mahsa sholeh

Uninterrupted urban development has brought significant changes in urban spaces, and the concept of the collective memory of space users has also been affected. These developments have been associated with social isolation and reduced social interactions. Collective memory is defined as the shared experience of people in social and spatial groups. Therefore, the present research aims to achieve results such as how to form factors affecting the formation of collective memory in the minds of different groups using the space. A semi-structured, in-depth interview technique was employed to identify the nature of the influential factor in collective memory. Interviews were conducted with 90 people who referred to the urban space. To analyze the data, the qualitative content analysis method and Atlas-ti software were used, and critical points were extracted and linked in the form of codes from the primary texts of the interviews. Then, these codes were used to describe the relevant content in the interviews, and maps and graphical outputs were created to analyze the intensity of the impact of each quality according to different groups of visitors to the spaces. Finally, the Arc-GIS software and the Euclidean distance tool were used to analyze the points specified for the expression of each quality based on the explanations of the interviewees until the distribution of the qualities in the studied urban space and the intensity of their impact. The research results underscore the crucial role of the physical elements of urban spaces and their social interactions in forming and transmitting collective memories. These findings demonstrate that social interactions, physical elements, and various events are intertwined, shaping the city's cultural, social, and mental image, which are instrumental in creating collective memories.

This article proposes ‘urban acupuncture’ as an emerging concept in the Iranian urban planning literature. It has endeavored to explain urban acupuncture and the learned lessons learned in the urban spatial analysis process. According to the model, the best way to provide structural and infrastructural development is to employ the existing potentials of the city within a network arrangement, valuing soft approaches, like urban acupuncture, to be able to recognize thousands of diverse points in the city for small-scale but effective interventions in the form of a coherent network. Urban acupuncture as a tool with a holistic and networked view of the city identifies the abandoned points. It reintegrates them as new intervention spots into the life cycle of urban green spaces to achieve the sought urban structure. Using the "urban acupuncture" approach with a deductive-analytical methodology from a network perspective in the historical center of Shiraz, this study tries to introduce the existing potential pattern of the abandoned points in the course of moving towards urban ecological sustainability. Thus, it can achieve procedural unity by development based on existing urban environment potentials. Finally, by applying the concept of urban acupuncture, the research tries to compare the urban green network and explain the necessity of this approach by orienting the urban redevelopment to rediscovering a wide range of repressed yet developable parcels within cities as an analogical framework. As such, this process could provide opportunities for designers to intervene in the neural network through the acupuncture approach by remodeling the ecological network and structural development of green spaces to improve urban environments.

Today, the rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing trend of greenhouse gas emissions, which continue to increase despite international efforts, have aggravated the climate change issue. Reaching an approach that balances the natural and built environment is one of the most essential human objectives in forming a favorable environment. To achieve such a goal, planning and designing cities in line with the principles of climate design is the primary and most crucial concern in this field of activity. The proposed criteria will encourage the process of becoming more energy resilient by planning a holistic approach to various and complex aspects of cities and looking at cities as dynamic complex systems in each urban functional area. Urban resilience refers to the ability of an urban system and all the social, environmental, and technical networks that make it up, in time and space scales, to maintain or quickly return to the intended function in the face of disruption, to adapt to rapid change and transformation of systems that limit current or future adaptive capacity. In the field of urban energy, resilience is inevitably linked to the concept of sustainability. However, the new towns planned in Iran to respond to the problems of the greater mother city at the level of metropolitan areas have not sufficiently considered the climatic conditions and local characteristics in the design. Therefore, according to the necessity of strategies to reduce energy consumption in the increasing trend of climate change, this research aims to investigate and analyze urban physical form design principles with an energy-based resilience approach to improve Thermal Comfort in Sadra New Town on the northwestern edge of Shiraz, the capital of Fars province. For this purpose, library studies and quantitative measurement using ENVI-met sub-climatic analysis software have followed the descriptive-analytical research method. In the first step, energy resilience criteria based on global energy resilience rating systems and theoretical research conducted, including smart location, resources and energy, transportation and use, neighborhood form and development pattern, and placemaking, were identified as five layers. Then, after designing the main structure of a sample neighborhood in Sadra according to the explained criteria for the physical form and energy-based resilient design and the physical and climatic analysis of the site, a series of selected points were simulated in Envimet software for which the thermal comfort index or the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) was extracted in the hottest month of the year. The evaluation result showed that no part of the neighborhood is in the optimal temperature range. In other words, the area needs help in terms of the thermal comfort of pedestrians in the summer season during the hot hours of the day. Finally, design guidelines and regulations were presented on a smaller scale by measuring the plan’s deviation from thermal comfort standards compared to the physical design, sky visibility factor, and other climatic indicators. The outcome of this research is to re-composing physical form with an energy-based resilience approach in an urban neighborhood, presenting strategies and policies that are extensible to new developments.

The expansion of construction and industrial activities in the city has caused increased waste, problems, and numerous environmental effects. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out environmental impact assessments before implementing any urban project. In this research, the evaluation of the environmental effects of urban footpaths has been done with the rapid impact assessment matrix method. In the mentioned method, after identifying the activities of the proposed plan, their impact on each of the four dimensions, "physical-chemical," "biological-ecological," "social-cultural," and "economic-technical," is identified in two phases of construction and operation. However in the current research, to clarify and limit the dimensions, the activities of the proposed plan are examined in two dimensions "social-cultural" and "ecological-biological." For this purpose, after library studies and field observations, some urban experts selected the most important "social-cultural" and "biological-ecological" environmental factors in the Shiraz Health footpath and scored the footpath in two phases of construction and operation using the criteria of rapid impact assessment method. Finally, it was found that this project did not have any negative effects in both phases. However, the evaluation of this project in the construction and operation phase has negative scores in some of the sub-groups of the mentioned environmental factors and low scores in some of the sub-groups. Considering that the physical development of the city is a dynamic and continuous process; This urban project can bring constructions again in the future and be considered as a model for other urban footpaths. For this purpose, strategies and policies have been presented to improve the environmental quality of the footpath

