mandana taheri

Psychological characteristics of managers significantly influence banks' risk-taking behavior and overall banking stability. Simultaneously, regulatory frameworks aim to restrict bank risks to safeguard public interest, potentially moderating this relationship. This study explores the association between managerial overconfidence and banking stability, focusing on the moderating role of supervisory capital and capital adequacy regulations. For the statistical analysis, data from 16 banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2015–2022 were utilized. The results of the regression models indicate a positive and significant relationship between managerial overconfidence and banking stability. Additionally, supervisory capital and capital adequacy inversely moderate this relationship. These findings align with the private interest view of banking regulations and reflect the behavior of Iran’s banking network, which, under inflationary economic conditions, allows bank managers to undertake actions beyond core banking operations to maintain stability and positive performance. This study emphasizes the need for regulatory frameworks tailored specifically to Iran’s unique business environment, distinct from international practices.

A strong board can play a key role in increasing firm performance and value and lead to value creation. as a result, properly performing duties and responsibilities can be effective on attracting investment opportunities. on the other hand, under the ethical risk model, managers who are not adequately monitored over their performance may benefit from the information advantage that may be more or more efficient than the optimum level; therefore information asymmetry could affect the effectiveness of firms' investment. the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between board characteristics and investment efficiency in tehran stock exchange and also the effect of information asymmetry on this relationship. This study investigated the financial information of 132 firms accepted in tehran stock exchange during the years 1392-1400. to test the research hypotheses, regression model was used with panel data method and fixed effects. Analysis of the findings indicates that the characteristics of the board have a direct and significant relationship with investment efficiency and asymmetry of information asymmetry moderates the relationship between board characteristics and investment efficiency. The results indicate that the board affects the company's investment efficiency through monitoring and maintaining relationships with shareholders, and the board with improved information environment can help reduce the information asymmetry between the management and the shareholders that lead to optimal investment in the company.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the increase in financing restrictions of companies has an effect on their financing strategies. Based on this, the strategies of company managers for financing were formulated in the form of their desire to finance internally instead of externally and through transactions with related parties and financing from debt instead of issuing shares in the capital market. In addition, this research, emphasizing the role of corporate governance and its effect on defined relationships, seeks to provide a reasonable answer in relation to the effect of corporate governance on reducing the adverse effect of financing restrictions on the financing strategies of companies. In this regard, the data of 150 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2015-2019 were selected, and according to the Kaplan/Zengales indices as a measure of supplier criteria governing the companies, research hypotheses were examined. The results of this study showed that financing restrictions have a negative and significant relationship with transactions with related parties and a positive and significant relationship with capital structure. In addition, corporate governance only has a moderating effect on the relationship between financing constraints and capital structure.

Complex disclosure limits the ability of users to extract useful information from the financial reports disclosed by firms and affects the decisions and perceptions of the stockholders of the information and adjusts their expectations of returns and consequently will affect the financing costs of the company. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the readability of financial reporting and financing costs, as well as to investigate the moderating effect of profit quality and audit quality on this relationship in Iran's capital market. For this purpose, the data of 138 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were collected for ten years from 1391 to 1400, and the hypotheses of the research were investigated using the statistical method of multivariable linear regression. The results of the research hypotheses test show a significant and negative relationship between the readability of financial reporting and the cost of capital of companies. Also, the results show that profit management as an index of profit quality measurement intensifies the negative relationship between readability and financing costs. In other words, the increase in earnings management in companies with lower readability has led to an increase in financing costs. Also, the audit quality in companies that have lower readability has adjusted the cost of capital in a positive direction.

Information asymmetry and economic uncertainty are features of the capital market in today's complex business environment, which increase audit risk and litigation risk, and can be effective in explaining audit fees. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of legal claims risk, information asymmetry and economic uncertainty in explaining audit fees. The time domain of the research is the period from 2013 to 2021 and the research sample includes 120 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Research findings, based on analysis using multivariable regression models on combined data, show that among the macroeconomic variables investigated (including economic growth rate, inflation rate, exchange rate, and interest rate), both economic growth rate and inflation rate have a direct and significant relationship with the audit fee. Additionally, there is a direct and significant relationship between the risk of lawsuits and information asymmetry with the audit fee. The results indicate that the risk of lawsuits, economic uncertainty and information asymmetry play an effective role in explaining auditors' fees.

