mahmoud jalali

In order to study the Qom Formation, the ostracodes of members c1 to c4 and e of this formation  were studied in the south Shurab section. The studied strata in this section have a significant abundance and diversity of ostracods. Changes in the abundance and diversity of species in the ostracodes of the studied members show that Member c2 was deposited in a shallower environment compared to the middle and upper part and the base of Member c3. The high abundance of psychrophilic species at the base of Member c4 and the presence of thermophilic forms at the top of Member c4 indicate that the basin was deeper at the time of deposition of the base Member c4 sediments than at its top. Also, the visible changes in the ostracods collection in marly Member e indicate frequent fluctuations in the depth of the environment during the deposition of this member in the studied area. In general, it can be inferred that the environment of members c1 to c4 and e of the Qom Formation was a warm with moderate salinity sea water. In the biostratigraphic studies, 42 species belonging to 36 genera of ostracoda and four biozones have been identified. Based on the biostratigraphic studies, the Chattian age was determined for the sediments of the top of Member b and c1, the Aquitanian for the sediments of members c2 to c4, and the Burdigalian for the sediments of Member e of the Qom Formation in the Shurab section was determined.

Actions such as illegal unilateral sanctions and politically motivated dumping may cause instability in the politico-economic system of the targeted country which can lead to human consequences, fear, and terror including economic terrorism. However, as international law stands now, there is no instrument defining economic terrorism, determining its instances and specifying legal and practical mechanisms  to confront it. This paper aims to examine economic terrorism and its instances and create mechanisms as well as a codified legal system to deal with this issue. Economic terrorism in the form of imposing unilateral economic sanctions contrary to international law and dumping is illegal and inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, international customary trade law and UN Security Council resolutions. Therefore, to counter economic terrorism, it is necessary to give a precise and legally comprehensive definition of this kind of terrorism in international instruments acceptable to the international community. The present study is based on a descriptive-analytical method.

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, whether naturaly or designed in biological laboratories with strategic goals, is an alarm bell in regard to biological threats. Extensive development of biological sciences and the possibility of genetic manipulations remind us of the possibility of genocide and generational abuse, and the increasing threats of bio-terrorism intensify this concern. This demonstrates the necessity  to strengthen the universal efforts for the destruction of biological weapons and their agents. The main obligations under the biological weapons prohibition system are outlined in the 1972 Convention on Prevention of Biological Weapons (BWC). But the lack of oversight by the monitoring body, as well as the lack of sufficient and independent guarantees to monitor violations of obligations, have made the effect of its function impaired and ambiguous. Identifying biological scientists, compiling codes of conduct and limiting terrorists access are among the strategies that can be made possible only in a new multilateral and comprehensive instrumentt which includes provision of an independent international monitoring body and sufficient guarantees.

The deliberate use of biological agents as a weapon in terrorist activities is called bioterrorism. Bioterrorism, directly targets human rights, endangers global health and security and terrible threat to humanity. The purpose of this paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, is to introduce bioterrorism, definebiological weapons, and state that these weapons are considered mass destruction weapons according to their characteristics and effects on living things and the environment. Also, classification, ways to fight and legal approach to legalization of these weapons in international law have been explained. Since, one of the main concerns of authorities and international organizations is to ensure global health and security and the purpose of international law is to control and prohibit the use of such weapons. But many of the solutions offered by these organizations have not been successful.

The China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission-CIETAC is an important arbitration organization that many businessmen and investors from all over the world refer to annually to resolve international commercial disputes. This article tries to answer these questions: how and under what conditions does CIETAC have the jurisdiction to settle disputes, what is its scope of jurisdiction, and how does it increase the scope of its jurisdiction. The results show that by concluding a valid arbitration agreement within the personal and material scope determined by Chinese laws and the regulations of CIETAC, this organization acquires the jurisdiction to settle international commercial disputes. By recognising the possibility of a supplementary agreement between the parties, clarifying the ambiguity of the arbitration agreement and increasing its competencies by repeatedly amending its regulations, CIETAC has expanded its jurisdiction.