ntroduction The individual and social requirements of humans, which the designers of urban spaces should consider, include factors such as emotional connection with the place and the feeling of belonging. Moreover, considering the importance of knowing the factors affecting the creation of a sense of place belonging in the design of urban spaces, this research aims to study the factors influencing the outcome of a sense of belonging in a metropolitan area, mainly urban sidewalks. Sense of place, however, is a multidimensional and complex structure that describes the relationship between citizens and urban spaces. Furthermore, the users of those spaces perceive this feature, ultimately leading to a place that is special and unique. This paper aims to review the factors and criteria that influence the creation and increase of the sense of belonging in the urban space, particularly in the urban sidewalks as one of the urban spaces used in today’s cities; accordingly, considering the potential of Shahid Chamran pedestrian walkway in Shiraz City, in the vicinity of Chamran Blvd., as a study example, the paper seeks to realize an integrated analysis of the range and a set of location-based and micro-scale strategies to increase the sense of belonging of the users to this urban space, which ultimately leads to the creation of collective memories in the area.Materials and MethodsThe paper is applied research and uses descriptive-analytical approaches. A mixed quantitative-qualitative method is utilized accordingly. Moreover, the data-collecting techniques are divided into four categories: library information, field information, and quantitative strategic planning matrix analysis. Ultimately, the questionnaire from Chamran sidewalk users was used, and it was studied utilizing a t-test in SPSS. Regarding information collection, library information and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) method are applied to collect information to recognize and measure the context in terms of the criteria of the sense of belonging in the Shahid Chamran sidewalk of Shiraz. The main instruments applied in the field method include semi-structured interviews with local society, completing the questionnaire according to the indicators obtained from theoretical studies, photography, and observation. In this paper, however, at two different times (morning and evening) when more users were present in the research area, interviews and questionnaires were answered with the help of 90 pedestrian users, residents of the site, and workers around it. FindingsThe paper, however, aims to measure the sense of belonging in the Shahid Chamran sidewalk and provide spatial strategies to increase the variable on this basis based on the criteria and sub-criteria measured in this range and based on the macro dimensions of the principles of creating a sense of place belonging in urban sidewalks resulting from the theoretical framework, after identifying the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as the SWAT shows, they were inserted in the evaluation matrix of internal and external factors. As the results show, Shahid Chamran pedestrian street is currently not in a suitable and acceptable condition due to internal factors, and the weak aspects of this street outweigh its strengths. On the other hand, according to the ultimate score of the matrix of external factors, this sidewalk organizes a relatively suitable and acceptable condition. Also, the opportunities in this area hold more points than possible threats. Furthermore, conservative strategies were selected, and using the quantitative strategic planning matrix method, the priority and score of each of the proposed designs were suggested with this approach in the Chamran pedestrian walkway. Moreover, the most attractive strategies for compensating weaknesses and exploiting opportunities were: “redefining the application of existing spaces along the pedestrian route to strengthen social activities”; “combination of spatial elements and vegetation to balance the spatial proportions of the environment”; “strengthening the lighting and improving its condition on the footpath”;  “improving pedestrian accessibility along the route and strengthening inclusiveness along it”; “redefining the entrance of spaces and also strengthening the spatial determination along the pedestrian route” and “strengthening legibility along the pedestrian route.” Ultimately, the priority of spatial strategies in the Shahid Chamran sidewalk was determined.ConclusionOne factor affecting citizens on urban sidewalks as a new space in today’s cities is the sense of belonging. As a result, it is essential to adopt location-based strategies to increase this urban space’s environmental quality. This paper aims to study the criteria and sub-criteria affecting citizens’ sense of belonging in urban sidewalks and their evaluation of the Shahid Chamran sidewalk in Shiraz to measure its condition in terms of the intention of belonging of the citizens to this urban space and to provide strategies to increase the sense of belonging in it to answer the questions raised in the research. For this purpose, however, the criteria and sub-criteria of the meaning of belonging in an urban sidewalk are analyzed and evaluated following reviewing the existing theoretical bases related to the research topic and extracting the theoretical framework. Accordingly, the condition of this sidewalk was assessed by field observations at various hours of the day based on the number of visitors to this urban sidewalk. Semi-structured interviews and conversations with the users of this space and completing a questionnaire based on the theoretical foundations of the subject, and subsequently, the type of strategies required to improve the condition of this sidewalk is determined by internal and external factors evaluation matrix. Moreover, the approach adopted by the quantitative strategic planning matrix, QSPM, in this urban space is based on conservative analyses aimed at taking advantage of potential opportunities in this area to overcome existing weaknesses. Additionally, using the various spaces available on the sidewalk to define temporary or permanent activities on the sidewalk has gained the highest level of attractiveness among other proposed methods.Considering that the Shahid Chamran pedestrian area is located in the vicinity of various uses, however, defining flexible and diverse spaces to encourage individuals to be present in this urban space and perform multiple cultural and social activities may increase the level of communication of users with this space and lead to the revival of their sense of belonging to this environment in addition to creating collective memories. Among the other solutions that were finally chosen to improve the current condition of the Chamran sidewalk, we may mention the combination of spatial elements and vegetation, lighting enhancement, and improving access. Furthermore, as is evident, the mentioned solutions have a minor and location-oriented nature and are looking for small reforms in the current state of the area; according to the results of the questionnaire, interviews, and observations present the relative satisfaction of the users of the said space and additionally the successful performance of this space as an urban sidewalk. In this way, the sense of belonging to the place of life is an essential topic in urban studies. Therefore, the high importance of belonging to the citizens increases their spirit of participation and expands the communication and interaction of the individual with the environment. However, the results of this study may apply to the design of urban sidewalks, and there is a way to increase the sense of belonging in urban sidewalks. Thanks to the proposed framework, planning and designing in all physical, functional, socio-economic, environmental, and managerial dimensions makes it possible to create an urban space with the most excellent sense of public belonging.

The rapid pace of change in cities has led to disparities in social, economic, managerial, and spatial structures, which are evident in public spaces. These public spaces serve as an indication of a city's biodiversity, and developing sustainable public realms is crucial in addressing urban challenges. This study aims to explore Talebov's utopian perspective on community-oriented public spaces and compare it with the viewpoints of sociology and urban experts to devise an effective strategy for sustainable public spaces. The study utilizes a descriptive-analytical methodology with a qualitative approach, focusing on fundamental research goals and employing a post-exploratory strategy within the explanatory paradigm. Data collection was conducted in a library and analyzed using Atlas software. The findings revealed similarities between Talebov's idealist approach and the realist theories in terms of management, social dynamics, and economic aspects. However, Talebov specifically emphasizes the visual dimension and places importance on aesthetic values. According to Talebov's theory, religion can be one of the primary philosophies underlying the stability of a country or a city; other theories have only suggested the existence of this element. Based on Talebov and other theorists, if these five dimensions are applied harmoniously in public spaces, it will result in their sustainability, which is where today's cities progress and improve.

