manijeh ahmadi

In Iranian society, women have played an important and expanding role in the field of business, but there have always been a series of obstacles for women's activities, especially in rural communities in Iran. Therefore, this research sought to identify the obstacles to the development of rural women's entrepreneurship in the touristic villages of Yasouj.

Methods and Material: 

The current research is based on the type of applied research and descriptive-analytical research method. In order to collect information and data, library and field methods, interviews and questionnaires were used. The statistical population of this research are women from Yasouj villages (central part) and SPSS 26 and Minitab software were used to analyze the findings. To investigate the characteristics of the respondents (women of touristic villages of Yasouj) from descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency) and to investigate the barriers to entrepreneurship of women of touristic villages of Yasouj from inferential statistics (one-sample t) and to determine the difference in the effectiveness of barriers to entrepreneurship in ANOVA test was used in these villages.

The results show the influence of each of the investigated indicators (cultural-social, individual-family, economic, managerial-promotional and environmental-infrastructural). The results of comparing the averages show that the results of the test are significant and there is a significant difference between the indicators of barriers to rural women's entrepreneurship (cultural-social, individual-family, economic, managerial-promotional and environmental-infrastructural) in the villages There is Yasouj tourist attraction.

To preserve natural resources, realize economic growth, and achieve sustainable development goals, realizing sustainable competitiveness is the most important tool. Places must have the ability to compete in the market, innovate and adapt to changes, and experience sustainable growth and development. With sustainable competitiveness, places can ensure their survival against competitors and have a significant impact on the economy and society. To achieve the mentioned goals, it is necessary to know the factors affecting sustainable competitiveness. In this regard, in the present research, the ranking of sustainable competitiveness indicators among the cities of Zanjan province has been discussed first, and then the factors affecting sustainable competitiveness have been identified using the future research approach and Mic Mac software. The type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is 8 cities of Zanjan province according to the political divisions of 1400. To collect information, two library methods have been used (explaining the theoretical foundations, and background of the subject, and collecting dimensions and indicators in the field of competitiveness indicators) and a survey (questionnaire). The survey method, using a survey of 17 experts in the fields of Geography, economics, and management was used to score the candidates. The criteria used to measure the sustainable competitiveness of the cities of Zanjan province are from the 1400 statistical yearbook of Zanjan province. The analysis of the results of the direct effects of the five factors shows that the highest level of influence is related to the governance factor with a net transitory impact of 15 the natural capital factor with a net impact of 5, and the lowest level of influence is related to the infrastructure factor with a net impact of -1.

In recent decades, the tourism sector is one of the most prominent sectors in the world economy due to its ability to generate income, employment and taxes. Tourism is known globally because it contributes to the economic and social development of the country. And as It is the main source of economic growth. In relation to rural areas, today rural tourism is a tool for rural revitalization. Rural tourism is one of the relatively new fields in rural development that can provide opportunities and facilities, especially for rural employment and income, and in the revitalization and renewal of rural areas. To be an effective village.Rural tourism is one of the relatively new areas in rural development, which can provide opportunities and facilities, especially for rural employment and income, and be effective in revitalizing and renovating rural areas. The importance of tourism in the process of rural development has been confirmed in many countries. Now, rural tourism is considered an industry that has potential sustainability. Considering the importance of tourism in the planning process of rural development, it is very important to pay attention to it in rural development plans and plans, especially local plans. 

Since the main goal of the current research was to investigate the effects of tourism in the rural areas of the central part of Baft county, an attempt has been made to realize the said goal by using the descriptive-analytical method and by using the quantitative method. In the present study, documentary and field survey methods were used to collect information and data. The statistical population of this research is in the central part of Baft city, there are 18 tourist-friendly villages with tourism potential, and all these 18 villages were selected to distribute and complete the questionnaire; The number of their families is 2512 people. And finally, using Cochran's formula, 333 people were selected as the sample size. Sampling of the target population was done by simple random method. Finally, a special quota has been considered for each of the 18 villages, which is proportional to the population of the villages. The main tool of the research was a questionnaire whose validity was checked through Cronbach's alpha (a = 0.9). Data analysis was done using SPSS and Amos software. In order to check the fit of the structural measurement model of tourism effects on rural development, the data collected with Amos software and Pearson and T statistical methods were analyzed. 

this research indicate that tourism development in the study area has led to various economic, social, environmental, and physical impacts, some of which are positive, while others are negative.In the economic dimension, tourism has generated employment and increased income, but its negative effects, including rising prices of goods, land speculation, and increased construction, have not been economically successful. In the social dimension, positive effects such as increased local attachment, familiarity, and increased interaction between ruralresidents and tourists were observed.In the environmental and physical factors, tourism has contributed to rural awareness of environmental conservation and improved service infrastructure. The impact coefficients obtained between tourism development and each of the four examined components are as follows: economic (0.94), physical (0.91), environmental (0.88), and social (0.79). Based on these results, in the studied villages, the greatest impact of tourism development can be in the economic and physical dimensions. 