The use of domestic technical and service capacity in the oil and gas industry is essential and is one of the indicators of economic development. Countries seek to support domestic capacity and promote it through the establishment of laws and regulations as well as the inclusion of binding conditions in contracts. In our country, this matter is doubly important because, on the one hand, it seeks to reduce the effect of all-round Western sanctions and reduce dependence on other countries, and on the other hand, in recent decades, the income from oil and gas resources is the main source of the country's foreign exchange income. In this research, the basic question is: What is Iran's legislative and contractual approach to the principle of using local content compared to successful and leading countries in this field, and which countries have a successful model in this field, and by collecting materials using a library method and using analytical and descriptive research method, in the beginning, this hypothesis was proposed that the country of Iran sought to reduce its dependence on foreign content, but due to sanctions and lack of capital and manpower, it had weaknesses in this field. At the end, the answer to the research question has been given that Iran's legislator, realizing the importance of this issue, has passed laws related to the promotion of local content in different time frames, but still the oil industry is facing weaknesses in this field and the hypothesis proposed at the beginning of the research was correct to some extent, but the implementation of the laws has faced weaknesses due to the existence of various sanctions, and it was concluded that in the new contractual model of Iran, compared to the previous models, all the weaknesses of other contractual models have not been covered in general. In the contracts and technical features similar to conventional fields and contracts in Norway, due to successful modeling in this field, it can be a good example for negotiators and designers of Iranian oil contracts.

The sedimentary basin of Kopeh-Dagh is located in the northeast of Iran. This sedimentary basin has been of interest for a long time because of hydrocarbon materials. Gavelinellids are the most abundant and dominant groups of benthic foraminifera in epicontinenal seas during Cretaceous period which belong to Rotaliinacean foraminifera. They have shown a wide biogeographical distribution and dispersion in many areas of Tethys. Their evolutionary trend during the Cretaceous time was success. The high concentration of marine sedimentary rocks and the absence of igneous activities in the Kope-Dagh sedimentary basinhave caused it to be considered the most suitable basin for the formation and accumulation of hydrocarbons after the Zagros sedimentary basin. This basin has suitable layers of carbonate rocks and porous sandstones to store hydrocarbon materials, also thick layers of shales in this basin can act as suitable source and cap rocks. In this research some genera and species from this family in Sanganeh and Aitamir Formations at five stratigraphic sections including Marave Tappeh, Takal kuh, Sheykh, Gadvecanlou and Kalat from point of biostratigraphical and paleoecological applications have been investigated. In this study, four biozones including Gavelinella flandrini-Gaudryina cf. praedividens assemblage zone, Berthelina intermedia assemblage zone, Berthelina cenomanica Assemblage Zone, Berthelina intermedia-Osangularia schloenbachi Assemblage Zone have been introduced. Based on the reported genera and species of the Gavellinidae family, it can be stated that the studied formations were deposited in the middle and outer part of the continental shelf to the upper part of the continental slope and in aerobic to semi-aerobic environments. The presence of more planktonic foraminifera than benthic foraminifera in the Aitamir Formation, the depth of the basin increases.