Everyday urban experience is achieved through the process of perception and sense experience through sensory organs. Living in a multi-sensory environment is inevitable, and the experience of encountering sights, smells, and sounds makes it possible to know the environment. It seems that in different urban spaces of Iran, taking into account the native conditions of the environment and current traditions among the people, the role of sensory landscapes and its effect on the quality of the urban space requires more investigations. The main problem of the current research is the need to pay more attention to the issue of "sensory richness" and analyze its indicators and examples as one of the important qualities of the urban space, with an emphasis on the two senses of smell and taste. Based on this, the present article aims to explain the process of recognizing and analyzing an urban space with an emphasis on improving the quality of sensory richness in the two areas of smell and taste senses.

Theoretical Framework:

Regarding the sense of smell, the variety of smells, the presence of sources of smells in the environment, smells dependent and related to time, consistent smells, smells of passers-by, and smelling comfort are among the indicators that, according to sources, affect the richness of the space. There are also researches about the effect of the sense of smell in the urban space, in the context of racial, ethnic, native, historical and cultural contexts, and it shows the effect of different cultural contexts on the transmission of social meanings and values and the display of historical heritage through the sense of smell in an urban space.Regarding the sense of taste, while emphasizing the dependence and direct connection of this sense with the sense of smell, the presence of fruitful plants, local memories related to the experience of taste in space, and the presence of land uses that stimulate taste have an effect on the richness of the sense of taste.

In order to conduct this research, the "qualitative" strategy has been used to collect and analyze data. In the first step, the review of library resources was carried out with the aim of compiling the theoretical framework of the research and extracting effective indicators in the thematic area of sensory richness. After that, the indicators obtained from this part were analytically recognized and field studied in two steps in the studied sample; In the first step, the sensory perception of the environment was carried out by "sensory walking" with the help of field survey by one of the researchers as an urban studies expert. After that, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 space users. These numbers were selected as available samples and the interviews were continued until reaching a kind of "theoretical saturation" and repeated answers. The data obtained from the interviews were coded in "Atlas" software and subjected to content analysis.

The findings of the interviews revealed the deep dimensions of the smell experience along the way for users. In these interviews, special users with a keen sense of smell were mentioned many times along the way. In some of these comments, the use of smell to remember the length of the route and even addressability was clearly evident. This issue, while clarifying the process of tracking odor sources by space users, shows the effect of place and the inseparable dependence of sensory experiences with place.In a deeper layer, the analysis of the interviews shows that remembering and recalling smell experiences, especially in urban spaces with historical qualities, is very tied to nostalgia and memory and has an effect on deepening the sense of belonging to a place. This issue is very important from the analytical point of view of urban space. Context—which can be a set of antecedent conditions or facts about a place or a particular event in it—plays a decisive role in the quality of the smellscapes in a place.The findings show that in the sensory experience of Hafez Street, in particular, the presence of "orange trees" as an example of the "fruitful plants" index, in addition to the possibility of simultaneously deepening the senses of smell and taste, to the perception of the "sense of time" as well as the "memorability of space" and Also, "identifying the sensory experience of the path" has also been effective. In the experience of the sense of taste along this path, as expected, the findings indicate the effect of the use of taste stimuli on the deepening of the sensory experience of space and its perception.

Among the indicators of the quality of the senses of smell and taste, "smell comfort", "presence of fruitful plants" and "memorable uses with taste stimulation", have a greater role in the experience process of citizens' environmental perception. Also, in the analysis of the findings from the qualitative survey, it is possible to emphasize the two-way relationship between the deepening of the "sense of smell" and the memorability and identity of the place, as well as the reciprocal relationship of "perception of time" with the depth of the smell sensory experience.It seems that, especially in urban spaces with historical value, paying attention to the identity aspects of odors from natural resources or users with an identity smell or taste experience, both in the layer of future research and in the layer of executive plans, can have a multifaceted effect on improving the quality of the space and help deepen the sense of belonging to the place among the users.

Cities undergo a gradual transformation over time, and this is a time-based process. If the basic definition of the urban fabric is considered a criterion for including the building blocks of the city, beyond the issues related to architectural style and historical background, the arrangement and composition of blocks have a significant impact on the development of the fabric. In some cases, this combination gives the texture so much that it can make a difference. The shape of each city can be analyzed not only in terms of space but also in time, so to emphasize the relationship between the elements and how they communicate and interact over time; they can be examined in a typo-morphological framework. This approach can include a hierarchy of scales, development cycles, and a set of target objects, or the ‘block types’ and areas in successive historical maps. Obviously, because of the noticeable functional differences, it is futile to expect contemporary cities to be physically the same as old ones. Still, it is likely that in the current situation and by considering the functions and physical conditions of contemporary cities, it will be conceivable that physical actions lead to a logical relationship between the old and new, in a way that preserves the city’s integrity and identity. In this regard, this research tries to answer the study’s central question - how to determine the morphological types of urban texture elements with emphasis on urban blocks in a particular area and the process of change of each element. This study aims to present a morphological model of urban blocks as one of the main elements of urban development. The case study of the old city of Lar is one of the examples that have been less studied so far, and a comprehensive survey of the historic fabric and its developments has not been fulfilled. In addition to having a coherent structure of interconnected neighborhoods, old Lar has a fabric in which a pure sample of the architecture of hot and arid regions of Iran, intertwined with one another, formed blocks that, in terms of composition, It is a unique case of the evolution of the physical structure amid Iran’s historic cities. In addition, the 1960 earthquake caused sudden changes in parts of the urban fabric, and the resulting damage destroyed parts of the physical structure. Thus, the investigation of the case of the old Lar’s historic fabric, as a suitable representative of the fabrics in which both the course of historical development and the effects of natural disasters and subsequent intrusions and seizures affect urban blocks, has been considered in this research. In this regard, after extracting the types and clustering them using the basic algorithm of grouping analysis based on the ‘k-means clustering’ method, the course of changes of each of them has been investigated. As a result, with a descriptive-analytical approach and methodological framework, while re-reading the historical-deliberate process of historical fabric’s blocks metamorphosis from a combined morphological process perspective in the historic fabric of the old city of Lar, a model for the development and continuity of original morphological features has been developed.

