majid ebrahimi

Soil erosion is a significant environmental issue of common concern in the world today.  Despite the importance of soil erosion in sustainable development goals in arid and semi-arid areas, the study of the geo-environmental conditions and factors influencing gully erosion occurrence is rarely undertaken. As effort to this challenge, themain objective of this study is to apply an integrated approach to detecting gully erosion features at the Sanganeh Kalat Basin.We also aimed to apply a Conditional Probability (CP) model for establishing the spatial relationship between gullies and the Geo-Environmental Factors (GEFs). The gully erosion inventory map field surveying was randomly partitioned into two subsets: part 1 that contains 70% was used in the training phase of the CP model; part 2 is a validation dataset (30%) for validation of the model and to confirm its accuracy. Prediction performances of the CP model Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve methods, respectively. In addition, the influence of all GEFs on gully erosion was evaluated by performing a sensitivity analysis model. The validation area under the ROC curve for the CP model were 87.32%, respectively. Also, based on sensitivity analysis, lithology, drainage density, distance from river and land use represent significantly effects on the gully erosion occurrence. This study has shown that the integrated framework can be successfully used for modeling gully erosion occurrence in a data-poor environment.

Higher education has always faced problems and limitations in instruction and research and realization of its goals have greatly depended on students’ academic progress. Thus, the present study looked for a comparative study of students’ academic progress based on educational levels and admitted quota. To this end, a sample was drawn from the population of conditioned associate and bachelor students of the first semester in academic year 2018-2019 at Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch. Data collection instrument was the questionnaire of critical thinking which is known as writing test of critical thinking. In order to analyze the data, inferential statistics of t-test and analysis of variance were conducted via SPSS 25. The results indicated that teaching of critical thinking without the effect of quota and levels has a positive impact on critical thinking and academic progress. The findings provide evidence for the significant and independent role of critical thinking instruction in teaching, learning and academic progress of higher education students.

One of the most important and essential steps in using rain water harvesting systems is to locate and identify suitable places for implementing this technology.Considering that the utilization of the agent based spatial systems is rapidly expanding and the technology of operating agent based systems has become a growing field of research and research,the purpose of the present study is to develop a framework for the identification of areas with potential for rain water harvesting within the campus of Hakim Sabzevari University to provide appropriate tools for supporting decision making by managers and managers of the operation and management of local water resources.As a result, in this study, the simulation environment with NetLogo software as a tool for creating agent based spatial models was investigated and after mapping for each index in the ArcGIS environment, analyzes related to decision making of agent based were performed in the form of existing functions, and finally an assessment of the spatial collection rain water harvesting was studied in the studied area. The results showed that by using agent based spatial models modeling, it is possible to identify areas site selection of collecting rain water harvesting by simulating rain conditions and assessing the location of rain water harvesting collection. Also the results showed bayer lands without construction, appropriate empty space, placing on the course of runoff and a significant drop in water flow in the southwest of the university due to slope reduction, the main factors have been suitable places for collecting rain water harvesting.

Today, the calculation of sub-basin water balance is the most widely used application of game theory (Andik & Niksokhan 2020; Zarei et al., 2019). This study examines the hypothetical efficiency of game theory in determining the number of dams and distribution reservoirs. Simultaneous consideration of environmental, technical-economic and social criteria in formulating three different strategies is one of the innovations of the method for testing this hypothesis.

According to the topographic conditions and river network conditions, TAHAM area - 5763IV IRAN - located in Zanjan province was selected. Then, different basins were identified in the selected area and the largest basin was selected in terms of area and completeness of the waterway network. The number of strategies in this study is based on the hydrological classification of rivers. Therefore, the strategies were explained according to the classification of rivers within the main basin. This was done by dividing the basins based on categories two, three, four and five. However, due to the fact that the area of ​​first class river basins was very small, the division of basins into first class basins was not included. The following strategies are obtained based on the classification of rivers: (a) -Strategy S1: main basin with main river category five; (B) -Strategy S2: Divide the main basin into two sub-basins S2-1 with classification of river category three and sub-basin S2-2 with class four; (C) -Strategy S3: Division of S2 strategy basins into three sub-basins with three classifications, named S3-1, S3-2 and S3-3 and (d) -Strategy S4: Division of S3 strategy basins To sub-basins with two river categories, named S4-1, S4-2, S4-3, S4-4, S4-5, S4-6, S4-7 and S4-8.