Risk disclosure is one of the key reports of this industry in the capital market. In this paper, we investigated the barriers to risk disclosure in Iranian banks. This research has been done with a qualitative approach and based on grounded theory. The data of this paper were collected and coded through in-depth interviews with 15 capital market experts, banks, central banks and independent auditors of banks. The analysis of the interviews led to the identification of four serious barriers to risk disclosure in Iranian banks, which include environmental challenges, regulatory challenges, macro challenges and banking industry challenges. According to the results of this survey, regulatory weaknesses in set and punishment, the infancy of Iran's banking industry, lack of training and proficiency in risk identification and disclosure, sanctions on the Iranian banking system, lack of necessary infrastructure for measurement and disclosure, lack of strategy and activities Contrary to the objectives of establishing a bank in the economy, government and governmental structures governing the bank, disclosure costs and lack of proper accountability mechanism in the bank and other factors effect on risk disclosure and prevent the presentation of a favorable, coherent and comprehensive disclosure of the bank's risk situation. It’s necessity In order to remove these barriers, the supervisors and developers of standards and regulations in the Iranian financial market, including the Central Bank, the Stock Exchange and Securities Organization and the Auditing Organization, are taking corrective measures to remove these barriers and plan to improve the level of risk disclosure.

Today, many companies are facing uncertainty due to political changes. Economic uncertainty makes current tax planning strategies ineffective and forces companies to increase tax avoidance. The aim of the current research is to investigate the financial constraints and its role on the relationship between the uncertainty of macroeconomic variables and tax avoidance.

The present research method is applied research and descriptive-correlation research group and the theoretical framework and background of the research is based on the library research method. The statistical population includes all companies accepted and active in the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2020. Based on this, the statistical sample of the research is 163 companies using the method of systematic data removal. Data analysis was done with the help of Eviews12 software.

The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the uncertainty variable of exchange rate and the uncertainty variable of interest rate with tax avoidance of companies. But there is a positive and significant relationship between the uncertainty variable of the GDP rate and the uncertainty about the inflation rate with corporate tax avoidance. Also, the results show that financial restrictions did not have a significant effect on the relationship between the uncertainty of macroeconomic variables and tax avoidance.

Uncertainties of some macroeconomic variables are important criteria that have a significant impact on the tax avoidance of companies and their resource acquisition activities.

Contribution:

 When planning and making decisions, companies should take a special look at macroeconomic variables, especially the GDP rate and the inflation rate, as well as their fluctuations and trends.

In the competitive business landscape, companies seek a distinctive competitive edge by diverging from conventional industry strategies and embracing alternative methods that prove more advantageous. This departure from traditional approaches is termed strategic deviation in accounting literature. According to this, our study aimed to investigate the relationship between strategic deviation and audit quality. In addition, the consequences of choosing high-quality auditors in firms with strategic deviation were investigated, too. In this research, the consequences of choosing high-quality auditors include investigating its effect on earning management, accumulation of capital in the hands of the institutional investors, cost of capital, and market value of listed firms. The research methodology is characterized as descriptive and correlational, with a practical orientation in terms of its purpose. To test the hypotheses, the regression model was used. Based on this, the financial statements of listed firms for a 9-year period from 2012 to 2019 were examined. In this research, the statistical sample was selected by the systematic elimination method. According to this, 134 firms were selected based on the consolidated/combined data of the test and statistical analysis. For this purpose, five regression models were defined. Firms with high levels of strategic deviance were chosen quality auditors due to controlling the high level of agency conflict. This showed that firms with high levels of strategic deviation have most likely selected quality auditors. Therefore, based on agency theory, it seems that the high level of information asymmetry in firms with high levels of strategic deviation led firms to choose and employ quality auditors. In addition, in firms with strategic deviation, the selection of quality auditors has led to the reduction of the capital cost and the market value. Employing and selecting quality auditors was not found to be effective in limiting capital accumulation in the hands of major shareholders and earning management, especially in firms with high levels of strategic deviation, but audit quality was proved to be effective in explaining the status of firms’ earning management. Firms with high levels of strategic deviation chose quality auditors due to the high level of agency conflict and reducing the firms’ capital costs. In addition, the selection of quality auditors led to a decrease in the market value of the firms. In other words, shareholders are also aware of the effect of strategic deviation of firms in competitive conditions and the possibility of more restrictions in such firms by highly qualified auditors. Also, in firms with strategic deviation, the selection of quality auditors led to limiting the amount of earning management, and the selection of quality auditors led to the reduction of the company's capital cost. In other words, auditor quality, along with strategic deviation, has been an effective factor in reducing a firm’s capital costs.