The Sarvak Formation, with a total thickness of 1566 m and major limestone lithology in the Ahvaz and Mansouri oil fields, is studied to determine its palaeoenvironment, diagenetic overprint and geochemistry. In the studied wells, the formation conformably overlies the Kazhdumi Formation and is overlain by the Ilam Formation. The petrographical studies led to identifying twelve facies precipitated in four major sub-environments, including inner-, middle-, and outer ramp and an intra-shelf basin on a homoclinal ramp-type setting. Dissolution, compaction, and cementation are the main diagenetic alterations that changed the primary chemical composition and the reservoir property of the Sarvak Formation. These diagenetic processes occurred in phreatic marine, meteoric, and burial realms. Sedimentary geochemistry of major and trace elements, including Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Sr, along with O and C stable isotopes, reveal aragonite as the original carbonate mineralogy of the Sarvak Formation. The depositional environment in the lower Sarvak with the predominant shallow open marine and stratigraphic succession with no evidence of exposure, change to stratigraphic succession with more shallow sub-environments (lagoon and bioclastic-shoal), and the evidence of exposure such as cementation and extensive dissolution, which led to depletion in Sr, δ18O, and δ13C and enrichment in Fe and Mn during sea level fall in the inner ramp microfacies. The Fe and Mn cross-plot with a positive trend shows the effects of diagenetic phases in minor phreatic marine and mainly meteoric realm, all confirmed by petrography. The Sr/Ca ratio has the most correlation to the modern tropical warm-water shallow marine that could confirm the primary aragonite mineralogy; which is supported by the predominance of carbonate mud in the identified facies, primary isopachous fibrous marine cements, and extensive dissolution evidence. The cross-plot of Fe versus Sr and Mn versus Sr/Mn ratio suggests deposition in mainly an oxygenation state that experienced low to high water/rock interaction during different depositional sequences. The δ18O and δ13C co-variation and their comparison with the other fields of the Sarvak conducted in different regions show precipitation in an isotopic equilibrium in the carbonates with the Upper Cretaceous seawater, since calculating salinity (Z=130) and temperature (T= 26°C) of the Sarvak Formation confirm the above statement.

The China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission(CIETAC), is one of the leading arbitration bodies in East Asia, to which traders and investors from all over the world turn to resolve their disputes. Ease and confidence in identifying and enforcing domestic and foreign arbitral awards issued by this institution is of particular importance and can lead to the expansion and expansion of international trade relations. The People's Republic of China has provisions for the recognition and enforcement of internal arbitration in the Code of Civil Procedure, the Arbitration Law and the Code of Civil Procedure. China has tried to use the new principles and rules of arbitration as a criterion in formulating these rules. But in some cases it has violated these principles. In the international arena, the recognition and enforcement of Cietac's foreign arbitral awards is in accordance with the rules of the 1958 New York Convention. In this article, by reviewing the rules governing the recognition and enforcement of CIETAC arbitration awards from the perspective of China and the New York Convention, the principles, obstacles, and methods of identifying and enforcing CIETAC internal and external arbitration awards are examined.

Due to the widespread dependence of all human affairs on cyberspace and the Internet, the risk of cyber attacks threatens international peace and security more than ever‏.‏ From time to time, some news is spread in the media and social networks that a cyber attack has been carried out against a state. Still, due to the complexities of cyberspace, it is difficult to determine the perpetrator of the cyber attack‏.‏ What can act as a strong barrier against the state’s violations of the rules and principles of international law is the rules of the international responsibility of the states‏‏.‏ Currently, there are two standards of responsibility for states against cyber attacks of Non-State Actors, one of which is the standard of effective control, and the other is the standard of general control‏.‏ In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of these two standards for determining the international responsibility of states for cyber attacks by Non-State Actors are discussed. It is concluded that due to the special characteristics of cyber technologies‏, these two standards are not appropriate to prove the responsibility of states for Non-state actors’ cyber attacks. The standard of due diligence must be considered by states because, based on the characteristics of this standard, it seems easier to prove the international responsibility of states against cyber attacks by Non-state Actors.

The important role of computer and the Internet and the services that these technologies provide to humanity have made the energy sector dependent on these new technologies. This dependence has led to risks for the energy sector, the most important of which is directing cyber-attacks . In the present study, a question has been raised, i.e., what is the need for states to strengthen the cyber security of their energy sector and what measures should be taken domestically and internationally? Using the descriptive-analytical method, the question has been answered that due to the increasing dependence of the energy sector on cyber technologies and the increasing number of actors and perpetrators of cyber attacks in the world, States need to strengthen their cyber security in their energy sector. What states can do at the domestic level includes increasing the security of domestic systems, recruiting reliable and specialized personnel, and developing clear and strict rules for cyberspace. At the international level, drafting a binding international treaty banning cyber-attacks on the energy sector is the most important measure that they can adopt.