After explaining and parameterizing the game rule, the outcome matrix of each game was obtained. Finally, according to the outcome matrix study, S2 strategy was identified as the Nash equilibrium or the answer to the problem. In this form, numbers are in tension and competition with each other. Simultaneously examining the criteria and consequences of adopting any strategy for each player practically creates interactions of effects and conflict of interest for the economic, social and environmental players. Examining the even matrix for three players with different choices can easily provide a very small change of consequences according to final results of models.

By using the game theory while solving concurrency and considering the damages caused by dam construction for the parameters (economy, environment, and community) regarding AHP model (which is based on scoring the damages and summing them) an alternative method was introduced.

Flow over an airfoil equipped with Deformable Trailing Edge Flap (DTEF) has been numerically studied in a two-dimensional steady-state condition with various angles of attack. The airfoil is NACA 64-418, and the flap angle is defined by changing camber-line geometry at 10% chord length from the trailing edge. It has been shown that the direction of the flap deflection has significant impacts on aerodynamic behaviors, which provides an extra means to adjust wind turbine structural loads. Simulations have been conducted with aerodynamic-aeroelastic FAST code in the form of an open-loop control scheme to determine the DTEF's performance in a wind turbine. The wind turbine behavior has been plotted and compared for various flap angles. The load-variation ranges of the wind turbine have been identified, which help determine their sensitivity to flap changes. Finally, an open-loop control circuit is aimed at reducing the amplitude of oscillations of the blade root flapwise bending moment.

As for the increasing construction of buildings, roads, railways and others in the mountainous areas and steep, stabilizing the natural and artificial slopes is more and more considered. There are innumerous methods for slope stabilization in which they are trying to increase the resistant forces for driving forces. Therefore, the safety factor increases. The purpose of this study was to estimate the stability of dominant sliding slopes on the roads and the role of nailing and tracing on the stabilization of these slides on 40 km the Khorramabad-Pole Zaal freeway. In this research, at first, 8 sliding slopes along the roads were found. Using field study sampling and analysis of soil, topography and mining slope stability factor domains, all the parameters of slope stability analysis, including cs: soil cohesion, cr: root cohesion, φ: internal friction angle of soil, γd: soil density and γw: wet density of soil, were entered these parameters in slope stability analysis software and the safety factor were determined for each slide. we can identify the unstable slopes by this method and determine the protection operations to increase stability factor, so that nailing action in slide 6 with very high vulnerability class, the location of 33° 20' 43" north latitude and 48° 10' 59" E increases the stability factor from 0.57 to 1.98 and the tracing mechanism in the slope, increases the stability or safety factor at the value 2.10. And finally we can determine the best way to do the protective mechanism.
Extended Abstract
1- One of the main Ingredient stimulater of landslides, road construction, which is the basis for the large landslides by creating unstable trenches on both sides of the road, changing the course of rivers, unloading and loading unsuitable soil and dissection in trees forested areas and serious damages. The effects of mass movements on communication networks in several scientific disciplines were assessed. In addition, geo-morphologists and geologists studied the mechanism and the cause, the extent and number of landslides occurrence in various environments. Khorramabad-Pole Zaal freeway as a north-south transit highway, is one of the anfractuous mountain paths which is always in danger of road closure due to excessive expansion and various geo-morphological units. However, most risks that threatened this axis have often the geomorphological- climate origin which have created innumerous casualties and property damages due to of the lack engineering strategies and structures or counting non-significant the geomorphological parameters of present and future. The purpose of the slope stability analysis, is to offer appropriate safety coefficient providing stability. Therefore, recognizing the slope stability factor is necessary to prevent mitigation risks and damages.
2- As the first step, the slopes along the road were determined. After the determining the slopes and the sliding slopes, all the model parameters were checked and determined by field studies. Then the samples were delivered to the technical and soil mechanic laboratory. Kayasta (2006) and Vinh (2007) were used to measure and specify the root cohesion for the analyzed slopes. Besides, these measures were used for different land uses. The determined parameters included: cs: soil cohesion, cr: root cohesion, φ: internal friction angle of soil, γd: soil density and γw: wet density of soil. Determining these parameters, they were measured. Finally, the parameters were entered slope stability analysis to determine safety factor for each slope.
3- In this research, the stability of 8 sliding slopes along the roads was analyzed. One profile (to the depth of bedrock) was dug to measure each parameter in every profile. After delivering the samples to the soil laboratory, the essential parameters were measured to perform the slope stability model. Stability coefficient for slope number 6 is 0.57 and for the slope 8 is 1.17. As For the classification proposed by Peck et al. (1998), the slope number 6 is located in the class of very high landslide invulnerability, while the slope number 8 is in the class of is high vulnerability. Due to the slope stability factor (FS) in range Case based on the slope stability analysis and compare it with the actual conditions, it can be concluded that the slops 2 and 5, according to the table (4) are put in a low instability class. In other words, these slopes are considered stable. (FS>1.5) and no slide could be observed the slops 1 and 4, in the class average vulnerability (1.25> FS>1.5). So it can be argued that these slopes may not slip by themselves in nature. However, some man-made factors such as road constructing have been effective on making slides in these slopes.
4- In this research, the stability of 8 sliding slopes along the freeway Khrmabad- Plzal was studied. Besides, sustainable ways were found using the softwareFLAC SLOP. Two types of protective mechanism (Nailing and Terracing) in a slope slide were modeled to increase the safety factor. The findings showed that computing stability factor of slopes we can detect the unstable slopes and some protective mechanism could be specified to increase the stability factor or factor of safety. Protective mechanism as nailing and tracing increase the safety factor and reduce the driving forces protective mechanism as they can be decrease the stability of the slides prone to landslides. The results from nailing mechanism in the slope number (6) with a very high vulnerability class, increases the factor of safety from 0.57 to 1.98 and the terracing mechanism in the slope, increases the stability or safety factor at the value 2.10. And finally we can determine the best way to do the protective mechanism.