Urban regeneration seeks to uncover and recrystallize the essence of the functional and physical genesis of the city. By exploring, listing, stabilizing, reviving, and updating events based on culture and ritual backgrounds, event-led regeneration establishes an inclusive approach that leads to the continuance of celestial life and the improvement of physical quality. The historical process of Shiraz’s spatial structure development has always been based on ritual-religious territoriality, in which the physical substrate as an independent variable has hosted a dependent variable of various events of eclectic natures. Recognizing the spatial structure and ritual structure of the city, together with the review of the background of the ritual that will be accompanied by a list of complementary cultural events in today’s conditions, aims to regenerate the ritual structure of the city and repair the physical-spatial ruptures through the continuity and consolidation of the historical-content richness. Formulating and presenting solutions related to this process are the goals of this research. The conceptual framework of the research was compiled through an overview of previous studies. The public realm’s historical role and the continuum of ritual places in the event-led main structure of the city were reviewed. Then, by applying the SOAR strategic model and the ANSOFF matrix, a list of eventfulness strategies based on the historical-cultural context was formulated. Analyzing and evaluating the dual conditions of context and content, including a retrospect on the interconnected structure of historical Shiraz and the ritual-religious events flowing through the structure, resulted in a set of strategies that subsequently led to the proposition of relevant policies to achieve the event-led regeneration objectives.

The conscious and purposeful design of the city structure, and in particular, the symbolic structure of the city, plays an essential role in improving the public realm quality. A set of symbolic elements is necessary to achieve such a structure, arranged in an interconnected network. This study is applied according to its main objectives and has a descriptive-analytical nature. In this research, the symbolic structure of the city has been analyzed from both citizens' and experts' perspectives. Considering the importance of signs in the spatio-physical cohesion and the integrated perception of the city structure, this study intends to explain the visual system of Sadra New Town by emphasizing the semiotic structure and the citizens' perception and mental maps. For this purpose, after selecting 90 citizens, the research team captured their mental map with the help of symbolic elements and landmark recognition in 3 stages. Following this stage, an integrated perceptual map was produced by projecting and overlaying the mental maps using GIS Software. Then, to apprehend the semiotic structure of the New Town, the elements present in the citizens' mental maps were ranked using the AHP method. It was determined that visual, perceptual, functional, and structural landmarks are among the priorities selected by the experts, respectively. The rankings were analyzed using the SAW method to assess the quality of the individuals' mental maps elements concerning the sub-criteria of each landmark. In this way, the final score of each landmark, path, and node was calculated and classified in good, medium, and poor spectroscopy. In this way, according to the analysis of the mental maps focusing on the semiotic structure of Sadra New Town, it is clear that city landmarks, visual qualities, main entrance, and the entrance of distinctive avenues, public spaces, and paths are all crucial elements in the citizens' perceptual map. These elements are components of the urban visual system with a physical-visual aspect. According to their specific characteristics, each of them can establish their position in people's minds.

Shiraz, with its historical background, known as the capital of the Persian culture, once experienced a boom of international culture-led events using outdoor spaces as event venues. However, its outdoor vibrancy has withered gradually, and the use of public places as venues declined. Despite the existing dilemmas, a new wave of public place reclamation has created a strong trend towards using the spaces as outdoor venues. The main question of the research is what events are held in Shiraz year-round and how many of them are in public open spaces, and what events can be held in the public realm as outdoor. As in Iranian culture, the events and rituals follow the circular chronology of the Iranian, Islamic, and even Christian calendars; this article studies the events of a year-round time lap, making a clear typology in terms of places’ type and form. The listed events have been classified using the CHAID model adapted to identify the variety and temporality of the events that could occur outdoors. Finally, after categorizing the events, the spatial dispersion of events in the Shiraz urban area has been analyzed to reintroduce the existing platform for holding events and, with the help of the ‘Power of 10’ approach, the need to create or equip spaces and add venues to hold outdoor events in twelve urban ‘destinations’ has been emphasized.

Behavioral settings, as areas of urban life, can play an important role in the civic life experience of specific user groups, including women. This study seeks to investigate the factors and components affecting the presence of women with an emphasis on "environmental perception" in behavioral settings. The present research is of applied type and its research method is descriptive-analytical. After formulating the theoretical framework with the help of reviewing previous research, the results have been tested using the "quantitative survey" method and with the help of a questionnaire and using the Likert spectrum. A case study is the Goldasht Ma'ali Abad neighborhood, and in order to survey the status of women's presence in the neighborhood's behavioral settings and the factors influencing it, 376 questionnaires were distributed and collected among women present in the neighborhood spaces. Data were analyzed in SPSS software environment using Friedman tests, correlation and regression. The findings show that the desirability of the behavioral base and the optimal perception of the urban environment have a significant effect on the presence of women in the urban space and there is a significant correlation between the desirability of the behavioral settings and the perception of the environment with strong intensity.

Identity crisis, or a sense of lack of identity, is one that prevails in most realms of the modern day human's life, and in most communities. In fact, the significance of considering identity at human habitat level lies in what brings about identity disorders today, which can pose a threat to the survival and sustainability of the built environment. The reason is such disorders can undermine all values of the society, render the surrounding environment bare of its mental image and identity, and bring about uncalled-for consequences for the vital configuration of the city. Thus, assigning identity to neighborhoods and human habitats as the preamble to the concept of urban physical division and its aspects and hierarchies is among the exigencies of urban planning topics.

The present study aims at examining and comparing the role of the physical components of mosques in defining the physical identity of neighborhoods, and eventually, at devising proper physical-spatial strategies that can bring identity to neighborhoods corresponding to the historical district and middle and modern fabrics, drawing upon the role of mosques in the neighborhood.