 According to the findings of the research, all the path coefficients show high values, the intensity of which is more about the factor loadings of the observed variables of the economic and physical dimension scales than other scales, the influence coefficient obtained between tourism development and each of the four components The examined are: economic (0.94), physical (0.91), environmental (0.88) and social (0.79). Based on this, in the studied villages, the economic and physical aspects can have the greatest impact on rural development. Among the most important effects of tourism in rural areas from the social dimension, social participation, place belonging and protection of intangible heritage have the most effects on tourism development. From the economic aspects of tourism in rural areas, employment, income and investment are the most important economic effects of tourism on tourism development. Among the physical effects of tourism in rural areas, access to services and facilities has the highest correlation coefficient among the physical effects. Also, the destruction of resources and the protection of natural heritage are the most important environmental effects of tourism in the regions, some of which have positive and some negative aspects. According to the evaluations of tourism in the economic field, tourism has created employment and increased income, but its negative effects, such as the increase in the price of goods, land and housing, land speculation, and the increase in construction, especially in garden lands, have been economically successful. has not done But in the social fields, tourism has had many positive effects, such as increasing the belonging of villagers to their village, increasing the familiarity of villagers' interactions with tourists, and transferring ideas to rural areas, reducing migration, and improving individual and public health conditions. Therefore, tourism has been successful in the social context. From an environmental and physical point of view, tourism has made the villagers aware of preserving the environment and increasing service infrastructures, but it has brought many negative effects such as environmental pollution by tourists, change of use and encroachment on gardens. Based on the surveys, it was found that tourists mostly go to rural areas to use natural attractions such as Khabar National Park, caves, bird habitats, etc. These facilities and cultural and historical attractions rarely enter rural areas.Therefore, taking the necessary measures and providing more facilities and services, increasing advertisements and more awareness of tourists from the villages of the region can cause favorable economic, social and environmental effects and lay the foundation for the development of tourism in the villages of the city, and considering the high volume of tourism that The city faces it especially in the spring and winter season, it is possible to help the socio-economic development of the villages with correct and principled planning.

Purpose- Rural tourism has various effects on the economic and social aspects of rural households. Considering the significant impact of tourism on the economic and social development of local communities, this research aims to investigate the economic and social effects of rural tourism in Baft County.Design/methodology/approach- The statistical population consists of 2512 households in the rural of Baft Township, out of which 333 households were selected through simple random sampling based on Cochran's; formula. The primary tool for data collection was a questionnaire, the validity of which was examined through content and structural validity, and its reliability was assessed using composite reliability and Cronbach's; alpha (α = 0.90). Data analysis was performed using SPSS and LISREL software. To examine the fit of the measurement model of economic and social effects on rural tourism; the collected data were analyzed using LISREL software and second-order confirmatory factor analysis.Findings- The research findings indicate that the most significant impact is on the economic dimension, including employment and income, investment, and satisfaction. Moreover, the most prominent effects in the social dimension include social participation, protection of intangible heritage, sense of place, heritage and tradition preservation, tourist satisfaction, education and awareness, and ultimately, cultural elevation. The research findings also revealed that the absolute fit indices (AGFI = 0.91, GFI = 0.94), comparative fit indices (NNFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.95), and parsimonious fit indices (RMSEA = 0.054, X2/df = 2.63) confirm the excellent fit of the measurement model of economic and social effects on rural tourism with the observed data. Furthermore, the structural equation modelling results indicate that the most signicant impacts are in the economic dimension of employment and income and the social dimension of social participation.

To ensure the satisfaction of tourists and their subsequent behavior, it is necessary to present the image of the destination after the visit as an accelerator for the marketing of the destination. The city of Soltanieh, from the point of view of tourism, has suitable historical, natural and cultural potentials, which have not been paid attention to in order to identify their potential and attract tourists and Iranian tourists.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The purpose of this research is to investigate the image of the destination of tourists from Soltanieh Dome, to know the relationship between marketing and the image of the destination of tourists entering Soltanieh Dome, and also to provide suggestions to improve the image of the destination of tourists entering Soltanieh Dome. The statistical population of the current research is the tourists visiting the Soltanieh Dome, due to the unknown number of tourists, Cochran's infinite formula was used to determine the number of samples and the required number of samples was 384. Simple random method was also used to complete the questionnaire. The method of collecting information in the form of library and field (questionnaire) and descriptive and inferential statistics (Sample T-Tech test, Friedman test, Friedman test and structural equations) were used for data analysis.

The results of the sample t-test show that a sample t-test was used to analyze the desirability of the dimensions of the image of the destination. Based on this, the analysis of the numerical average shows that the highest numerical average is related to the dimension of attraction with a score of 3.27 and the lowest is related to the dimension of service with a score of 2.43.

Human's continuous encroachment on the environment and indiscriminate harvesting and improper use of natural resources have caused irreparable damage to the environment. Throughout their lives, humans have disturbed the balance and harmony of the environment with their interference and negative effects on the regular rules of nature, and it has progressed to the point where the human society is faced with a multitude of environmental problems. Therefore, the recognition of adverse environmental behaviors, their management and control, is the foundation of education that should be considered by curriculum planners through content and textbooks from the very beginning of formal education. One of the effective ways in this matter is teaching environmental concepts in elementary school. Environmental education through conceptualization in textbooks can be a vital tool to deal with environmental problems. Therefore, the purpose of the research; The analysis of environmental literacy concepts in elementary school science books is based on the national curriculum.

The research method is descriptive and content analysis type. The statistical population included the experimental science books of elementary school, which due to the nature of the subject, sampling was not done and all the statistical population was investigated. The data collection tool was the content analysis list made by the researcher, which was made with the judgment of experts. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics.

The results of the research showed that in the experimental science books of elementary school; Based on the components of environmental literacy (water consumption management, electricity consumption management, gas consumption management, waste management, forest conservation, animal conservation); The most attention in the first and third grades; water consumption management (25.79 and 35.19 percent), second grade; waste management (34.69 percent), fourth, fifth and sixth grades; forest preservation (22.64, 22.15 and 31.91 percent). Also, attention to environmental elements in the entire primary period (with frequency of 987), the most attention is related to the fifth-grade experimental science book with 21.47 percent and the least attention is related to the sixth grade with 14.28 percent. On the other hand, based on prioritization; The most attention of experimental science textbooks in elementary school was on water consumption management (with 217 frequency) and the least attention was on gas consumption management (with 115 frequency).