Cultural management is a science that links management knowledge to cultural components and links culture and art with social sciences, communications, politics, culture, economics and other sciences, and its philosophical and aesthetic uses from theoretical, The feeling and perception of the individual leads to the practice of administration of society and cultural-artistic productions.
To develop the culture of discipline and discipline, all cultural institutions must play their full role, any effort to strengthen culture, discipline, need the knowledge of goals and programs, the organization of resource management, and continuous monitoring of them.
In the Holy Qur'an, not only social and material management is considered, but also considered spiritual management and guidance to the supreme goals. A large part of its orders and advices have been made to streamline the thoughts, speeches, and deeds of its followers. Qur'an commentators believe that all the verses are about divine laws and regulations, such as the emphasis on cultural commonality, social justice, which establishes the order and plan in the individual and social life of Muslims, leads to the development of discipline.

Citizenship education is one of the main pillars of social life in the current era. Skills of citizenship education are addressed through various planning in advanced societies. Given such conditions, this research aims to investigate effective factors on citizenship education from perspective of municipal employees in the city of Zanjan. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of data collection, it is descriptive-survey. Statistical population includes all municipality employees of Zanjan city and 240 of them were selected as sample by using multi-stage cluster sampling. Research tool was researcher-made questionnaire based on five-point Likert scale. Its face validity was confirmed by academic experts and its reliability was calculated using by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient equal to 0.93. However, in order to analyze data, one-sample T-test and Friedman ranking test were used. The most important findings indicated that all effective factors on citizenship education including behaviors based on socio-political actions, law-abiding and law-orientation, behaviors based on religious and national commands, and those based on protecting environment and sustainable development are at significance level of 0.05. The results of Freidman test indicated that municipal employees in the city of Zanjan prioritized behaviors based on religious and national commands, law-abiding and law-orientation, those based on socio-political actions, and those based on protecting environment and sustainable development as effective factors on citizenship education respectively at the level of 0.05.

Soil temperature and its changing with regards to place and time is not only one of important factors that effects on energy and material exchange but it may be said the rate and direction of all physical processes of soil are temperature dependent directly or indirectly. The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) is a rather new algorithm used to estimate the temperature and other fluxes on surface in most parts of the world that has satisfactory results. For accessing to the aims of research, at first, the heat map was prepared using SEBAL algorithm and decision tree classification by ArcGIS 9.3 and Envi 4.4 software. On the other hand, we extracted digital model of height, slope, lithology, direction and the dominant landform of the study area. Then, with the aim of studying the statistics of surface temperature at heights, slope, lithology, directions and landforms, the zonal statistical analysis was used. By choosing the ETM image at May of 2011, and because of single heat band, we used from SEBAL method for estimating the surface temperature of the land. In this method, we get the surface temperature was obtained based on corrected heat radian. For computing the emission rate at heat band we need to compute spectrum radian (Lλ), the reflection rate at each band (Pλ) and surface. The results showed a significant correlation between elevation, slope and aspect surface temperature is (respectively: ) Moreover, minimum temperature is in Qa3 formation (new andesite of Taftan) and maximum temperature is in qlu formation (siltstone with lichen with middle layers of tuff andesite). Also the most temperature average is in Ef (sandstone and shill) and the least temperature average in Qla (old andesite flows). It seems that because of andesite formation placement of high and low heights, direction has more important role at the temperature decrease of this formation, by the way, height factor has effect on temperature decrease in this formation. Regarding temperature conditions in geographic directions and different foramtions, could plan for implanting compatible agricultural corps and products and appropriate environmental conditions.

