (2018). These 4 zones of land use planning include zone 2 (West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Kurdistan), zone 4 (Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Khuzestan), zone 6 (Tehran, Qom and Alborz), and zone 9 (South, North and Razavi Khorasan). Medical tourism demand was estimated by the Almost Ideal Demand. According to the studies of Walsh (1996), Uysal and Crampton (1984) due to insufficient access to data, problems related to compound alignment, etc., the factors affecting the tourist were selected separately for medical tourism demand in areas with medical system. Based on the Almost Ideal Demand, ten effective factors on the demand of medical tourism in zones with a medical system, including services and visa duration, relative prices (exchange rates), disposable personal income, entry and exit regulations and facilities, political and communication conditions with Iran, cost of accommodation, cost of treatment, waiting time for service, physician reputation and specialization were estimated. A random sample of 183 foreign tourists was selected by referring to the relevant customs.
 
According to the opinion of 183 foreign medical tourists in four zones od land use planning, the sensitivity of medical tourism demand to effective factors and types of medical tourism expenditures is measured. The results in all four medical tourism zones indicate the sensitivity of foreign tourists to various macro factors such as inflation and exchange rates. In addition, the variables of service and duration of visa, rules and facilities of entry and exit, political and communication conditions with Iran, cost of accommodation, cost of treatment, waiting time for service and the reputation of the doctor and special expertise all affect the tourist demand. Also, foreign tourists are highly sensitive to the costs and expenses of treatment in Iran and less sensitive to other costs such as accommodation and other expenses. All variables are at a stable level, so the level values of the variables were used to estimate the model in different regions, and out of 42 estimated parameters, 23 parameters were significant at the 95% confidence level. And since, according to Durbin-Watson statistics and the White test, all relationships have no autocorrelation and variance inequality, so the results are reliable. Therefore, the statistically significant coefficients indicate the sensitivity of tourists' demand to the corresponding variables of significant coefficients such as price, expenditure, exchange rate, inflation and so on. In other words, the significance of price coefficients for medical goods and services implies that the government can use these variables as a tool to achieve its economic goals in order to strengthen medical tourism.
 
Based on the results of estimating the almost ideal demand model for medical health tourism and considering the positive sign of the variable coefficient of tourists' opinions about the exchange rate and its significance in relation to the demand for medical services, it can be seen that an increase in the exchange rate leads to an increase the demand for medical services. Achieving this result based on trade theories such as Heckcher-Ohlin theory and the law of gravity is not far from expectation, and in fact this has led to cheaper Iranian domestic goods for foreigners, which is a tourist pull factor under the law of gravity. Based on the results of estimating the almost ideal medical tourism demand model and considering the negative sign of the variable coefficient of tourists' opinions about the waiting time for receiving services and its significance in relation to medical demand, it can be seen that increasing the growth of the health sector and service facilities, faster leads to an increase in demand for medical services. According to the results in all zones of land use planning, medical tourism demand is sensitive to service quality and visa duration, entry and exit regulations and facilities, political and communication conditions with Iran, cost of accommodation, cost of treatment, waiting time to receive services and doctor reputation and specialty. This means that foreign medical tourists who come to Iran are sensitive to the cost and quality of services in terms of income level and demand. In other words, the estimate indicates that the actual demand for medical services for foreigners is a necessary and non-luxury demand and therefore, increasing costs or reducing the quality of services will lead to a sharp decline in this demand.