Sometimes the competent authorities of the coastal state detain foreign ships for violating national or international law and regulations. As a rule, the ship suspected of committing an offense should remain in custody until the end of the investigation so that judicial or administrative authorities can rule out the possibility of enforcement. Prolonging the time and process of detention can have a lot of losses. One cannot justify unilaterally the immediate and unconditional resolution of some problems, since the possibility of enforcement by the coastal judiciary will be lost. Has the ITLOS been able to establish a uniform and coordinated approach to immediate release? This mechanism is embodied in the 1982 Convention, and the Tribunal in its various judgments has balanced the interests of the coastal states and the flag-bearer with regard to the conditions of immediate release and the determination of the standards for reasonable guarantee, and the appropriate procedure in this regard. The Tribunal's approach to immediate release was initially economic, but gradually shifted to human rights issues, and is now a top priority for the immediate release of the captain and crew, and ultimately the ship itself.

To developing and explore hydrocarbon fields, it is necessary to know geological models and reservoir quality changes. Therefore, the Ilam Formation with approximate 145m thickness was examined in the Susangerd oilfield. The sedimentary model was considered carbonate ramp type due to the lack of slump and reef structures. Two complete and one incomplete third-order sedimentary sequences were identified. Close to the sequence boundary in the middle part of the Ilam Formation, reservoir conditions improve with the development of vug and mold dissolutions, especially in green algae by corrosive fluids passing through stylolites and fractures. But near the sequence boundary in the upper part of the Ilam Formation, however intergranular porosity develops between peloids and ooids but almost destroyed with cementation. The southeastern domain of the oilfield contains shallower microfacies in the lower sedimentary sequence and most part of transgressive system tract of the middle sequence in comparison with the northwestern domain. It seems that the southeastern part of the oilfield is located on paleo high and the lower values ​​of porosity log in the northwestern part are probably due to the distance from this paleo high. Therefore, the southeast of the oilfield is suggested for the development of the Susangerd oilfield and future explorations.

The "negation of domination” rule is one of the principles that has had great impact on decisions and policies in Islamic society. The negation-of-domination rule significantly influences relations between the government of an Islamic state and foreign states as it effevtively bans any relationship that leads to foreign dominance over Muslims. Nonetheless, this rule has exceptions that allow a Muslim state to have relations with the international community. The Iranian legislature, for its part, has used the negation-of-domination rule to prevent foreign dominance. As for the compatibility of this rule with international standards such as the principles of non-intervention or sovereign equality, it should be noted that there are sometimes apparent contradictions between this rule and the said standards. In such cases the non-dominance of foreigners over Muslims prevails.

Calcium is a necessary mineral for life to keep the body and bones healthy. Various factors including hormones, diet, age, and gender affect serum calcium status. The aim of this sturdy was to assess the serum calcium level (SCL) of Tehran population, which has about 10 million multi-Ethnic populations and represents from the whole country.

In this retrospective study, the measured SCL of 105,128 individuals referred to different laboratories of Tehran, Iran were evaluated and its relationship with the age, gender, seasons, and different years during 2009-2018, were analyzed.

After excluding outliers, 91,257samples remained, which 61162 (58.64%) and 30,095 (41.36%) were female and male, respectively.  The mean SCL was 9.36 (9.35, 9.37) mg/dl (95%CI). The highest and lowest SCLs were 3.1 and 18.2mg/dl, respectively. From the total study population, 74127 (81.23%) had normal SCLs, 14110 (15.46%) had hypocalcemia, and 3020 (3.31%) had hypercalcemia. SCLs were normal in 83.6% of men and 79.66% of women. Women had a significantly higher frequency of hypocalcemia compared to men (17.2% vs. 12.83%, p<0.0001).

Normal and abnormal SCLs were significantly different in age groups and in both genders. It means that gender and age affect SCLs. Every year of increasing age, reduces the chance of hypercalcemia by 40%, significantly. Age seems to affect hypercalcemia more than hypocalcemia. Age in men increases the risk of hypocalcemia, and reduces the risk of hypocalcemia in women. Therefore, it is recommended to encourage dietary calcium intake among premenopausal women and older men.