This is an applied research conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. Desk research was used to collect theoretical data, questionnaires were used to deliver survey data, and SPSS was used for data analysis. The statistical population is comprised of families residing in Shiraz, which was put at 376 people using Chocran formula, with a sampling error of 5 percent. Experts were asked to put forth strategies, and eventually, SWOT was employed and followed by AHP quantification to shape up proper physical-spatial strategies.

At the end, based on the findings of the study, competitive strategy was selected for the internal fabric, conservative strategy for the middle fabric, and SO for the external fabric in order to heighten the physical identity of neighborhoods using the physical components of mosques.

The phenomenon of urban development has transformed existing cities and put the protection of historical heritage at the core of urban planning. However, considering the traditional concepts of heritage, which place valuable historical elements separately in a broader urban context, does not meet the goals of heritage protection to protect the character and importance of historical heritage. Thus, the change in the scale of heritage protection arose from the challenges of heritage protection, and the consequence was the emergence of the heritage urban landscape approach (HUL). The concept of integration was also considered in order to create a balance between protection and development approaches. Any new construction project in the vicinity or in the Buffer Zones of the Heritage Site potentially has visual effects on the historical heritage that allow for the evaluating and evaluation of adverse effects before and during the implementation can be providing an effective strategy to minimize or mitigate adverse effects. In order to provide a solution, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee has proposed a method of heritage impact assessment. To satisfactorily assess of these potential threats, the organization suggests the investigating impact of these threats on Outstanding Universal Value. This study seeks to application Heritage Impact Assessment Framework to evaluating the Visual-Physical Integrity of the valuable heritage complex, Zandieh's Shiraz Complex as a case study examine. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and uses a qualitative approach to achieve its goals. Inheritance effects in Zandieh's Shiraz Complex have been done by considering three criteria of lack of protection and mismanagement, sensitivity of features and severity of effects in three scales of valuable building complex; space organization; morphology and visual organization. This assessment shows that the result of the intensity of the effects for the first scale is 2.37, the second scale is 4.66 and the third scale is 5, which has seriously damaged the collection in these dimensions. Also, the priority matrix of effects shows that the first scale has low damage and the second and third scales have severe damage and have a very high priority for providing solutions.

Improving people's thermal comfort in outdoor spaces is one of the most important goals of achieving the desirable design in these spaces. Today, the issue of thermal comfort in the " manufactured environment" is considered as a vital factor that affects health and the level of mental comfort of urban residents. Special attention to the issue of thermal comfort of people in outdoor spaces is of fundamental importance due to its direct impact on cognitive function and efficiency and as an important principle, it should be considered in the process of designing open urban spaces. Because comfortable outdoor spaces within urban fabrics can provide opportunities for people to participate and increase their social participation. Residential textures, as the core of urban areas, require high energy to meet the cooling and comfort needs of their residents. Also, this challenge stems from the undesirable design of these textures in modern times. It is essential to control "local micro- climate" in order to achieve the thermal comfort of the residents. The aim of this study was to investigate the micro-climate conditions of old and middle textures of Shiraz city on a summer day with extreme heat stress, so that during the hottest hour of the day, the correlation between the geometry of old and middle textures with comfort index Thermal "PMV" was measured and the thermal comfort conditions in the old and middle textures were studied.

In order to conduct the present research, descriptive-analytical research method has been used in the context of library studies and quantitative measurement using two software ENVI-met 4 basic and SPSS. The most important advantage of this software is that it is one of the first models that seeks to produce the main processes in the atmosphere and calculates all the important meteorological factors. "Envi-met" software has been used in various studies, but in this study, the research method of those studies that have provided a basis for conducting our research has been studied. The aim of this research is to measure the thermal comfort on a hot summer day with the maximum air temperature in different climates, all studies have been done using " Envi-met " software and have been mainly based on "simulation". In this study, a simulation for the date of 21 July in the "thirty-year period" was performed. For this purpose, the weather data entered into the " Envi-met " software based on the 30-year weather data taken from the official sites of Shiraz city and using Autodesk Ecotect software for an average of 30 years, 21 July has been taken to simulate the hourly output that has been entered into the " Envi-met " software for date of "21 July ". The "PMV" thermal comfort index for the selected areas located in the old and middle textures was extracted between 9 am and 16 pm and specifically at 15 pm with maximum temperature. Then, using "SPSS" statistical software to analyze the correlation between air temperature variables (° C), wind speed (m/s), relative humidity (%), Mean radiant temperature (° C) and urban geometry parameter "Sky view factor" with the "PMV" thermal comfort index at 15:00 pm in each of the "old and middle" textures.

According to statistical analyzes and results obtained in both textures, it was found that in the middle texture, the correlation rate of "PMV" thermal comfort index with the variables of "Sky view factor" coefficient (0.885) and" Mean radiant temperature" (0.689) and in the old texture has a strong and positive correlation between "PMV" thermal comfort index and "wind speed" (0.935) and "Sky view factor" (0.762). It can be said that "Sky view factor" coefficient as one of the components of urban texture geometry in both textures, has a very positive and direct correlation with "PMV" thermal comfort index. Also, according to the obtained outputs related to the thermal comfort index "PMV", in the old and middle texture and according to the 7-degree ASHRAE standard (ASHRAE Standard 55,2004: 2) related to the "PMV" index was determined. The old texture feels less heat stress than the middle texture between 9 a.m. and 16 p.m., and especially at 15 p.m. And it is in the range of more thermal comfort, which is due to the special geometric features of the old texture, such as the street orientation, aspect ratio and sky view factor compared to the middle texture.

According to the results obtained related to the thermal comfort index "PMV", the selected points in both old and middle textures were determined that the old texture studied in time intervals and according to the Ashri standard, is in the range of low and medium heat stress and has more thermal comfort than the middle texture. Thus, the old and middle textures with their specific spatial layout, absorb different amounts of solar energy during the day and as a result, different levels of thermal comforts are created that organic urban layouts, such as old texture with higher levels of shading, are more efficient during the summer and provide more thermal comfort.