Health tourism is of great importance due to its high capacity to earn foreign exchange and Iran's potential in the field of medicine, as well as the existence of suitable natural resources (hot springs and salt domes, salt water lakes and sludge treatment facilities). However, Iran's share of the health tourism market is small, despite its high capacity. Therefore, measuring the sensitivity of foreign health tourism demand in different regions of Iran to effective factors is necessary to increase Iran's share of foreign health tourism. Therefore, in this study, using the almost ideal demand (AIDS) with the help of the system of simultaneous equations, the health tourism demand function is estimated. For this purpose, using the questionnaire, the opinion of 216 foreign tourists in the two fields of medical tourism (medical) and prevention (health) has been obtained and it has been estimated using the system of simultaneous equations. According to the results of the near-ideal demand estimate, the price elasticity of health tourism demand (both treatment and prevention) is greater than one, while the price elasticity of other goods and accommodation services is less than one. Also, according to the sensitivity results of health tourists' demand (separately for treatment and prevention), the corresponding variables are significant coefficients such as tourist income, visa duration, price, expenses, exchange rate changes, inflation rate in Iran. In the field of medical tourism demand, the variables of waiting time for receiving services, physician reputation and specialty and in the field of health tourism demand, the variables of accommodation quality, level of medical capacities, level of cooperation between tourism agencies and medical centers and health tourism facilities They have been influential in health tourism demand.

Various demographic, economic, geographical and regional factors and lifestyle affect health tourism.Given the potential of Iran as one of the health tourism regions and hubs of the world, it is necessary to know the factors affecting health tourism attraction in different parts of Iran.In this dissertation, considering the available statistics, two groups of health tourism areas including areas with medical tourists and areas with health tourists from foreign tourists were examined.Based on the field method and hierarchical analysis, it was concluded that the first 10 factors affecting the demand for medical tourism in the areas of medical and medical system are:Visa services and terms, relative prices (exchange rates), amount of personal income disposable, entry and exit rules and conditions and political and communication conditions with Iran, cost of living, treatment costs, waiting time for service, doctor's reputation and specialty, and The first 10 factors affecting the demand for preventive tourism in areas with natural resources and appropriate climate are: Relative prices (exchange rates), transportation and travel costs, medical facilities, standard accommodation, health tourism facilities, accommodation costs, the cost of health services, the amount of disposable personal income, entry and exit regulations and facilities Between tourism agencies and medical centers. What they find in examining the factors affecting tourism in different regions is the high importance of tourism costs and quality of services that should be considered by policy makers.

In Persian language, there are poems which are merely made of long syllable. These poems are of two types: 1- A verse or line which its scansion meter turned to be a string of long syllables because of its Taskin license; whereas its standard meter should be found out through studying other sections of the poem. These scansion meters are free variant of the other meters. Syllabification in these poems is done based on standard meter. If two different verses of this type, each of them being free variant of another meter, have an equal length, so phonetic characteristic, which distinguishes the meter of these two verses, is foot stress. This stress is placed in the latest, long, non-final syllable of foot; and its nature is non-linguistic. 2- Poems which are originally made of only long syllable. The meter of such poems cannot be considered as free variant of another meter; their being rhythmic is resulted from their syllabification based on the length and boundary of words in such a way that the boundary of foot is usually coincident with the boundary of the word; and by an alteration in the length and syllabification of the words, their meter will also change. Phonetic characteristic, which makes it possible for foots to be identified, is the stress on the first syllable of each foot. Stress unifies some syllables together and differentiates them from other syllables as well as converting them to one foot; and meter is determined according to the number of syllables of foot.

Most poets and writers in Iranian culture have used a lot of "exemplum" as a rhetorical element, because exemplum regardless that to be based on a famous story or habit or to be simply a wise, well-meaning and well-worded sentence has great persuasive power. Hakim Abolqasem Ferdowsi, like other poets, expresses the exemplum inShahnameh in various occasions by awareness of a persuasive power that lies in a variety of exemplums, and he interprets it as "storytelling". In this paper, the quality of these "storytelling" has been examined through descriptive-analytical method. To do this, we first have introduced different meanings of the word "storytelling" in Shahnameh, and then, based on the couplets that this word has been used in them in the meaning of the expression of the exemplum, we have tried to show that Ferdowsi often uses of this persuasive strategy at the time of hidden or obvious inconsistency or dissonance of events of the story, or the speech, or the act, or the verdict of the characters with the vote of the exemplum and rhetorical speaker, and in most cases, the appearance of the exemplum is for this reason that a word, an event, an adventure, a decision, a condition or an opinion, a belief and the behavior way that is not acceptable to be changed, and its speaker identifies that if he sees fit, to be expressed in the form of an exemplum which is the result of collective wisdom of predecessors, will have a greater impact.
Ferdowsi also pursues various purposes such as punishment, annulment, reverence; strengthen the spirit, and weakening the spirit of narrating these exemplums.
Although the most of storytelling in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is accompanied by the announcement of the speaker, and he states, aside from the exemplum, there are examples in which they narrating the exemplum is done without news. There are other examples that the wise word is quoted from the wise human and is the basis for decision making and practice. This wise word is in fact the same exemplum, and in terms of content and status of appearance, has no difference with the words that have been referred to as their being sample, and the only difference is that there is no mention of the phrase "storytelling" .
The present paper, these mentioned results have been obtained by examining the story telling technique in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh; the results that have no history in the field of rhetorical researches of Shahnameh, and can be effective in identifying the art of this famous poet and the his poetry style.