Environmental concepts do not have a favorable position in experimental science books of elementary school. Considering the environmental problems in the country, it was suggested to review the content of experimental science textbooks to pay more attention to environmental components and to include skill-oriented environmental content in the first to third grades and research-oriented content in the fourth to sixth grades, Vertical and horizontal organization in the design of environmental content of experimental science textbooks and balanced distribution of content in the first to sixth grade should be observed, More content on the topic of waste should be included in the content of elementary school textbooks, especially the topic of waste management in the fifth and sixth grade, More content should be devoted to the issue of energy and centrality of gas consumption in the third and fourth grade books, Content related to forest and animal conservation should be included in all the elementary grades.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of traffic culture education on the law-abiding and citizenship behavior of middle school students in District 12 of Tehran. The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and is applied in terms of purpose. In terms of data type, this research is quantitative, and in terms of time, it is a cross-sectional research. The statistical population was 4756 high school students in District 12 of Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021, which was selected by random cluster sampling of 40 seventh-grade students in two groups of 20 (experimental group and control group). The research tools of the educational package included pedestrians, vehicle occupants, urban cycling, public transportation, rights and duties of citizenship in traffic, and a researcher-made questionnaire that its content validity was determined by the Lavshe index (0.62) and formal validity by the opinion of elites and reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha test (0.80). Descriptive statistics (central and dispersion indices), inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, independent t-test, and paired t-test), and SPSS16 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that traffic education had a significant positive and direct effect on the law-abiding and citizenship behavior of students.

In today's era, the dynamics of the organization depends on the optimal use of human capital, which depends on various factors, including having satisfied employees; It depends on organizational commitment and job satisfaction. This makes the employees take steps in a dynamic environment for the greater efficiency of the organization and strive for the development of their professional competence. Accordingly, the purpose of the research; Explaining the effect of job satisfaction on organizational responsibility and commitment with the mediating variable of professional competence of Jam Petrochemical Company employees.

This research; functional and in terms of type; It is descriptive-survey. Statistical Society; All 3500 employees of Jam Petrochemical Company were selected by simple random sampling method and 346 people were selected based on Cochran's formula. research tools; Fieldworth job satisfaction questionnaires (1951), employee responsibility; Glenn and Nelson (1998) and the professional competence of Motahrinejad and Jahangard (2017), which was used to analyze structural equation modeling and path analysis with the help of Lisrel software.

The findings of the research showed the mediating effect of professional competencies in the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment (0.42) and employee responsibility (0.43). The direct effect of job satisfaction on professional competence of employees (0.69), organizational commitment (0.72) and responsibility of employees (0.52) and the direct effect of professional competence on organizational commitment (0.61) and responsibility of employees (0.63) were also confirmed.

According to the results of the research, employees' enjoyment of job satisfaction can be effective in their responsibility and organizational commitment, thus increasing their productivity level in the organization. having professional competence; Enables employees to perform responsibilities at a higher than average level. Managers can try to develop professional skills and responsibility of employees by designing and preparing various programs and increase their organizational commitment and job satisfaction.

One of the important aspects of the reform of the administrative system is the development of human resources, especially the improvement of the competence of managers, which is also emphasized in paragraph 4 of the general policies of the administrative system announced by the Supreme Leader. . The purpose of the current research is to identify and rank the professional competencies of the managers of the Social Security Organization of Tehran according to paragraph 4 of the general policies of the administrative system.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection and method. Due to the limited statistical population (82 managers), they participated in the research by census method and sampling was not done. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, and its validity was checked and confirmed by content and factor methods and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Structural equation modeling method (with the help of SMART PLS software) and network analysis (ANP) with the help of Super Decision software were used for data analysis.

Based on the research findings, the competencies needed by the managers of Tehran Social Security Organization in three components of managerial competencies (strategic thinking, analytical thinking, change management, performance evaluation management, information management, resource allocation management, determination visionary), programs (decision-making and problem-solving skills, programming, organization) and knowledge (knowledge of using technology, occupational knowledge, organizational knowledge, environmental knowledge) have been classified.

The attention and emphasis of the organization on promoting the competencies identified in this research can be effective in improving the meritocracy based on Islamic ethics in the social security organization in line with the implementation of paragraph 4 of the general policies of the administrative system.

One of the important aspects of reforming the administrative system of human resources, improving human resources spirit, developing knowledge, skills, and abilities is to put into practice clause 5 of the general administrative policies issued by the supreme leader. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between staff professional development by succession and the achievement of clause 5 of the general policies of administrative system or the mediating role of organizational learning in the expediency council. The research method is quantitative and descriptive-survey. This study can be considered practical. The population is all the 250 staff in the expediency council from which 152 were randomly selected. The research tools are organizational learning questionnaires designed by Ricardo et al. (2007), staff professional development designed by Kalahan and Davilla (2004), and succession desgned by Kim (2016), the validity of which was confirmed based on the face and content validity approaches, and the reliability was calculated by Cronbach alpha at 0.7. The data was fed into SPSS and Smart PLS, and the structural equation model was done at two descriptive and interpretational levels. The findings indicated that the professional development has 0.79 significant relationship with organizational learning, and the latter has 0.63 significant relationship with succession. Also, the professional development has 0.27 significant relationship with succession in the expediency council.