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between managers overconfidence and tax avoidance with the moderating role of audit committee characteristics. To achieve the goal of the research, first, the relationship between managers overconfidence and tax avoidance was investigated. The moderating role of audit committee characteristics on the relationship between managers overconfidence and tax avoidance was investigated. The statistical sample of this research includes 171 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2017 to 2021. Also, to test the hypotheses of the research, multivariate regression analysis and Eviews econometric software and statistical techniques of panel data were used after measuring the research variables. The research findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between managers overconfidence and corporate tax avoidance, according to agency theory. In other words, companies with overconfident managers have more tax avoidance. Also, the results showed that the audit committee characteristics weakens the relationship between managers overconfidence and corporate tax avoidance.

Banks learn the core operational vulnerabilities of their businesses and detect the risk indicators according to the operation vulnerabilities. In the last decade, operational risk was the main reason for firms' collapse. Operational risk inside the credit, market, and liquidity risk can affect the banking stability, which has not been studied much so far. This paper aims to investigate the research gaps in operational risk based on the guidelines of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) for operational risk. We study the relationship between banking stability and operational risk by using a comprehensive analysis of the effect of operational risk and size on banking stability. This research uses data from the Iranian banking system over the period 2006–2015. The results show that operational risk has a significantly negative relationship with banking stability, and this is more intensified when we consider the size and complexity of the bank.

With the expansion of the capital market in Iran, it is important to pay attention to the factors that have an effect on the decision-making of market participants and during recent years, stock price crash risk as in affective risks on companies been noted by shareholders and researchers. In this research, the effect of free cash flows on stock crash risk with focused on the role of earnings smoothing was investigated. In internal research, there have been many kinds of research emphasizing the relationship between earnings smoothing and stock price crash risk, but the relationship between cash flows and stock price crash risk is missing in internal research. Also, the moderating role of earnings management on this relationship has not been explained in the Iranian capital market so far. Therefore, based on the research literature in this field, it seems that the issue of the relationship between free cash flows and the stock price crash risk and the explanation of this relationship in the Iranian capital market is significant. The sample includes 161 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1394 to 1399. To quantify stock price crash risk, two criteria of negative stock skewness and up-down volatility were used. The results indicate that free cash flows have a positive and significant effect on stock price crash risk and earning smoothing also moderates this relationship negatively and significantly.

Investor Sentiment often stem from held-up beliefs or information unrelated to stock value and can lead to extreme reactions or low reactions to good or bad news in stock valuation. In this study, the effect of two important policies of Earning sharing and debt policy in the company that can be investigated on the behavior and inclinations of investors and then the Moderating effect of management Entrenchment on the relationship. To achieve the purpose of the research, four hypotheses were developed and data collected from 163 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2011 to 2021 were tested through regression models. The findings of this study showed that dividend policy increases investors' Sentiment but debt policy decreases investors' Sentiment. Management Entrenchment strengthens the positive relationship between dividend policy and investor sentiment. Therefore, during the dividend policy, the managers are of the shareholders' goals and want a higher dividend payment ratio. Management Entrenchment also reinforces the negative relationship between debt policy and investor sentiment. Therefore, risk-averse managers tend to use less debt, which is also a favorite of investors; because they invest in companies that have the least debt and their capital structure shows the importance of equity.

The CEO's narcissism is one of their important personality traits, which has a significant impact on the firm's behavior and performance. On the other hand, the internal audit unit is one of the important corporate governance mechanisms that can influence the firm's activities and decisions, especially reporting. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to investigate the relationship between the narcissism of CEOs and social responsibility with regard to the moderating role of internal audit. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, the financial information of 163 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period of 2013-2021 and multiple regression method and combined data were used to test the hypotheses. The findings showed that CEO narcissism has a positive and significant effect on corporate social responsibility. Also, it was found that the size and experience of the internal audit unit as the most important characteristics of the internal audit strengthen the positive relationship between CEO narcissism and social responsibility.

In recent decades, micro-financing institution has been proposed in many countries as a suitable solution for increasing entrepreneurship and job creation and improving the welfare of poor and moderate households. Due to the deficiency of microfinance instruments appropriate for low and average income groups of the society in the Iranian banking system, the targeted provision of these services has failed to achieve its goals. Hence, it is necessary to design new methods for financing these social groups, so that while efficient, they keep in line with the goals and functions of Iranian banking. This paper has designed and presented a new model for microfinance in the Iranian banking system by using a descriptive- exploratory method and experts' points of view. The proposed model is based on attracting deposits through special contract of mandate and payment of facilities using Qarz al-Hasan and Murabaha contracts with the aim of financing the weak and middle classes of the society.