Land surface temperature estimated to cater to the wide range of remote sensing, lack of monitoring and limited meteorological stations. With regard to the monitoring of land surface temperature in a limited number of weather stations as part of the need for broad distribution across the surface temperature at the same time, land surface temperature was calculated. Parishan lake because of the proximity to the metropolis of Shiraz shows the temperature and humidity play an important moderating role in this city. Drought in recent decades and the subsequent reduction in the water level of the lake has had adverse effects on the surrounding areas, especially in Shiraz temperature and humidity. The purpose of this research is to estimate land surface temperature using SEBAL (SEBAL) (modified surface energy algorithm for land) in Parishan Basin and relationship with land use / cover (LULC). For this purpose, use ETM images from 2000 and 2013 and after the various stages processing of image to extract the land use plans based on support vector machine (SVM) was developed during a period of 13 years. By applying SEBAL algorithm on satellite images was prepared heat map. For this purpose implement this method, was calculated the thermal radiance corrected (Rc), the emissivity of the surface of the thermal band (ε), spectral radiance (Lλ), the reflectance of each band (ρλ) and surface albedo (α). The results of this study showed the most of that land use changes in the use of the lake there is about was destroyed 35/97% of the lakes in the course of 13 years and much of it have land use changes uncultivated land and agricultural. In addition, increased desertification and loss of vegetation, it affects increasing land surface temperature (LST). The highest temperature (LST) is evident in the salt marsh and bare rock outcrops are considerable with the passing years and the increasing temperature. The results have been applied in the study of natural resources protection and can be helpful natural resource conservation programs.

There is a harmonious relationship between the topographic forms of the surface of the earth and hydrologic systems in the geologically active regions. A quantitative estimation between neo-tectonic activities and surface processes is made to formulate and model the evolution of the land perspective. In this study, the alluvial fans of five catchment areas in Sabzevar, Davarzan, Jovein, Safi Abad and Esfarayen in Kavir Markazi (Central Desert) drainage totally amounting to 140 alluvial fans are studied. The parameters of the radius of the alluvial fan(r) and height(h) were calculated using ARCGIS and angle of alluvial fan sweep(s) was obtained using electronic protractor. Then, the volume of each alluvial fan using Church and Giles methods was obtained and linear relationship and the correlation coefficient between the volumes of the alluvial fans(V) and basins feeding them(BA) were set up. In the next step, using geomorphologic indexes, the tectonic activities of the region(Lat) were assessed. The results of this study show that although there is a significant relationship between the volume of the alluvial fan(V) and the area of the upper basin(BA), in the area under study, there is no significant relationship except in Davarzan which has a high correlation coefficient (0.742). There is no relationship between the volume of the alluvial fans(V) and the area of the upper drainage(BA) between two mentioned factors in other areas. Therefore, tectonic plays a basic role in increasing or decreasing the volume of the alluvial fans and the area of the upper basin of the alluvial fans(BA) as a subsidiary element in a way that the alluvial fans of Jovein, Safi abad and Esfarayen are classified of high geologic activities and the alluvial fans of Sabzevar are of medium geologic activities and Davarzan catchment alluvial fans are placed in the class of low geologic activities.

The land surface is always changing because of natural disasters especially human factors. This event is resulted from lack of attention to the time scale at the time of exploiting the environmental base resources. The land surface temperature (LST) is a very important factor in the global studies especially the temperature change and balance. In this research, the time-based spatial dynamics of LST was analyzed for Taleqhan Basin in Alborz province by means of the Landsat satellite data in relation to land cover/ land use in the region. The temperature degree obtained from LST is very Similar to the data obtained from meteorology. The SEBAL method used to obtain LST from the ETM data has shown that the difference between the real temperature degree in Taleghan meteorology or Climate forecast station and the estimated temperature is less than two degrees. Using the LST data obtained from the satellite images is advantageous from this point of view that it covers the area or the region completely. Furthermore, we can consider each pixel in the time-based map of LST as a Virtual meteorological station to analyze the data obtained about temperature. The research results show that LST is very sensitive to the plant coverage and the soil humidity. Hence the land uses with a high plant coverage distribution have a lower LST. Then this method can be used to detect the changes in LULC in a particular period of time. However, LST is related to human actions, too. It can be predicted that the LST will be increased in Taleghan in future regarding the effects of land use changes especially urbanization, deforestation and soil erosion in this region. The land uses with a low temperature has decreased while the land uses with a high temperature has increased. The research results can be important for the decision-makers especially the government organizations such as Agriculture Ministry, Water organization, Natural Resources Managements and etc. And finally the managers cooperation and a help by all groups of people are essential to stop worse changes and dissertation and also to prevent global warming.