The goal of this research; Explaining the mediating effect of empowerment in the relationship between transformational leadership and employee satisfaction in Iran Khodro Diesel Company. The current research method in terms of purpose; functional, in nature; descriptive-survey and its method; It is quantitative and in terms of implementation, it is correlation and path analysis.Statistical Society; All supervisors of Iran Khodro Diesel Company, numbering 150 people, and due to the small size of the community, all members were selected as a sample using the full number method.Research tools; Questionnaire of empowerment (Laschinger et al., 2001), transformational leadership (Bass and Auliou, 2004) and job satisfaction (Hackman and Oldham, 1976) whose validity was checked and verified by formal and content methods.Reliability was obtained through Cronbach's alpha (0.81).The data were analyzed in the descriptive and inferential.The results of the research showed that transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on empowerment (effect coefficient 0.77), empowerment on employee job satisfaction (effect coefficient 0.67) and transformational leadership on employee job satisfaction (effect coefficient 0.66). Conclusion The effect of transformational leadership on the empowerment and job satisfaction of employees shows that managers of Iran Khodro Diesel Company can pay attention to the topic of transformational leadership, empowerment and their components by knowing the importance of each of the above variables; Take more effective steps in order to improve the job satisfaction of employees and create the conditions for improving the quality of products and increasing customer satisfaction in a favorable way.

Virtual education will be an effective educational system in the effective learning of students during the outbreak of Covid-19 and after its eradication. This study aims to identify the challenges of distance education from the view point of Islamic Azad University students under Covid-19 pandemic So the research method is qualitative(grounded theory). In total, 40 MSc students of Electronic Management in the second semester of 2019-2020 were selected by purposive sampling in order to participate in structured interviews. Thematic analysis of the data obtained from the interviews was performed, and the approaches of member check and peer debriefing were used to approve the results’ credibility. Notably, the results were modified in several steps. In addition, the reliability coefficient between the encoders (75%) was applied to evaluate reliability. Data analysis was performed in Maxqda 12. According to the results, challenges of distance education for students included two individual and organizational dimensions, seven educational (11 items), communication (9 items), managerial (11 items), structural (6 items), technological (9 items), cultural (8 items), and personality component (6 items), and 60 indexes for distance learning during COVID-19 pandemic.

With the Covid 19 epidemic; Educational centers were forced to use web-based education, and teachers' attitudes towards this type of education and their media and information literacy are among the requirements of education to realize the progress of students, so this research aims to investigate the relationship between The media and information literacy of teachers and their attitude towards web-based education was carried out with the academic progress of students in the era of Corona.
The descriptive research method was correlation type. Statistical Society; 294 students and 332 teachers were selected to determine the sample size using Cochran's formula, which due to the spread of Coronavirus and the lack of access to all Samples was used from the available sampling method. Research tools; Yazdani's media literacy questionnaire (2013), Vatanparast et al.'s (2015) attitude toward web-based education questionnaire, Pham and Taylor's (1990) academic achievement questionnaire, whose validity is through face validity and reliability by Cronbach's alpha (0.91) was evaluated. Pearson's correlation coefficient and factor analysis were used to analyze the data.
The results showed that there is a difference between media and information literacy of teachers to web-based education with students' academic progress (0.352), between teachers' information needs (0.626), teachers' information location (0.157), and information evaluation. teachers (0.266), organization of teachers' information (0.230), exchange of teachers' information (0.213), teachers' interest in working in the virtual environment (0.214), anxiety to work in the teachers' virtual environment (171) -0.0) and there is a positive correlation between the importance of teachers' virtual training (0.133) and the academic progress of students during the Corona era in 2021.
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that increasing teachers' media and information literacy and their attitude towards web-based education leads to students' academic progress.

Teachers are known as one of the most important variables in need of change in order to improve educational systems. The goal of this research; The effect of in-service training on the dimensions of empowerment and development of primary teachers according to paragraph 3 of the general policies "transformation in the basic education system". The research was conducted in terms of purpose, application, and semi-experimental intervention method (pre-test-post-test design with control group). Statistical Society; All the teachers of primary schools in Qazvin city (200 people) in 2021-2022, 30 people were selected by available sampling method. They were randomly placed in the experimental and control groups. research tools; The professional development questionnaire was Nova (2008) and Spritz empowerment (1995). Descriptive statistics (frequency distribution tables, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Kolomgorov Smirnov test, Levin test, t test and multivariate analysis of variance) were used for data analysis.The results showed that in-service training with a coefficient of 0.84 and 0.81 on the empowerment and professional development of teachers, as well as on the sense of autonomy (0.32), sense of significance (0.38), sense of competence (53 0.0), feeling effective (effect ratio 0.42), feeling confident (0.43), meaningfulness (0.38), planning skills (0.64), teacher evaluation (45 0.0), classroom management (0.48), teaching method (0.44) of primary school teachers in Qazvin city has an effect. According to the results, it is necessary for the authorities to pay special attention to the two factors of professional development and teacher empowerment and give a special place to in-service training.

Service quality and satisfaction of clients and service recipients has always been one of the most important challenges of service oriented organizations. In the healthcare sector, job satisfaction is strongly related to the quality and efficiency of services provided to customers and contacts, patient satisfaction and reduction of medical costs. Therefore, human resources play a central role in providing quality services. One of the effective factors in job satisfaction is leadership style. Managers can increase the level of job satisfaction of their employees by adopting and applying the appropriate and effective leadership style. In this regard, the current research seeks to investigate the impact of transformational leadership on employee job satisfaction and its results on patient satisfaction with the mediating role of structural empowerment in Iran's health insurance organization.