Corporate governance is aligning interests between managers and shareholders and reducing information asymmetry. Accordingly, four principles including fairness, transparency, accountability, and responsibility are representing corporate governance based on shareholder and protecting shareholder interests. Recently and based on Islamic research, the aim of corporate governance is respecting the rights of all stakeholders and taking care of maintaining equilibrium between shareholders and other stakeholders. According to the fact that Iranian banks operate on the basis of Islamic law, the level of establishment of corporate governance based on shareholders or stakeholders was considered in this paper. We use the questionnaire method and ANOVA test for analyzing the level of establishment of corporate governance based on shareholders or stakeholders in state banks, private banks and financial and credit institutions in Iran. The questionnaire in this paper was designed by studying the literature and the criteria and sub-criteria for model development in accordance with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The results show that private banks are in a better situation than state and financial and credit institutions in corporate governance. In other words, private banks implement corporate governance at stakeholder level while state banks and financial and credit institutions are at the shareholder level.

Interest groups, especially shareholders have demand for Disclosure and Reporting in the capital market and they change their expectations of risk and return based on disclosure of information. Therefore, disclosure has economic consequence for companies that according to the empirical literature, cost of capital, information asymmetry and stock liquidity, there are three important consequences of disclosure and reporting. One of the disclosures of companies is risk disclosure in the capital market, especially for banks and financial and credit institutions which it require in the form of financial statements and the Report of the Board to the Stock Forum based on complies with the regulations of the Stock Exchange and the Central Bank of Iran. In this paper, we survey the effect of risk disclosure in bank listed in stock market on cost of capital, information asymmetry and stock liquidity as three important of risk disclosure consequences. For this aim, by using the annual data of 18 banks listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1390 to 1395 we estimate simple regression with panel data. The results show the main hypothesis (there is a consequential risk disclosure of the banks listed in the stock market), confirms. In addition, risk disclosure has a positive and significant relationship with cost of capital and information asymmetry, but there is no significant relationship between risk disclosure and stock liquidity.

Previous financial crises and researches on financial systems stability show that Risk leads to instability and crises. Debt market as an important part of financial markets in the world and especially in Iran whose financial system relies much on the banking system, has the more effective role in creating economic crises, shock, and instability. Therefore one of the important mission of Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is regulating and providing effective provisional indexes for control and management of crises. Thus guidance of requirements for recognition of banks with important systemic risk is provided by BIS. Using this guidance for recognizing banks with important systematic risk in country level and other studies in this area, the effect of systematic risk on the stability of 24 Iranian banks for a 7 year period from 1388 to 1394 using the generalized method of moments (GMM) for estimating parameters has been examined. Results show that systematic risk has negative linear and statistically significant relationship with banking stability.

In efficient markets, the release of announcements and news is effective in stock prices and the price is valuable information. Hayek has defined price as the point where information has been gathered for decision or access to knowledge associated with the decision-making problem through the price. Based on this view, the hypothesis of efficient markets has been raised that it, flow of information from inside to outside company affects shareholders' decision making, but based on managerial learning hypothesis there are flow of information from outside to Inside Company, where managers learn about price information and this learning affects decision making and company management activities. In this paper, the effect of the price on the behavior of earnings management was investigated by reviewing 623 data from 89 firms listed in Stock Exchange for the period of 7 years from 2009 to 2015. The results show that the price is effective on the behavior of earning management and Its relation with profit management based on accruals is significant and  negative And with earnings management based on actual activities, significant and positive. Also, each per share, size, percentage of institutional stakeholder's concentration, asset returns and leverage ratio have been effective on the behavior of earning management.

Reporting by stakeholder groups, especially shareholders, has always been a demand And reporting and disclosure for the banking network is important. In Iran, banks require disclosing and reporting information and financial and economic events, but there are many international rules and standards for this disclosure. In addition, domestic regulations and requirements are also unclear due to the dispersion and lack of a suitable risk-disclosure framework for banks; his has created a research gap in this area. This paper uses a qualitative content analysis method, focusing on four standards and regulations includes IFRS No.7, IFSB No.4, enhanced risk disclosure FSB, BIS Pillar3 investigates the disclosure requirements and items at the international requirement And we extract the framework for risk disclosure based on international standards and regulations. In addition, by reviewing internal regulations, we identify the framework or model for risk disclosure of risk in Iranian banks that these frameworks analyze in a comparative way.