The quantitative measurements allows the geo morphologists to compare different land forms and calculate the morphologic indices. The alluvial fans are among the common forms in the arid and semi arid regions which developed under tectonic and climatic elements. These forms are quite sensitive to tectonic changes and register their effects in themselves. Therefore, through studying these effects and evidences, we can realize the procedure of the tectonic effects and changes of alluvial fans. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of tectonic factors in the development and morphological changes of the alluvial fans of Garmsar. In this study, the topographic maps, geology, satellite photos and the digital elevation model (DEM) were used as the main research data. In addition, the morphology of the alluvial fans of the region was studied closely and through the field study. Then, using the geomorphic indexes which includes the sinuosity of the mountain in-front (SMF) Ratio of valley floor width to valley height (VF), Drainage Asymmetry factor (AF), Stream Length-Gradient Index (SL), Transverse Topographic Symmetry Factor (T), Fan Comicality Index (FCI), the region in terms of tectonic activities were assessed. Through combination of these indexes, the index of active tectonic (Iat) can be obtained. The results show that according to the (Iat) amounts, Garmsar alluvial fans are placed at the medium level of neo tectonic activities. The obtained geomorphologic evidences such as elevated river terraces, sequence of alluvial fans, changing base surface of Heble Roud and existence of old terraces and deepened channels confirms the results of the study.

Nowadays, the city’s vulnerability to earthquakes is world’s major problem that is expert’s concern in various fields. Technical and historical studies of earthquake in Iran shows that devastating earthquakes along the Dorouneh fault, in many cases leads to deterioration and death of hundreds and sometimes thousands of people. Bardaskan, due to the presence of several active faults around and within it, is in a high risk of earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to determine the vulnerability of urban elements, using models and methods in reducing the vulnerability of this city against earthquake. To reach this purpose, 16 physical and spatial factors affecting the vulnerability of urban space were identified at the global level then using location data, structural elements description, building behavior data, and determining the impact of each criteria in vulnerability level, an appropriate estimation of city’s vulnerability to earthquake were presented in the framework of integrated and planning models such as fuzzy and Inversion Hierarchical Weight Process. We also discussed building damage modeling and micro-zoning against earthquake by presenting earthquake scenarios at different intensities. The results of this study show that by moving from the south to the north of Bardaskan, the vulnerability of the building’s block are increased. Earthquake scenarios modeling in the intensity of 6 and 8 Mercalli shows the vulnerability of the building were based on the 3, 1, 6, 5, 4 and 2 section respectively. The main reasons for this state are locating near the fault, peak ground acceleration, high density and low quality of building construction and building materials.

The production of gold ornaments and artifacts is a local and national industry. Isfahan is one of the major metropolises which it has the first rank of gold industry, jewelry and silver in Iran. Obtained value added in this industry is not in a good position than other industries in Isfahan, however. Thus, more attention to this valuable industry will result in more development and growth and economic progress in Isfahan as well. Hence, the researcher tried to present an integrated framework in order to develop appropriate strategies in this metropolis which will help the growth and survival of the industry. For presenting a comprehensive framework strategy, SWOT has been used for determining the factors in this study. Major factors have been selected by using fuzzy linguistic variables and multi criteria decision making method. Using these factors, necessary conditions for enhancing value added obtained from this industry may be enhanced and more share of global markets will be gained.