This research in terms of purpose; It is an applied research, in terms of the method data collection; It is considered a descriptive research of survey type, and in terms of the method of execution, it is a correlation type and in terms of data type, it is a quantitative type of research. The statistical community of the current research consists of all the managers and experts of the Iran Health Insurance Organization in the number of 213 people, 132 of whom were selected by simple random sampling based on the Krejcie & Morgan table. Also, in the current research, the data collection method was conducted in the field and library, and questionnaires were used as a data collection tool. To measure the transformative leadership variable, using the Bass and Avolio (2004) questionnaire, to measure job satisfaction using the Hackman, & Oldham,(1976) questionnaire, to measure structural empowerment using the Schwinger (2001) questionnaire, and to measure patient satisfaction using the Boumah and colleagues (2017) has been used. Also, formal method was used to determine validity and Cronbach's alpha was used for reliability (transformational leadership 0.90, job satisfaction 0.93, structural empowerment 0.81, patient satisfaction 0.86). Finally, in order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling and path analysis were used with the help of Amos software.

The results of this research showed that transformational leadership has a positive and significant consequence, on structural empowerment with a coefficient of 0.41. Also, the positive and significant effect of organization empowerment on the job satisfaction of employees was confirmed with a coefficient of 0.53, and the positive and significant effect of structural empowerment on the euphoria of patients with a coefficient of 0.38, and the positive and significant effect of job satisfaction on the satisfaction of patients with a coefficient of 0.46 was confirmed. . Also, the indirect effect of transformational leadership on job satisfaction for specialists and staff development through structural capability and the indirect effect of structural capability on patient satisfaction through job satisfaction were acknowledged.

Applying the transformational leadership style, by Iran's health insurance directors, in the first phase, will lead to the improvement of organizational empowerment, and finally, job satisfaction in patients and other recipients of services from the organizations. In order to improve the level of service quality and satisfy customers and receive services, the mentioned organizations can be in the style of creative transformation, structural and occupational empowerment of the people present.

With the ever-increasing development of educational technologies and the emergence of numerous challenges of holding face-to-face training courses during the COVID19 pandemic, more and more organizations feel the necessity of conducting employee training courses online. The purpose of this research is to identify the facilitating and hindering factors of conducting electronic in-service training courses for the employees of Shahid Sattari Aeronautical University. The type of research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of its method. The statistical population of the research was formed by the employees of Shahid Sattari Aeronautical University, 125 of whom were selected as a statistical sample by simple random sampling. The tool of data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was checked and confirmed by content and factor methods and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis methods (confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis) with the help of LISREL software. The findings of the research indicate the identification of 13 factors in the form of three categories of facilitating factors (structural, contextual and managerial) and 16 factors in the form of four categories of inhibiting factors (technical and technological, organizational, individual and financial) of holding electronic training courses. He was in the service of the staff. The results show that the development of the use of electronic education requires comprehensive reform and improvement of the elements of education (both teacher, learner, educational content and texts, educational equipment and technology, infrastructure, etc.) in the form of a coherent and coordinated program.

Agility in the organization of the administrative system is one of the important concerns of the administrative system, which is emphasized in the administrative transformation policies announced by the Supreme Leader, the roadmap for the reform of the administrative system. The administrative system of each country is the organization that regulates the activities to achieve the lofty goals of the country, which, while creating coordination between different sectors, provides a suitable platform for solving the problems and issues of the people and facilitating public flow.Accordingly, considering the importance of the subject of the present study, the identification of obstacles to the implementation of the program for the agility of the administrative system is in accordance with paragraph 10 of the policies for the transformation of the administrative system. The research method is applied in terms of results, descriptive in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of data type. The statistical population in this study is 250 employees working in the Expediency Council that based on simple random sampling, 152 people were selected as a sample. The tools used in the research include a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (above 0.7). Data were analyzed by SPSS software. In the descriptive statistics section, mean and standard deviation were used. In the inferential statistics section, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data and KMO and Bartlett tests were used to evaluate the adequacy of sampling and confirmatory factor analysis and Friedman test. Findings showed that the obstacles to the implementation of the administrative system organization agility program in accordance with paragraph 10 of the administrative system transformation policies are: barriers related to executives, structural and content barriers, barriers related to human-financial resources and barriers caused by the environment And beneficiaries. These results are significant at the alpha level of 0.05.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between drug abuse and socioeconomic factors in Dizaj Abad village of Zanjan township. Type of research is applied and its nature and method is Descriptive-Analysis. Data collection method is library and fieldwork (Observations, interviews and questionnaires). The questionnaire is basically composed of closed questions and answers in the Likert scale (five scale). The formal validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Cronbach's alpha has been used to measure the reliability of the indices, which is 0.784%, indicating their suitable value. Data were analyzed using Correlation tests, Mann-Whitney and t-test. In Arc GIS software, hot spot analysis tests and Anselin Local Moran's index and Geographic weighted regression was used for cluster analysis and weighting. The results of the tests show that people with low education have higher addiction than other people and income level has no significant relationship with addiction and drug abuse. according to Z statistic, Level of education items (-4.688) and with significance level of 0.000 had the most significant relationship with drug addiction and abuse and job items with -0.730 and significance level of -0.465, income level of -0.594 and level of significance 0.553 had no significant relationship with addiction and drug abuse.

The development and improvement of human resources requires identifying the training needs appropriate to each job for its employees. The competency approach is an important milestone that clarifies what is needed for successful performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the educational needs of justice staff in Zabol based on competency analysis. Type of research in terms of purpose; Applied, it is descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method of data collection. The statistical population of justice employees of Zabol city is 79. Due to the small size of the society, all members of the society were selected as a sample by whole number method. Research tools; A researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was verified by content method using the opinions of professors and organizational experts. Reliability was also obtained through Cronbach's alpha method (0.91). Descriptive statistics (demographic data analysis of statistical sample) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and one-sample t-test) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the educational needs of justice staff in three dimensions of knowledge and awareness, skills and personal characteristics in the form of 10 components, which are: skill skills and social interactions with an average (2,517), information knowledge with an average ( 2.711), reasoning knowledge with average (2.717), technical knowledge with average (2.825), personality and value traits (2.963), communication knowledge with average (2.983), leadership skills with average (3.027), awareness (3.067) ), Individual competencies (3.131), problem solving skills (3.158).