Security is one of the most important and basic needs of communities and creation of human settlements. From the first cave dwellings to the complex and intelligent cities of today, man has sought to dedermine security for himself. Security is the source of the emergence and shine of other urban qualities, such as vitality. With the advent of urban trends and the intertwining of urban issues, one of the issues that was significantly felt by urban designers was the importance of a fundamental factor in the dynamism and vitality of urban spaces, namely the sense of security. The first design thinking about security was a deterministic approach to urban environments, which did not yield the desired results. With the beginning of participatory processes and the involvement of more and more citizens in urban decisions, while paying more attention to citizens' opinions, the efficiency of today's cities has doubled. The present study seeks to examine security from two different perspectives: specialized (expert) and popular (citizen-based). Due to the need to involve the opinions and votes of citizens as the main users of urban spaces, in this study, the feeling of security in the two historical passages of the Sange-Siahe of Shiraz and the historical passage of the Joibareh of Isfahan, was examined in two ways. Also, using CPTED approach, indicators were developed and the most up-to-date guidelines implemented for security were reviewed. The present article also seeks to provide design solutions to improve the security of urban spaces through comparative comparison. The extracted indices were prioritized using AHP technique and Expert Choice software based on the opinion of experts and finally the weight of each was determined. In order to collect data and check the security of the study area, each of the two selected samples was divided into three spatial sequences and the field score of each criterion was calculated with field recordings and at the end the weight score of each sequence was calculated. Also, the research methods of people like "Jack L. Nasar" were used to examine the opinions of citizens. The research method in the present research is descriptive-analytical. Citizens' opinions were also assessed through a questionnaire. In the end, the opinions of experts and citizens were turned into a map through quantification methods. By comparing the produced maps, and based on the weight scores of each sequence, the causes of weakness of each were identified and an appropriate solution was presented in the form of strategy and policy. The results show that perceived security is different based on the opinions of citizens and experts, which means that the safest part of the passage, from the point of view of experts, is the most insecure part from the point of view of citizens. Such results show the difference between the views of experts and space users and confirm the importance of paying attention to the votes and opinions of citizens and involving them in the processes of designing efficient and lively urban spaces.

The Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) of the city is shaped by several layers of explicit and implicit contextual values ​​that distinguish it from other landscapes. Sustaining these contextual characteristics and values ​​as a whole is made possible by a thorough understanding and putting in place measures to preserve and enhance them. This article, in the absence of methodologies to delineate and redefine heritage conservation areas, and respond to the inadequacy of the definition of the heritage buildings regulatory Buffer Zones, seeks to present a new approach aimed at the physical protection of features (including architectural and natural dimensions) of the Historic Urban Landscape in the city of Lar (as the case study). In this regard, the CACA (Conservation Area Character Appraisal) method has been applied, which is measured by four criteria including “evidence-base,” “historical value,” “aesthetic and architectural value,” and “authenticity and integrity.” To this end, the study has assessed the criteria in two scales using two conservation approaches of “point-based” (focused on single heritage buildings) and “area-based” focusing on the characteristics of a conservation area. The present study is an applied research and has used qualitative and quantitative methods in a consolidated way. Initially, and with a “point-based” approach through field surveys and interviews with experts, valuable heritage buildings (in addition to registered heritage elements) have been identified. This step was intended to further the inclusion of relevant heritage elements. Then, weighting the criteria by the experts and incorporating them into the AHP process, the ranking of the importance of the criteria and sub-criteria is attempted. In the next step, using the “Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)” method in GIS software, the historic fabric “conservation areas” of Lar City are identified around valuable points in the form of “character areas.” These zones have been proposed in three levels with high (grade 1), moderate (grade 2), and low (grade 3) characters. The designation of these areas will serve as a criterion for taking into account the regulations for intervention and conservation of the Historic Urban Landscape of the city.

Reusing the leftover and abandoned spaces in cities during the classical look towards urban design has mainly encompassed scattered parcels and spaces, separately from the connected urban network. The redesign of such spaces has no close connection with the urban structure as a whole, so the design would not be a wise intervention, leading to a deeper spatial and ecological enhancement of the city. In the historic and urban fabrics of the Iranian traditional cities, a large number of demolitions and clearances that have been done during the last decades has left a vast amount of non-developed lands and parcels, which have actually become parking lots and non-used spaces. The phenomenon of underdeveloped spaces and the increasing number of vacant spaces, which have no interrelation with the urban structure, reveals an urgent need for adoption of more subtle solutions, engaging valuable monuments and historic landmarks within a framework in which the great potentials of the heritage buildings, linear elements, and the whole structure are regarded and improved. Here, a new paradigm has occurred as reuse and redesign of the abandoned spaces became crucial to the urban design. The redesign process would act as such that all the parcels, even the most limited ones, could take a role in the rearrangement of the urban structure and this will show a suitable solution as all the spatial potentials are involved in the process. During the 1980s’ Gordon Matta-Clark tried to recognize a series of leftover spaces in New York City to represent them as chances for a new design, and contexts to organize new amenities and artistic installations. By the absence of the upcoming geographic information technologies, Clark only could manage to find a very little number of parcels accommodating his objectives. Four decades later, and by reviewing many other theoretical approaches emerged since the Clarks’ efforts, Nicholas de Monchaux has re-lanced a new look towards the problem and proposed the newly born concept of ‘Local Codes’. As the code-dependent approach to design has also been a matter of concern among the scholars, by taking the concept of ‘fake’ estate and using the vast possibilities given by the GIS-based software, Monchaux tried to show that it is possible to recover a large number of vacant parcels and redesign them respecting the ecological and functional needs. This reintroduction of parcels to the lifecycle of a city, all along with the intent to redesign the lost spaces, not only gives a spatial opportunity even greater than the largest green or open spaces of the cities, but also revitalize the urban web or its spatial network, resurrecting with its focal points and lines. This paper introduces the approach of “Local Codes” and examines it in the context of an Iranian city. Shiraz with a complete but damaged urban network is the case of this study. After examining the spatial network of the historical fabric, the spatial potentials are revealed and the process of redesigning the network has been shown in terms of a well-connected network.

This study establishes a contextual qualitative and quantitative evaluation of acoustic vitality in a public urban space (Darvazeh Isfahan) in Shiraz.

In quantitative part, by using acoustic simulation software (Ease4.3), measurable characteristics of sound including Sound Pressure Level (SPL), Sound Clarity (C), and Sound Transmission Index (STI) were examined. In the qualitative part, by conducting a sound-walk questionnaire, 30 space-users were interviewed at different periods of a working day. Simultaneously, we used a calibrated voice recorder and mapped the overall perceived-sound pressure of urban space.