The modern participated loan agreement in order to financing of huge commercial affair has recognized as collective mechanism in which all partners are not as parties of agreement but principal bank or financial institution conclude the loan agreement with borrower bilaterally behalf of partners and undertake to paying of all sum of loan to borrower himself. In the other words, despite assignment of some percentage of loan sum to other partner bank, the principal bank is only part of agreement with borrower who demand the performance of obligations by principal bank. Regarding to lack of any convention or model law in international trade law and non- modification of independent act in Iranian law system about participated loan agreement, the last theory can describe the nature of agreement better than other theories. Furthermore, this theory is more compatible than others theories with Islamic jurisprudence and principles and rules of Iranian law

The effect of the two legal entities of force majeure and the impossibility (frustration) of the contract is almost similar, and that is the impossibility of fulfilling the obligation or contract. However, these two theories, although are very similar in practice, have some differences that distinguish them from each other; Initially, the question was what is the nature of the two institutions of force majeure and the  frustration of contracts in Iran and what is their position in contracts and the Iranian oil and gas law system and by collecting materials by means of the library method and using analytical research method Descriptively, it was concluded that the two entities, although they have some similarities, cannot be considered as one, and in reciprocal sales contracts in Iran, a contractor who has resorted to coercion to receive his costs must wait by the time of operation from the field. Iran's new oil contracts have also taken the form of reciprocity agreements regarding coercion, with the exception that international sanctions are not an example.

Today the discussion over the responsibility of individuals toward each other is followed by breach of contractual obligations and material and moral damages, which has led to the formation of a theory of full compensation against losses of injured party. This theory is also recognized in numerous international trade  laws such as the Convention on the International Sale of Goods and the Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the domestic law of some countries has been recognized with a number of conditions and thus, loss of profit can be compensated as material damages. There is a great deal of controversy about the acceptability of this theory and demanding loss of profit in Iranian law. The fact is that certain loss of profit can be remedied in foreign and domestic laws, which is evident in judgmental procedures and international arbitrations. Such damages in the legal system of Iran also have legal and judicial bases which can be fully compensated and the injured party can be protected.

Indirect expropriation is one of the most important issues, controversial and disputable in foreign investment law. One of the major challenges of expropriation is assignment act or omission to expropriation the government, which is in an aura of ambiguity. Fundamental question of the article is what act or omission lead to indirect expropriation of property? If the investor is deprived of capital in investments in the form of contracts will expropriation be realized? The present study, by applying analytical and descriptive methods and using library sources, has concluded that previously, the severity and weakness of the investor's basic deprivation of property rights and the amount of the host government's main benefit have been accompanied by various interpretations and arbitrary judgments which has not considered any deprivation and benefits fundamental and necessary; But today, in case of conflict between the interests of the host government and the investor, this is slowly but decisively spinning towards investments with a new approach in a way that recognizes the government as the absolute ruler consider this right as a starting point in investments. On the other hand, any deprivation is not attributable to the government. But expropriation is inherently a government act. The purpose of the research is the creation of domestic and international responsibility of governments and coordination between government and institutions. To achieve this goal, the distinction between investment through check the treaty and the contract in expropriation. The role of investment bodies and institutions, as well as environmental organizations, in expropriation is examined, and efforts are made to prevent the emergence of domestic and international responsibility of governments and to establish coordination between the government and government institutions.

Municipalities are one of the most important local institutions in the structure of administrative law in Iran. One of the important issues related to local institutions is the budget of these institutions. The purpose of this article is to review the legal system governing municipal budgeting; It's its challenges and solutions.

The article is descriptive-analytical and has been studied using the library method and data collection has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

The mayor and the city council are the most important factors influencing the formulation and approval of the budget in the municipality. Inadequacy and weakness of budgeting laws, weak budgets of municipalities due to incomplete decentralization model in Iran, lack of coordination of municipal budgeting with the principles of budgeting, weak supervision and implementation guarantee in the budget of local institutions and lack of strong executive guarantees are the most important challenges Municipal budgeting.

 In all stages of writing the present study, while respecting the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

The need for strategic planning-based budgeting, making reforms in the municipal budget system and paying attention to strategic planning in the budgeting system is the most important solution to address the challenges in municipal budgeting.