Shareholders in the capital market always demand Reporting and disclosure and based on information that disclosure; they change their expectations of risk and returns. Disclosure has an economic consequence and the risk disclosure, in addition to economic consequences, has an effect on financial and banking stability. In this paper, we survey the risk disclosure of economic consequences and its effect on banking stability. We count the number of the risk disclosures in Iranian banks' financial statements by using the quantitative content analysis methodology and indexation of Iran's risk disclosure regulation. According to the estimation of panel data from 18 banks to period 2011-2016, we find that risk disclosure has a negative and significant relationship with stability and a positive and significant relationship with the cost of capital.

The interbank rate has a great impact on the bank's economic activities that it is one of the important instrument for central bank policy. Banks to back up their funds or liquidity demand participate in the interbank market. These change their needed or surplus liquidity based on interbank market conditions. According to this, liquidity requirements can change the central banks' monetary policy and it as a policy instrument along with central bank policies in the interbank market can influence the banks' behavioral how to provide or allocate liquidity in this market. This paper focuses on the liquidity requirement of Basel III and surveys the impact of the requirement on central bank policies in the interbank market. We link the structure of the balance sheet of banks and central bank policy. The results show that the liquidity requirement of Basel III (liquidity coverage ratio: LCR) is an appropriate alternative to central bank policy. The ratio of liquidity coverage ratio has a positive and significant relationship with the interbank market rate and the central bank can monitor the interest rate in the interbank through a liquidity coverage ratio.

The global challenge of business environments is essential the need for accountants and managers who be aware of the complex international financial issues and to have knowledge and information related to solving business-related issues, financial issues, and international investment. Recently, the study of international accounting, challenges and benefits is a significant issue and accountant have taken significant steps to create a consistent and same set of international accounting standards applicable to all companies and organizations, but the question is how much should moving towards convergence and internationalization, and what are the costs of this choice? In this paper, the study of financial and accounting literature about the implementation of international accounting standards or the change of national standards to international standards has examined the unknown and known effects of this event and the aim of this, is developing and promoting knowledge about the effects of convergence and harmonization of accounting standards.

Banks have an important role in providing and allocating resources, identifying investment opportunities, and diversifying risk. According to the Bank International Settlement (BIS), one of the main factors of weakness in the banking system is lack of financial resources for lending of banks to various sectors of the economy. The weaknesses and inefficiencies in financing indicate a lack of optimal capital structure in the banking system and stable funding with aim of provides secure facilities in banking. In this paper, we survey the effect of stable funding strategies from the perspective of the net stable funding ratio (NSFR) and its effect on the bank profit margin with aim of compensating the financing risk in the Iranian banking system for the period from 2006-2016.The Stable financing strategies are divided into two parts of the stables allocation and funding strategies. Funding strategies in turn are divided into three sections and allocations strategies are divided into four sections. According to the results, the sustainability of the banks' resources in the balance sheet requires the allocation of funds in the form of facilities and loans on the other side of the balance sheet i.e. assets. The proper functioning of banks has an impact on improving the business environment of the banks.

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), in response to the recent financial crisis, has developed new stability rules aimed at preventing financial crises in the future. This paper uses the new Liquidity Ratio (LCR) and attempts to determine the impact of this ratio on the stability of the banking system. The objective of the LCR is to promote the short-term resilience of the liquidity risk profile of banks. It does this by ensuring that banks have an adequate stock of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets. The LCR will expand the banking sector’s ability to bear shocks arising from financial and economic stress. We find that liquidity coverage ratio as a requirement in the regulation develops bank stability. Specifically, banks with more liquidity coverage ratio are more stable. The role of banking ownership is also pursued as another goal in the paper. According to the results, there is the positive effect of the liquidity coverage ratio on stability in private banks and there are the negative effects of the liquidity coverage ratio on stability in state and specialist banks. We find that there is a difference between state banks and specialized banks with private banks. The state and specialized bank have more liquidity risk than private banks in Iran.

​International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 13 (fair value measurement) and IFRS 9 (credit loss discount estimate) have allowed financial institutions to report their financial assets and liabilities based on fair value. For banks, the bank facility is one of the financial assets that can be reported by fair value. Disclosure and reporting of cost or fair value of banks facilities as a part of banks financial assets and effect of each method on banks credit loss and risk is one of the significant issues that has always been discussed. Since 1990, the first standard in this area has been issued, the topic, was discussed by academic and professional bodies.the suggestions results show that there are different opinions about using the fair value method. In this paper, we use cost data extracted from the financial statements of 23 Iranian banks the period of 2007-2015 and estimate their fair value of loans. we examine effects of their fair value and cost on banking credit loss. To estimate the fair value, we used cash flow discount model proposed by Federal Reserve of America. The results for Iranian banking system show that the cost of loans method in comparison with the fair value method is better in forecasting banks credit loss