The results showed instability in SPL at high ranges. It means that the fiber absorbers or street wall materials had acted insufficiently. The analysis also revealed a relatively normal Sound Transmission Index. However, the sound clarity in 50 milliseconds and 80 milliseconds were higher than average. On the qualitative evaluation part, the main sound contents that affected the sound clarity varied during the day. In the morning, users frequently perceived the carriage, motorcycle and human activity noises. Through noon, added to the morning sound content, they mentioned music sound. Finally, during the late evening, motorcycle and vehicle's noise, human's whispering and music were the most heard contents.

By overlaying the quantitative and qualitative maps, we introduced the specific boundaries of the urban space that acoustically require urban design interventions. Despite the fact that the results might be restricted to a local context in Shiraz, the findings could impart fruitful information for implicating appropriate acoustic vitality guidelines in urban public spaces.

According to studies, designing street landscapes is a field that, despite its importance, has been neglected so far. Street landscape perception is a complex concept that needs to be broken down into constituent components in order to be studied and understood more precisely. Given that the main focus of this research is on active walls of the ground floor, the components constituting street landscape are divided into three general physical, functional and contextual groups. Regarding physical components of street landscape perception, pedestrian movement path can be considered as a room consisting of various lateral surfaces including flooring surface, active walls surface, surface facing the passage, and surface hanging in the space. In this sense, pedestrian movement path is simulated as a room where the observer is in the middle of the path and perceives the space from a human point of view. The functional component of street landscape perception consists of two sub-components of land use and behavioral activities and patterns. The contextual component also consists of a sub-component of historical and identity backgrounds. Urban design qualities of designing street landscapes in this study includes functional qualities of sidewalk landscape including comfort and convenience, safety and security, readability and mental image, accessibility and communications, timeliness and transparency; and aesthetic qualities of sidewalk landscape include sensory richness, order and unity, complexity, color, texture and materials, spatial hierarchy and sequence, and human scale and enclosure. The components constituting active walls consist of two physical (including external and internal elements of a building) and functional (including ground surface activities, readability, orientation, sense of invitation, and interaction of citizens with street space) dimensions. In order to achieve a comprehensive view in this field, a combination of different methods has been used. In the first phase of the study (development of the research framework and theoretical foundations), library studies method was first used to investigate and collect the components and criteria from studies related to street landscape perception and active walls of ground surface. In the second phase of the study (gathering information on street landscape and active walls in the studied site), quantitative and qualitative methods of assessing street landscape perception, including behavioral observation, checklists, technical drawings (plan, cross-section, and facade, qualitative drawings (sketch), image recording (photography), and activity recording were used. Scoring each of the indicators was done in the form of the 7-point Likert’s scale. Then, the data obtained in this section was analyzed in the next phase (analysis) using SWOT matrix. The purpose of using this model is to develop and adopt appropriate strategies between internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) in line with the research goals. In this study, SWOT analysis is followed in four steps (evaluation of external and internal factors, matching and determination of strategies, formation of internal and external matrix and implementation priorities, and preparation of Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). Weighing the internal and external factors including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, as well as scoring the strategies were done using opinions of a group of 15 urban design experts. This is while in the earlier phase, namely, SWOT Matrix adjustment and scoring it, participation of 71 experts of urban design, faculty members and students of urban design field was used. In this regard, a total of 59 internal factors (21 strengths and 38 weaknesses) and 35 external factors (23 opportunities and 12 threats) were identified. Among the strengths, the optimum orientation of residential unit openings toward public space and connection of the area to two main and busy streets of the city as a factor of enhancing social security and vitality have the highest final scores. Restricted behavioral pattern of space users and high share of forced activities compared to voluntary and social activities are considered the strongest weaknesses. Among the external factors also the possibility of designing diverse land uses attracting all social strata and possibility of designing micro-scale urban spaces aiming to increase diversity of behavioral patterns of those present in the space are considered the most effective opportunities, and inactiveness and abandonment of other old and valuable land uses and distortion of street landscape, especially ground floor landscape due to multiplicity and diversity of uncoordinated openings are considered the strongest threats. Therefore, low mean scores obtained from the studied indices indicate relatively poor quality of street landscape components in the area. The scoring matrix of the four components of street landscape perception divided by the first to third sequences and the eastern and western fronts of Khayyam Street can be analyzed saying that given the sum of the obtained scores in each sequence of the street, generally, the third sequence has the highest score followed by the first and the second sequences with the lowest score indicating poor quality of the studied components in this sequence. The mean score of the set of indicators in Khayyam Street is equal to 3.88, which is somewhat lower than the average level. The low mean scores obtained from the studied indices indicate relatively poor quality of street landscape components in the area. Sum of internal factor scores is 1.894 and the sum of external factor scores is 2.965. Given the sum of final scores of internal and external factors, the selected strategies fall into the cell of conservative strategies. In other words, the street landscape, and especially its active walls, despite its weaknesses and threats, has relatively large strengths and opportunities. Therefore, strategies for creating spatial openings and designing urban spaces of varying scales in them and attracting observers’ attention to signs and other physical events and enhancing citizens’ sense of presence are prioritized over other strategies.

Historical pathways have been a network of interconnected routes that shaped the form, scale and the spatial distinctiveness of the public domain in old cities. The diversity of form and physical characteristics of pathways could lead to a typological approach in which various criteria like the design aspect, emerging form, physical diversity, texture and material, specific and iconic features and spatial proportions are taken into consideration. The organic nature of historic urban fabrics reveals the diversity of the pathways as the most eminent and most present factor to show off the differentiation between the districts and as such, each pathway could develop an exclusive image for each area or subsection of the historic city. This article seeks to prepare a typology of historic pathways for the olden Shiraz. To accomplish this mission a group of twenty characteristic pathways with a variety of dispersion has been chosen. Using the analytical criteria derived from the field study and former investigations, these pathways have been thoroughly analyzed to make a list and furthermore the typology. Results show that despite the common basis of all pathways as the components of an interconnected network throughout the old city, the characteristics of each pathway stemmed from the cultural context, location, function and its specified role, had ended with the formation of a very diverse list of pathways considering design aspects making the spatial diversity and continuity become tangible. This diversity perfectly demonstrates the vast capacity of the old city to create a multiplex integrity of distinguished linear features, the pathways, as a dynamic urban network.