The main problem imposed on the lands managers all around the world is the slope instability in steep mountainous areas. The problem cause life harms and money damages in the roads. Studying the slope features and the slope stability analysis are important in detecting and knowing their roles in the landlide phenomenon. The analysis is done by evaluating the phenomenon risk in the aquifer basins. The purpose of this research is analyzing the role of road building in occurring the surface slides in the natural slopes by using the FLAC SLOP model which finally results in offering some guidelines to manage the region in an optimal way. From the point of view of slides. Or landslides. In this research, at first 7 sliding slopes next to the roads were determined. After that, all the parameters related to slope stability model and its analysis with the field studies were detected. Next the soil sampling and analyzing the topography of the slopes were extracted. And next, these parameters were incorporated into the slope stability model to determine the slopes factor of safety(FS) and the FS was obtained. The research results showed that slope stability model is very effective in determining instability in the slopes which were slid because of the road making. Because the factor of safety(FS)was obtained to be less than 1(one) for the sliding slopes. Moreover, road constructing in slopes with acuter steepness(more than 17 degrees)decreases the stability of slopes. By using this model, the unstable slopes could be detected and some protective mechanism could be specified to increase the stability factor or factor of safety. In this way, the nails vaccinating mechanism in the slope number 5, a location 37 ° 5 '3" north latitude and 59 ° 40' 27" east longitude increases the factor of safety from 0/67 to 2/75 and the tracing mechanism in the slope number 4, With geographic coordinates 36 ° 59 '31 "north latitude and 59 ° 41' 56" east longitude increases the stability or safety factor from 1.10 to 1.93. And finally we can determine the best way to do the protective mechanism.

In this regard, plastic fines have been added to Anzali sand with diverse proportions and then triaxial monotonic tests have been implemented to find that how these fine contents can affect the sand undrained shear behaviour. All the prepared samples had the same initial dry density and were subjected to two different confining pressures. The results show that, in comparison to the clean sand, increasing the content of plastic fines from 0 to 30% results in a decrease in the undrained shear resistance of the samples, wherease this trend is reversed for the values of fine contents greater than 30%. In addition, the effect of plastic fines on the pore pressure generation was studied in the saturated sands. The results reveal that the specimens having up to 30% plastic fine contents generated larger values of pore water pressure than clean sand specimens. And for the larger amounts of fine contents, the excess pore water pressure decreased comparing to the clean sand.

Landslide like phenomena such as earthquake، flood، and volcano eruption are considered as the important natural events which happen every year in the mountainous and the elevated regions of the country and incur substantial damages and losses. Today، in the countries involved with the issue of earthquake sliding، there is an increasing tendency in evaluating and zoning of the danger and damages resulting from this phenomenon. Various factors such as topography، petrology، climatology، etc. are effective in the instability of the ranges and in various ways causes then instability of the ranges. In this study، in order to realize the rate of instability in various parts of the region based on Anbalagan. Firstly، the total area under study are divided into 26 work units and then the factors affecting the sliding are evaluated separately and the numerical value of each one was obtained and eventually the total scores were gathered. Based on the scores obtained، the plan of sliding ground was drawn for the total region. Studying the map suggests the fact that this region is divided into four areas in terms of landslide; the zone has been allocated with a high degree of danger of 31. 13 sq. km. from the total area of the region or 18. 52 % of the lands located near the villages and the roads. The region with high degree of danger 37. 30% in the area of study، the zone with medium danger of 23. 8 %، and a zone has been allocated with low degree of danger 20. 38 % from the region.

Among the important factors in urban planning and management, particularly in line with the achievement of the sustainable development in the urban areas as well as regarding the optimal use of the land, is on-time access to the data of land cover conditions in these regions. The remote sensing data has a high potential for the preparation of the update urban land cover maps. In order to present on-time and digital satellite data, a variety of shapes and possibility of processing during land cover maps are of high significance. In order to use the satellite photos Landsat/ETM+ and two algorithm of supervised classification including the maximum likelihood and the artificial neural network, land cover maps were prepared. During classification, the neural network algorithm of a perceptron network with a hidden layer and 7 input neurons, nine middle neurons and 4 output neurons were used. The input neurons are the same in number as the bands of the Landsat photos and the number ofoutput neurons are the same as land cover map classes. Eventually, land cover map of the region has been classified into four classes of residential areas, barren lands, plant coverage, and roads. In order to evaluate the correctness of the classification results, many photos have been taken using GPS. Using overall accuracy and Kappa Coefficient the precision evaluation results of these two methods indicate that perceptron neural network has an overall accuracy of 98/24 and Kappa Coefficient 97/03 compared to the algorithm of maximum likelihood with an overall accuracy of 94/23 and Kappa Coefficient 90 / 34 is of higher precision. The findings of this study also show that the classification method for multilayer perceptron neural network as compared with the maximum likelihood method is of higher separation and capability for preparing the land cover map in the urban regions.