In order to be autonomous, teachers should enjoy teaching and be satisfied with their teaching. Teacher autonomy, therefore, may be related to teacher burnout and job satisfaction. The present study investigated the relationship between job satisfaction, teacher burnout, and teacher autonomy. Two hundred and seven language teachers at language institutes in Karaj and Tehran were given three questionnaires to complete. Convenience sampling was used to select language teachers in this study, and IBM SPSS (version 22) was used to analyze the data. Three non-parametric statistical tests were used to analyze the collected data. According to the findings of this study, job satisfaction had a weak negative relationship with teacher burnout, and teacher autonomy correlated negatively with job satisfaction. Moreover, no relationship between teacher autonomy and teacher burnout was found. Although the findings should be interpreted with care because of sample size, the paper ends with implications for language teachers and policy makers.

Mechanical, hydraulic, and chemical washing methods are the most common methods for sewer line cleaning. Each of these methods includes several sub methods. Rodding and bucket machine are the two most important of mechanical cleaning methods, whereas high-speed and flushing are the most important hydraulic cleaning methods. Acids, alkalis, surfactants, and enzymes are widely used materials in sewer line chemical cleaning. When choosing the appropriate cleaning procedure, the network conditions must be considered. Studies indicate that, in general, the hydraulic method is the best cleaning method among the reviewed procedures. Studies have shown that more than 90% of cities in the USA use hydraulic method to clean their sewer systems. Whilst mechanical and chemical methods are employed 50% and 3%, respectively. In Iran, there is no information about the comparison of sewer system cleaning methods, and it can only be said that due to the limitation of equipment, high-velocity cleaning using a water-jet machine, conventional, and empirical methods are used more. The hydraulic cleaning method in spite of its low cost has a high efficiency and uses minimum manpower.

Formation of oil, fat, and grease deposits in sewer pipelines is a major concern as they result in sewage overflow and pose health problems. Analysis of two sample deposits collected from the sewer lines of Imam Reza Street in the city of Mashhad suggested that the chemical reactions promoted by edible oils in the sewer lines lead to the formation of insoluble soap and deposits. Being sticky, the deposits accumulate over time to eventually block the lines. The analysis also showed that the moisture content of the samples ranged between 50‒62%, indicating that water does not play a main role in their formation. The samples were also found to contain 61.78% and 84.35% saturated fatty acids, with palmitic acid being the dominant one. Calcium was the main metal in the samples, which is due to both water hardness and corrosion of the sewer lines. Based on the results obtained, the origin of these deposits, and the relevant protocols for the management of oil and fat wastes, solutions were proposed to prevent deposit formation and sewer line clogging that suit the special cultural and environmental conditions of the city. These proposals are under consideration for implementation in the region.

Backgrounds and

Rapid identification of Vibrio cholera is important in epidemics and bioterrorism wars. On the other hand, the conventional method is time consuming and costly. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, inexpensive and high sensitive method based on magnetic nanoparticles for trapping bacterial DNA.

In this study, biotinalated probes were used for trapping Vibrio cholerae DNA. Finally designed primers were used to detect bacteria.