Links are identifying according to individuals ongoing current, invest, goods, information and technology between urban-rural areas. Villages and cities have links and communication with different ways. Urban-rural links to individuals, groups and rural families to be included the part of actual place, space and biological and operational. Urban and rural settlements should have two ways and complement relationships in economics, social, physical and services areas in order to find functional integrity and sustainable development. In this two ways link, small cities have an important role in decentralization, population housing, provision of welfare services and market of agricultural products, prevalence of non-agricultural jobs and reduce of urban problems as an interface between rural areas and urban higher levels. The point that this research is distinguishing of other investigations is that research happened in one semi-desert area and its economic was based on agriculture and industry and its life is depending to Zayanderood river that it is passing from north of this area and there is only one small city (Zibashahr) and medium city (Mobarakeh) are be locating in this studies area that relationships between settlements are considering by their effects and distance parameter and their role of these two cites. In this research, town position (Zibashar) was considering in discussion of urban-rural links. Zibashar town is connecting southern Garkan villages to Mobarakeh city that they are 16 rural residences and it is locating as connection ring in the communication route of these villages. Villages of this area to be considered in link with Mobarakeh or Zibashahr town and they were 5927 families and 18436 person according to population census in year of 1395. Urban rural linkages are emphasized by development experts in developing and articulating development policies aimed at reducing poverty and supporting the positive role of small towns in the development of surrounding rural areas. The general purpose of this study is to investigate the rural-urban linkages in South Garkan Section in Mobarakeh County and the role of creating the zibashahr city in comparison with other cities (County center). We were trying to realize the object of this research by utilizing of descriptive-analytical ways or two libraries ways (considering of documents and collecting statistics and information) and field (observe, interview and complete the questionnaire).Statistical universe research was consisting of all rural residences in southern Garken ( Mobarakeh city) that number of samples were chosen according to Kokran formula by random sampling way. At least 10 and at most 40 questionnaires were distributed proportional number of rural families and questionnaire questions were consisting of 55 criterions. The validity of the research instrument was based on , by use of survey similar ovservation and the reliability of the tool was estimated to be 77% using Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, SPSS software for analysis Descriptive and inferential studies have been used. In this research regarding to Zibashahr town position for establishing links with villages of southern Garkan, we were achieving to these results that villages near to Zibashahr town prefer to visit this town in receiving educational services, therapeutic, bank and preparation of agricultural tools, building materials, agricultural inputs that were considering economics and services formats and here of the role of this city was relatively highlighting but this link was unidirectional and it was not developing those villages in fields of educational, health, economics and social. Villages that have more distance with this town preferring to visit Mobarakeh city for creating economics and services links and receiving all services because Mobarakeh city has higher services. So, in this regard Mobarakeh city has special position. The type of road and time distance had effective role for establishing physical links in southern Garkan villages or Zibashahr and Mobarakeh cities. By using Pearson correlation test, it was realized that when villages are getting away of Zibashar town, their relation become weak or by approaching to this town their relation become strong, such a way that references were daily by approaching to this town and vice versa. Communication of distant villages is in the form of twice or three times a week to Mobarakeh city. Link of studied villages or Zibashahr town and Mobarakeh has some effects in format of information exchange and innovation and these effects were evaluated by using single sample T test or by considering 8 criterions and its positive effect and meaningful was found. Overall, results of this research have aligned with studies and Mikaniki and Sarzehi(1394) findings ,Sejasi Gheydari and et al(1396), Hossein Abadi and et al(1391),Akbarian Ronizi and et al(1392) regarding to distance agent and communication of far and near villages to nearby cities and also its effect on daily, weekly and monthly resort and with studies of Saidi and et al ,Taleshi and Heydari(1396), Mikaniki and Sarzehi(1394) regarding to being one sided of links between rural settlement with nearby cities and no formation of local net and insufficient complement two way currents between city and village.

Planning the proper management of waste and considering its harmful effects on the environment in each country is one of the important principles to provide long - term benefits and move on the path of sustainable development. In this regard, waste management is considered as one of the major axes of development in rural areas. Due to the importance of the problem, the present descriptive-analytical study was conducted to identify the factors affecting rural waste management in Shirin Dareh village, Quchan city. The statistical population of this study includes the heads of rural households of Shirin Darreh village (3560) in which 347 were selected applying Cochran formula. The method of Attributive-Survey was applied to collect data. A documentary method is used to examine the record and explain the problem. Furthermore, a survey method was used to collect the data by observation, interview and completion of the questionnaire among the residents. The data were also analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software packages. Exploratory factor analysis was used in order to identify the factors associated with the structure “factor affecting of Rural Waste Management in Shirin Dareh Village”. Besides, confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the goodness of fit index of the research model. The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that ten factors of ultimate disposal management, education and information, cultural, health, knowledge and awareness, inter-sectoral, financial, executive organization, planned and social programs, explains approximately 67.51% of total variance of waste management factors affecting rural areas of Shirin Darreh. The findings of confirmatory factor analysis also showed that those ten mentioned factors, to a large extent, measure the independent and discrete dimensions of "waste management factors affecting" within the study area.