The tourism industry is one of the main pillars of world economy and for taking advantage of it we need favorable conditions in the framework of comprehensive planning Thus¡ in tourism development plans¡ quality standards and social objectives are necessary because the development may be inappropriate for the nature and lead to environment destruction. In this study¡ with emphasizing the capabilities and limitations of Bazangan Lakes Tourism Development¡ the Strategies for identifying and using survey methods and field studies to determine the strengths¡ weaknesses¡ opportunities and threats (SWOT method)¡ Tourism Development Strategies is offered. The results suggest the need to adopt an aggressive Strategy in Tourism Management of Bazangan Lake. However the conditions for investment and the development of tourism activities is appropriate¡ but the existing policies need to address the weaknesses and threats by using strengths and opportunities.

Identifying and preparing the aquifer zoning map of vulnerable areas، where the pollutants from surface water can infiltrate and spread into groundwater system، is an important management tool for preventing groundwater resource contamination. One of the most important vulnerable aquatic resources against the contamination is the aquifer. The purpose of this research is making the vulnerability map of the region and also detecting the regions with the highest amount of ground water contamination characters in the study area. Regarding to the importance of groundwater resources and its uses for different purposes such as drinking، agriculture and industry، we do the research and also study on the aquifer vulnerability. Also، protecting the region is necessary in developing optimal management of ground water resources. Study Area: Neishaboor plain، with an area of 3351/38 square kilometers، is one part of the aquatic basin of the central desert. The plain is located in the southern mountains of Binalood situated in northeastern part of central desert and its climate is mid-dry. The plain is located in the longitude of to eastern hemisphere and the latitude of to northern hemisphere. The highest height of Neishaboor Plain is 3200 m above the sea level over Binalood Mountains and the lowest point is 1050 m above the sea level in the exterior part of the plain. The rainfall is reported to be 292 mm as an average for the plain area. In this research، we have used different information including topographical maps or numerical topographical maps with 1:25000 scale، geometrical maps with 1:100000 scale، soil map، meteorological statistics، hydrology groundwater level، the result of pumping test، digging logarithm and observational well. We also utilized the wells and their data. The statistics of geographical studies maps and water consumption are all included in the research based on khorasan Razavi water stock company. Seven factors or characters that are measurable by the hydrological system are determined in this method. These factors included groundwater depth، net recharge، aquifer media، soil type، topography، impact of vadose zone and the hydraulic conductivity. These characters have numerically been estimated، so a special rate from 1 to 10 is specified to each factor relating the potential contaminants. Regarding to the layers in DRASTIC model and their special weight، the weight overlapping function was used by the Raster calculator menu in ArcGIS software to combine and compare the layers and integrate the data. The final map of the aquifer in comparison to the contamination was categorized into 5 boundaries or ranges، including extremely low vulnerability، low vulnerability، medium vulnerability، high vulnerability and extremely high vulnerability. One of the flaws noticed in DRASTIC model is that the categorizing and parameter evaluation is fairly expertized and the model should be calibrated by the distribution concentration of natural contaminants such as Nitrate، which mainly leads to special vulnerability of the aquifer. In this research، we have used the data related to Nitrate concentration driven from 57 samples of ground water wells to estimate the model again. Regarding to the zoning map، we found that nearly 23. 55 percent of the studied Region is located in the lowest vulnerability range، 17. 16 percent is located in the low vulnerability range، 19. 21 percent is located in the average vulnerability range، 28. 72 percent is located in high vulnerability range and finally 11. 36 percent is located in extremely high vulnerability range. The results show that the highest vulnerability potential range is high in the southern and western parts of the plain while the northern areas demonstrate the lowest potential. Comparing and contrasting the nitrate ion on the final map of DRASTIC model، it was concluded that areas with the highest nitrate ion concentrations are located in extremely high contaminate force range، emphasizing the precision and accuracy of the model.

The widespread use of sulfur mustard (SM) as a chemical warfare agent in the past century has proved its long-lasting toxic effects. Despite a lot of research over the past decades on Iranian veterans, there are still major gaps in the SM literature. Transforming growth factor (TGF-β), a cytokine that affects many different cell processes, has an important role in the lungs of patients with some of chronic airway diseases, especially with respect to airway remodeling in mustard lung.Primary airway fibroblasts from epibronchial biopsies were cultured, and gene expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TbR-I and TbR-II in fibroblasts of SM injured patients and controls were investigated. Expression of TGF-βs and receptors was measured by RT-PCR. Protein level of TGF-β1was surveyed by western blot.Our findings revealed that expression levels of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TbR-I and TbR-II were upregulated in the airway fibroblasts of SM exposed patients in comparison with control samples. TGF-β1 expression was shown to be markedly increased in primary lung fibroblasts of chemically injured patients.Our novel data, suggested that over-expression of TGF-β molecule and receptors in primary airway fibroblasts of mustard gas injured patients may be involved in progression of airway remodeling of these patients.