The regime of international responsibility of States has been questioned by philosophers of international law. Their main critique pertains to the fairness of the burden of its implementation on blameless individuals in that State, and especially to the fairness of their secondary (mostly financial) liability under domestic or international law (e.g., through taxation in order to pay war reparations). This has been coined the Individualist Challenge to State responsibility. This essay starts by debunking that challenge, before taking the discussion a step further to discuss a related (albeit yet unmade) argument of fairness that one may refer to, by analogy, as the Statist Argument. The Statist Argument would endorse the fairness of the current regime of international responsibility of international organizations (IOs) and in particular the absence of secondary liability of member States of a responsible IO. Addressing the Individualist Challenge and Statist Argument together and understanding why regimes of international responsibility law and our moral intuitions about them each pull in different directions, are the two aims of this essay. The essay turns the Statist Argument on its head and argues that secondary liabilities of member States actually amount to a requirement of fairness to the individuals in those States. It thereby contributes to taking further the debate about the reform of IO responsibility law by drawing on arguments in moral and political philosophy, on the one hand, and does so from the integrative perspective of the moral interests of the individual by discussing both State and IO responsibility lawtogether, on the other.

Oil is of great importance in many industries and is regarded as the main source of energy around the world. It accounts for 32 percent of energy supply in Europe and Asia and over 53 percent in the Middle East. The industry's highest volume of products include fuel oil and diesel. Oil is used as a raw material in manufacturing many chemical products such as medicines, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and so on. Given the position of the petrochemical industry in modern world, its adverse effects on human life and environment should not be neglected. Thus, new solutions for reducing these damages should be considered. Nowadays, refineries release millions of pounds of pollutants, including volatile organic compounds, So2, suspended particles of H2S, and HAPs into the air, posing a serious threat to human health and the environment notably in industrial societies. These pollutants dramatically affect various parts of the ecosystem, environment and organisms. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the clauses on environmental protection in oil contracts of different countries.

From the early of 20 century, the most important duty of government and international lawyers was to ban the war or prevent from using force in the international relationship. The rule of government immunity nowadays has the common conditions in international law. But the government doesn’t have the same opinion on these exceptions. The government doesn’t consider another government to have immunity and are qualified for all of the take over and commercial activity. But there is a question from the perspective of international rule when internal authority can order to confine the belongings of external government in their country. It seems that from international rule internal authority that includes judicatory or arbitration cannot bind the access of another country to its belongings in their country. The aim of this investigation is to find the legal system governing the immunity of government and the belongings of government.

The urgent need to updated provisions in Iranian commercial law necessitates resorting comparative law achievements as a scientific and realistic solution. Despite this point resort to mentioned solution requires many requirements in order to obtain acceptable conclusions in the field of accession of international commercial provisions in the Iranian law. Thus, we want to study these requirements and priorities in accordance with legal and economic structure of Iranian law. In the other hand, objective diversity of required provisions in the Iranian law necessitates recognition of these requirements and shortages in domestic law and their solutions. In current research, we try to exercise these requirements and solutions upon inferential analytical approach. Furthermore, we try to demonstrate and analyze this presumption that updating commercial provisions should be done continuously and in consistent with economic and political structure and new evolutions of international trade without mere imitation of abroad provisions.

The national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran has external dimensions in terms of its impact on international organizations and is also influenced by the actions of international organizations. The present study seeks to investigate the relationship between the actions of international organizations and national security in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The question that arises is: How do the actions of international organizations affect the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The answer that can be provided is that different governments after the Islamic Revolution have each provided a specific interpretation of the position of international organizations, which in turn has a bearing on national security. Iran is also effective. The two approaches of opposition and interaction with the actions of international organizations are among the most important approaches after the Islamic Revolution. Meanwhile, for reasons such as a new definition of rights and responsibilities, policy-making and governance, as well as a cross-border approach to humanitarian and global issues, the Islamic Republic of Iran pursues the actions of international organizations with a critical and cautious approach. Indicates a lack of definition of national security and a lack of consensus regarding the actions of international organizations. However, a critical approach to these organizations indicates a different and new approach. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and using documentary and library resources.