One of the most important factors causing urban sprawl and a rupture in the form or the morphologic continuum is the imbalanced growth of cities along with the entanglement of heterogeneous elements and zones. Through the history of the evolution of Iranian cities, the relationship between a city as the most striking manifestation of built environment and its natural surrounding has always been an indication of a kind of harmony. The nature of the evolution of the city reveals the presence of an initial nucleus and the organization of certain specific spatial-physical bodies around it. In this combination, the city transect is formed in such a way that the highest density is reflected in the center. With transition to the periphery, the density of the texture is reduced. This process continues up to the connection between the physical environment and the natural background, and the boundary of the city's ramparts and historic fences represents some kind of entry into the natural arena. With an emphasis on the process-oriented nature of the transect procedure, this study is an attempt to customize and localize the procedure of drawing the urban transect of Shiraz as a method to differentiate various urban landscapes by recognizing their features and analyzing them with GIS. In this study, based on the literature indicating the necessity of following the order resulting from the nature of the evolution of cities, the urban transect of Shiraz has been drawn and analyzed. The necessity of drawing and presenting this transect is more evident when the results reveal that the process of transformation and urban growth has been thoroughly different from the continuum and morphologic order of the historic city. Accordingly, the output of this study is to present an urban transect of Shiraz and determine its six morphologic zones. The result of the study is to provide a framework for using the rules based on built environment form in each of these zones with an aim to avoid common zoning. In fact, this measure can have a significant impact on re-establishing order and creating balance between natural and built environments.

Assessing the quality of urban design in historic urban fabrics and measuring the success of plans which have been prepared for historic areas are crucial issues for urban regeneration process and management of urban heritage. During the last decades, a variety of tools and measuring methods are provided to architects and urban designers for estimating the quality of environments they have made intervention in them. Measuring the quality of design for the purpose of making better places or improving the sense of place is the central point for such interventions. Among the developed tools, Design Quality Indicator (DQI) method has been introduced as a method to evaluate the output of building design taking three indicators into account: ‘build quality’, ‘functionality’ and ‘impact’. These three indicators have close conceptual correlations with the models introduced for materializing the concept of ‘place’. Build quality can obviously be related to ‘form’; functionality, indicates the functional aspect of the place and is related to ‘activity’; and the impact could summarize a great deal of interactions among people and place and their experiences summed-up as ‘meaning’ and ‘image’. This concept was the key to develop a more sophisticated tool for analyzing the quality of design in a broader urban scale. This paper is aimed to develop a model derived from DQI model and named as PDQI, which stands for ‘Place Design Quality Indicator’. This model adds the aspects of place to the design quality assessment, and focuses on the historic places as the context of the design process. In this new interpretation, the significance of place has been determined using more advanced criteria, which are established in historic places by international charters and conventional documents. PDQI goes beyond the limits of the previous model, and provides a new horizon in which the characteristics of historic place are the main factors to evaluate the quality of design. This time designers and users are asked to score the design output by means of three major indicators. These indicators, which are represented as ‘Authenticity and Value’, ‘Physical Integrity’ and ‘Economical Vibrancy’, one more time are referring to the concept of place as mentioned in the literature prior to this work. By applying the proposed methodology for two historic places situated in the historic fabric of Shiraz, the quality of design implied in the urban design and revitalization project of a historic area in 1990s’ has been assessed and compared with the PDQI tool. The result shows that although similar urban design project have been taken for these two places, however, as far as the design quality is concerned, each place has its own conditions, which affects the quality of the output, and the perception of users and other designers has widely been affected by these. As a result, the authors declare that this method can be applied as a general tool for analyzing the design quality in historic places and it can make its way into a more complete tool to be developed by further researches.

Building stocks are the most important physical capacity for infill development and planning for their preservation, restoration and improvement in order to re-use has been an important chapter on urban conservation during the last decades. According to official statistics, parallel to paradigm shifts in the field of urban regeneration and active conservation, using old buildings in European cities has increased and the demolition and reconstruction of historical and aged structures have been pushed into the margin. In a comparison one could easily see how many of the old structures in the Iranian cities have been demolished in recent years and an important number of characteristic buildings have vanished from the urban context easily; what have been substituted has no relevance to the tangible and intangible values, lost within the process. The process of adaptive re-use is an outstanding criteria in the way of safeguarding physical and architectural identity and strengthening the ‘placefulness’ of historic fabrics and urban cores. In the contemporary literature of urban regeneration, some positive characteristics and principles like social and environmental sustainability, sense of place, planning mechanism upgrading, economical efficiency and built environment authenticity are attributed to the adaptive re-use of aged structures. Meanwhile the possibility to re-use the aged structure is something that should be considered in a technical and timely manner. The life cycle of building materials and the course of inevitable decline have a tremendous role in how and when a structure could be regained and reintroduced to the urban life cycle. This article revises the process of adaptive reuse and its benefits and parallel to the subject, proposes a new equivalent for the title of ‘Adaptive Reuse’ in Persian which would refer to the both parts of the term in a literary and semantic manner. Introducing the ‘Adaptive Reuse Potential’ model would be a solution for tracing the decay curve of aged structures and assessing the building adaptive reuse design and obsolescence criteria. This model and its subordinate equations demonstrate the point of maximum potential and the effective useful life of a building subject to adaptive reuse. As the Adaptive Reuse has also a policy-making aspect, estimating the condition of the buildings and calculating the potential that determines whether they could be brought back to the cycle as suitable infrastructures having the peciularities needed for a contemporary role is very crucial to the course. Implementing this model in a case study reveals its condition of obsolescence and the potential for the recovery of an aged structure into a new life cycle. An old and architecturally valuable building in the historic-modern core of Tehran [Lāleh Hotel in Lālehzār-e-no Ave.], has been assessed by ARP model and confirm this hypothesis that there are many potentially good buildings capable to be re-used in the inner parts of Iranian cities which have been fallen into oblivion and if the chance of undertaking adaptive reuse projects is missed, there will be an inevitable scenario for them to be demolished and reconstructed; a deep pity for the future generation of citizens disconnected of their glorious architectural background.