Flood risk zonation is necessary to control and predict the amplitude of flood damage. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the rate of flood risk vulnerability and the flood damage assessment in Sabzevar. Specific variables of this study are land use, population density, river beds, slope classes, residential density, CN coefficient, runoff coefficient, open spaces and old buildings. Methodologically speaking, having determined the necessary layers, the weight of each layer was obtained based on the importance of layer in flood occurrence. After weight determination phase of the research, layers were compared with each other in two-by-two basis by The Expert- Choice software, then the resulted matrices of these comparisons were analyzed by Idrisi Software and final coefficients for layers were calculated. Finally, by applying these coefficients through Raster Calculation menu to ArcGis software, the map of flood risk zonation of Sabzevar suburb was prepared. The critical zones vulnerable to flood and inundation were determined. Moreover٫ the possible flood loss was estimated by developing the flood damage map. Thus, flood critical zones of urban texture and inundation were prepared and the flood loss was determined by producing the map of flood damage evaluation. The flood risk zonation map reveals that about 15 % of study zone is located in the class of very high flood risk, 45 % in high flood risk class, 25 % in medium flood risk class and 15 percent is in the low flood risk class. Moreover٫ there was a compatibility of 80 % between the classes of flood damage evaluation map and those of flood risk map.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two vitrification protocols on mouse metaphase stage II (MII) oocytes and evaluate their effects on the expression of heat shock protein A1A (HSP A1A) and MnSOD genes.

Groups of approximately 15 oocytes without cumulus complexes were collected and vitrified with 10% (v/v) ethylene glycol (EG) + 10% (v/v) dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) + 0.5M sucrose in group A (VSI) and 14.5% (v/v) EG + 14.5% PROH + 0.5M sucrose in group B (VSII), respectively. Thawing after vitrification was performd by placing the oocytes into 1M sucrose for 1 minute and two diluted solutions, each for 3 minutes. After thawing, the oocytes were fertilized and cultured in vitro to develop into the pronuclear stage. The survival rate of vitrified-warmed oocytes and rate of fertilization were evaluated. In addition, gene expressions (HSP A1A, MnSOD and β actin) of vitrified-warmed oocytes were also examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Survival rates of each group were separately compared to the control. The result showed significant differences between each experimental group compared to the control (p≤ 0.001). The survival rate of oocytes after warming was higher in VSI (91.2% ± 1.7) compared to VSII (89.2% ± 1.5) but there were no significant differences between the two groups. The rate of fertilization was significantly (p≤0.05) reduced in vitrified-warmed (VSI: 39% ± 5.8; VSII: 34% ± 5.7) oocytes compared to the control (88.36% ± 2.3). The expression of MnSOD increased in the vitrified-warmed oocytes when compared to control oocytes. We also detected HSP A1A only in the control and VSI group.

Vitrification of oocytes by cryotop resulted in high survival rate; low developmental competence and fertilization rate of vitrified-warmed oocytes which may be a result of changing expression of important genes after thawing.

Sulfur mustard (SM) as an effective chemical agent was used recently in the Iraq war against Iran. Currently more than 40,000 chemical casualty of war left with lung lesions caused by mustard gas. This combination induce the production of oxygen free radicals are molecules that activate inflammatory processes. Heme Oxigenase is one of the important proteins that decrease the harmful effects of free radicals and involved in many cellular functions such as oxidant/antioxidant system balance in respiratory system.

12 biopsy samples of the airway wall (8 chemical samples and 4 control samples) obtain by bronchoscopy. After fixation in Parafrmaldehyd 4%, 20 microns slices were prepared by Cryostat. The expression of HO1, a polymorphism of HO, by immunohistochemistry method in samples of veterans and control groups analysed and were compared.

SM exposed samples were immunonegative for HO1 antibodies in compare to unexposed patients, while Normal ones expressed in high intensity in epithelium as a basal expression.

These findings indicate that this molecule play an important role in protecting cells against oxidative stress, including the poisoning of SM. So it concluded that the absence of this protective factor may be cause for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and continuity of problem.