According to PCR identified results showed that only Vibrio cholera were identified, and; concluded that the biotinalated probe is specific for bacterium Vibrio choleraecholera.

According to the findings of this study, Sensitive and specific detection of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae is assessed and validated with this method efficiently. And in terms of time and at lowest costs are introduced an efficient method.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is one of the most important factors in cervical cancer. Viral sequences are integrated into the host cell genome. In mild cases the virus causes skin damages, in severe cases it leads to cancer. Like many other cancers, telomerase gene expression was increased in cervical cancer. This enzyme is a reverse transcriptase that contains two common subunits: i) catalytic protein called human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and, ii) RNA sequence called hTR. hTERT expression is hardly found in any somatic tissues. Detection of high telomerase activity in human cells, lead to tumor genesis. So hTERT can be used as a diagnostic tool in cancer detection.
This experimental study was carried out from May 2013 to April 2014 in Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. Caski and Hela cancer cell lines were used which contain HPV16 and HPV18 respectively. Cell lines were cultured and total RNA was extracted. Following normalization agent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH), hTERT expression level was determining by real-time PCR method. For each sample, the expression level of hTERT and GAPDH were quantified as copy numbers (per reaction) using the standard curve. Finally, hTERT levels in Hela and Caski cell lines were compared quantitatively by t-test using GraphPad statistic software version 5 (San Diego, CA, USA).
According to the charts real-time PCR, hTERT gene expression in Hela and Caski cancer cell lines is significantly different (t=0.0319).
All results confirm that hTERT expression levels in Hela and Caski cell lines are significantly different and the level of hTERT expression in the Caski cell line was slightly higher than that of Hela cell line. The significant difference between hTERT mRNA expression levels reported here could be used as a tumor marker for HPV16 and HPV18 in cervical cancer.

Nanomedicine delivery systems are known as potent therapeutictools. In addition to possessing an effective agent of turmeric، Curcumin shows antibacterial properties as well. Curcumin is not water-soluble and it can be solved in water via nanotechnology-base methods. Chitosan is a natural and biodegradable substance that is utilized for the Production of Nanoparticles (NPs) carrying drug. In the following investigation، curcumin is loaded in chitosan NPs and ultimately، the resulting nano-drug is studied as an antibacterial agent. In this study، NPs are produced using chitosan and Tripolyphosphate (TPP) salt. Curcumin solution was loaded in chitosan NPs during their production. Next، the skins of BALB/c mice infected with staphylococcus aureus are treated by curcumin-loaded chitosan NPs for 3 days. Afterwards، in order to evaluate the antibacterial property of the nano-drug، these skin suspensions of mice are cultured in bacterial medium. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) reveals the charge of + 7 ± 2 mV and the size of 160 ± 10 nm in curcumin-loaded chitosan NPs. Moreover، Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicates a spiral shape. Therefore، the evaluation of the optical density by spectrophotometry demonstrates that 75 ± 2 % of curcumin are loaded in chitosan NPs. Bacterial culture shows that curcumin-loaded chitosan NPs significantly inhibited staphylococcus aureus growth. This study demonstrates that curcumin-loaded chitosan NPs can be applied as a potent agent in treatment of bacterial skin infections.

Quick identification of Vibrio Cholerae in epidemics is important, on the other hand; conventional methods are time-consuming and costly. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, inexpensive and high sensitivity method for quick identification of Vibrio Cholerae. For this purpose we designed a PCR detection based on magnetic nanoparticles for identification of bacterial DNA by PCR Dynabead. So we used the biotinylated Probe for binding to DNA extracted from Vibrio Cholerae and other bacterial species (Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, E.coli) Using magnetic bead isolated with magnetic field, the Vibrio genome-specific primers (HlyA) for pathogen detection (PCR) was used. The results showed specific band was just for Vibrio Cholera (PCR positive); therefore designed probe was specific for Vibrio Cholerae. According to the findings, this study is characterized the high sensitivity of PCR using biotin-containing probes for DNA of Vibrio Cholera in contrast to the traditional methods.