Today, protecting the environment and nature (both urban and rural areas) has become one of    the most important human concerns. Since the beginning of human life, waste production has been an integral part of his life, in various sectors of home, agriculture, health, etc. Population growth, economic growth, increasing urbanization, and essentially a new way of life for humans have changed the pattern of consumption and increased production waste, resulting in numerous environmental problems. Environmental pollution and consequently the risk of rural health and health risks require a proper model of waste management based on existing conditions. Therefore, the management of rural waste is one of the most important issues which requires to be considered. The current study aims to identify the status of rural waste management in Quchan city investigating the factors which affect rural waste management by rural households in order to obtain a realistic picture of rural waste management situation in Quchan city.

Descriptive-analytical method and quantitative method has been applied in current study since it aims to identify of factors affecting of rural waste management. Attributive-Survey is applied to collect data through questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. 40 items were used to assess the factors affecting of rural waste management in the study area. Respondents were asked to rate each item on their scale in a five-point Likert scale for their village. A panel of experts confirmed the content validity of the questionnaire. Pilot study was conducted in the same region with a population of 30 questionnaires and the reliability was 0.832 using Cronbach's alpha formula. The statistical population of the study includes the villages of Shirin Dareh village in Quchan city. According to the census of 1395, there were 15435 people in 4718 households scattered in 30 rural areas. According to the frequency of the villages under study, 10 villages were selected to distribute and complete the questionnaire, which includes 3560 households; thus, using Cochran formula, 347 households were selected as sample size. The study area is divided into two groups (lowland and mountainous) in terms of location and topography, for this purpose, the abundance of villages in these two groups was determined by classified probability sampling. Applying simple sampling, four lowland villages and six mountainous villages were randomly selected. A quota sampling method was used to select the sample size within each village showing that each village was categorized according to a number of households residing.

The findings from ranking the items of rural waste management factors revealed that the first factor of rural waste management in the study area is to separate the origin and not mix wet, dry and special (hazardous) household waste. Exploratory factor analysis was used to categorize "rural waste management problems within the study area" and determine the amount of variance explained by each of the variables in the form of categorized factors.
Based on the results of the research, the significance of Bartlett test at 99% level and the KMO value indicated correlation and the fact that it was proper for the intended variables to perform factor analysis. Eigenvalue criterion was applied to extract the factors considering the factors greater than one. As the findings revealed, generally, ten extracted factors could explain approximately 67.51% of the total variance of the structure (factors affecting of Rural Waste Management in Shirin Dare). In the meantime, the first factor, "Disposal Management", with a specific value of 4.39, has the most variance (19.88%). In order to investigate the structural validity of the questionnaire and the fitting of the measurement pattern related to the structure of "factors affecting of Rural Waste Management in Shirin Dareh Village of Quchan", the collected data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL software. The obtained fit indices indicate the appropriate fit of the studied model with the observed data. According to the fitted model of rural waste management factors affecting of Shirin Dareh district of Quchan, standardized factor loadings show that the measuring instruments have appropriate structural validity. The results of the significant coefficients indicated that the obtained t values were greater than 1.96 for all the studied variables and the relationships between these variables with the relevant factors have been significant. Accordingly, it can be stated that the factors of final disposal management, education and information, cultural, health, knowledge and awareness, inter-sectoral coordination, financial, executive, lack of planned and social program, to a large extent, measure the independent dimensions of the structure of "factors affecting of Waste management in rural areas of Shirin Dare". These ten factors prioritized from first to tenth, respectively, in explaining factors affecting rural waste management. 

Rural Waste management is an important issue due to the changes in lifestyles, environmental pollutions which endangers the villager health. Achieving an appropriate model of waste management requires identifying and evaluating the existing conditions in the region and analyzing the factors affecting waste management.

In most developing countries, rural women have limited resources and jobs. Therefore, development strategies to create multiple opportunities for them by participating in various activities aimed at rural development can empower women. Self-help groups, as one of the most important empowerment strategies for women, are of great importance in employment, income generation, poverty reduction, export promotion and foreign exchange earnings in developing countries. The concept of SHGs is small informal associations created to create members' ability to make a profit through mutual assistance, solidarity, and shared responsibility. Their benefits include the use of savings and credit facilities and the pursuit of group activities (Anand, 2002). A group-based approach that not only enables the poor to raise capital through small savings, but also helps them access official credit facilities (Shylandra, 2004). Under shared responsibility, these groups enable the poor to overcome the problem of collateral, thereby freeing them from the clutches of the rich (Stiglitz, 2000). In addition, some of the basic characteristics of SHGs, such as membership size and homogeneity of composition, create solidarity and effective participation of members in group performance. The creation of these groups can be influenced by different geographical, political, social, cultural and economic factors. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups in BazinehRood.

The study was a consecutive exploratory study. The present study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the attitudes of rural women towards creating self-help groups were collected through interview using available sampling method. Eight villages were interviewed for this purpose by using the opinions of administrative experts (Khodabandeh Governorate staff) and village managers in order to identify them as self-help groups of rural women in the area. At this stage, before each interview, the interview protocol form was presented to the interviewee in person and a time was set for the interview. The available sampling strategy was used to select the interviewees; That is, at the end of each interview, it was attempted to identify, through the interviewee, other persons eligible for the interview. Interviews continued until the researcher felt the data had been duplicated and saturated. Accordingly, in this study, 30 rural women were interviewed and the relevant codes were extracted. In the second step, after summarizing the results of the first stage and classifying them, the researcher-made questionnaire will be used to survey and collect quantitative data through exploratory factor analysis and one-sample t-test to generalize the results of the first stage. In fact, in the second stage, the researcher seeks to prioritize the factors of attitude of rural women to self-help groups and to investigate the importance of these factors. The second statistical population of this study is rural women over 15 years old in BazinehRood District of Khodabandeh Township. In this section, 8 selected villages were selected as sample. Thirty rural women were selected as the pilot sample after the self-made questionnaire was approved by the experts. A questionnaire was distributed among them. The sampling method used is random sampling. The reliability obtained for the baseline sample using SPSS software was 0.932; therefore, the sample required to complete the researcher-made questionnaire was 290 rural women who were purposively selected.

The factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups were classified into five factors. And the factors are 'technology acceptance and participation', 'education', 'socio-economic factors', 'marketing and entrepreneurship' and 'banking / credit' respectively. Also, the results of numerical analysis of socioeconomic dimensions, technology and partnership acceptance, marketing and entrepreneurship, education, banking / credit, respectively, indicated that the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups were high. One-sample t-test was used to analyze the most influential factors on the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups. The results of exploratory factor analysis were used to perform this test. Based on One-sample t-test these factors were significant at 99% level and their difference from numerical utility was evaluated positively. The results show that rural women will create self-help groups to reduce poverty, which in turn will increase rural women employment. Rural women believe that when self-help groups are set up, for some reasons, such as the use of collective capital and low manpower to carry out activities and the common use of production tools, they will generally save on the factors of production. Ultimately, these factors empower women in self-help groups. On the other hand, collective efforts in the field of self-help groups and flexibility in laws and regulations increase the efficiency of women members. Therefore, the results indicate that socio-economic factors are the most important factor in establishing self-help groups for rural women. Technology adoption and participation is the second most influential factor in creating self-help groups for rural women. The lack of in-person training and the lack of training courses for rural women has made the mass media such as television and radio more effective in transferring information and technology. Rural women also tend to engage in participatory activities with a spirit of collectivism.

According to the results of the research, it can be said that women self-help groups as a small informal association are very important in employment, income generation and credit facilities and follow up group activities. In this regard, different attitudes of women can have a direct impact on their participation and performance in the activities of self-help groups. Rural women may have multiple attitudes about self-help groups, As such, attitude and behavior play an important role in the field of economic investment. Although people's attitudes toward a subject cannot be directly observed, but these attitudes are relatively stable and can have a positive long-term impact on communities; therefore, it is inevitable to understand the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards creating self-help groups. Therefore, the results of this study are effective in the theoretical development of the relationship between rural women's attitudes and the creation of self-help groups and provide tangible guidelines for understanding the attitude of rural women to policy makers and managers.

Housing in rural areas has a special role in meeting basic human needs. Considering the various functions of rural housing, it is important to study the impact of various factors on how it changes and evolves. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of lifestyle on the physical identity of housing in rural areas. The present study was conducted in the first half of 1399 by data collection, library and field methods and using tools (questionnaire, observation); the type of research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is the households of the villages of Gozeldareh rural district, which in the 1395 census has eight inhabited villages: including 1451 households and 4864 people. Among households, 305 households were selected using the Cochran's formula as a sample and from each village, based on the percentage of households, a number of samples were completed to complete a questionnaire and simple random sampling. The method of data analysis was quantitative and using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency percentage and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (path analysis). According to this; in the physical dimension of index housing (adequacy of housing for rest) with an average of 3.27% and in the dimension of attachment to the index place (villagers' efforts to resolve social disputes) with an average of 3.77% is the most important. According to the results of the inferential test, the dimensions of lifestyle as an independent variable and housing identity as a dependent variable, and among the dimensions of lifestyle, the dimension of spiritual health with the highest beta (0.494) is the most influential factor. The main proposal of the present study is to provide housing rehabilitation credit facilities taking into account the living needs of the villagers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the status of smart schools based on the conceptual model of smart schools. In terms of implementation, this research is in the category of descriptive survey research.The statistical population of this study includes all smart primary schools in the 15th district of Tehran. Among the 717 teaching staff of these 50 smart schools, the sample size was considered 250 using Krejcie & Morgan table and simple random sampling method.The method of data collection through the distribution of a standard questionnaire was consistent with the evaluation checklist of smart schools of education.Apparent validity method was used to assess the validity of the questionnaire.The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.955, which indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire.The research results have been analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.The results show that smart schools in the 15th district of Tehran are in the early stages of smartening and are at a low level in relation to all 5 pillars of the conceptual model.Therefore, considering all the components of smart schools and applying the research findings can be Play an important role in creating and improving smart schools.

Rural tourism has been suggested as a strategy for the development of rural areas due to its diverse functions and high ability to communicate with other sectors of the economy. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the economic barriers to tourism development in rural areas using the basic theory of tourism target villages in Zanjan province. The present study is a qualitative research group in terms of purpose, development-applied and paradigm. Library documents, photo and video preparation, in-depth interviewing and direct and non-participatory observation were used to collect information. The statistical population of this study is local managers (experts in tourism, villagers and members of Islamic councils) in eight villages of Zanjan province. The purposive sampling method (36 people with snowball method) was performed until theoretical saturation. Guba and Lincoln's evaluation method (including four stages of validity, portability, stability, verifiability, reasonableness) was used to validate the research. The collected data were analyzed through content analysis. By linking open source coding, concepts (axial coding), categories (selective coding) and validating the concepts obtained from the focal method research, the conceptual model of the research was drawn by experts and validated by the experts to validate the model. . The results show that tourism target villages of Zanjan province are facing economic challenges such as: restricting tourism seasons, vulnerability of agricultural economy, weakness of individual abilities, inappropriate economic environment, lack of risk-taking, lack of recognition. The market is faced with a lack of technical business knowledge.