maryam armaghan

The house structure, as the family's main shelter, has always changed over history and has been affected by various factors such as economy, community, culture, and rituals. Researchers have considered culture to be the most important factor affecting the shape and form of a house. In other words, housing is a cultural phenomenon that aims to create a spatial social unit more influenced by the family and culture of its members than the power structures in the society. Topics about the culture and living culture highlight other terms in the mind, including life method and lifestyle. In this case, as one of the main parameters of culture, lifestyle leaves the highest impact on the spatial structure of the house. This study aims to evaluate the effect of lifestyle components on the spatial structure of contemporary houses in Qazvin City. The extant study was conducted using a mixed method in two steps. In the first step, the literature was examined based on the qualitative method and library studies through descriptive-analytical techniques to extract lifestyle components and spatial structure components. In the second step, the components extracted from the first step were reviewed through semi-structured interviews in the sample society. The results reveal a significant relationship between lifestyle and spatial structure of the house. In this lieu, “social relationships”, “indigenous needs”, “fashion”, and “belief needs” respectively have the highest relationship with the spatial structure of houses in the sample society.

The history of Islamic art and architecture of Iran has pictorial and visual documents, which have special and unique characteristics. One of these documents that can provide us with important information about the representation of past architectural spaces are miniatures. After the Herat period, the art of painting and miniature making was transferred to the Safavid sultans under the same conditions. In general, in Isfahan, the influence of European art was gradually felt in the court of Shah Abbas. This effectiveness was done in several ways: European works of art imported to Iran and direct contact with European artists living in Isfahan. In this way, the imaginary Iranian miniature painting was accompanied by a bright shadow and perspective and complete punctuation, and its objective and earthly aspect was overcome. In Safavid miniatures, the main theme is the glory and beauty of this period. The subjects of the miniatures are mostly centered around the courts of sultans, nobles, beautiful palaces, beautiful landscapes and scenes of wars. In order to understand and then to read the architectural spaces in the past based on these miniatures, it is necessary to first know the characteristics and principles governing them and then, using the principles governing the architectural space, to investigate how space is created in the works of the creators of this art. The Persian poetry and mysticism are widely known to be the main foundations of miniature painting.  The integration and use of miniature can be observed in masterpieces and significant manuscripts such as Shahnameh and Khamsa of Nizami. In some of these books similarities between the representation of created works, both in terms of subject and the type of images, are evident. These similarities are sometimes manifested with no change or alteration, while in some cases they are portrayed with hints of creativity. The realistic representations in accordance with the apparent features of object is not considered a sign of transcendence in Persian miniature, but alterations of the matter and going further beyond that, surpassing the outward layer and finding its reality are significant in the art of any artist. Thus, in general, the reality of creation by the painters is not measured with sight or other senses. The purpose of the research is to represent the architectural features, including the structure of the architectural space and the elements used in the paintings of the palaces of Tahmasbi’s Shahnameh. In this regard, the research question is raised as follows: How is the structure of space and architectural elements represented in miniatures? The research method in this research is of descriptive-analytical type and information gathered in it is by using library and internet sources. The selection of images is based on the subject under study, i.e. the representation of architecture in palaces in the miniatures of Sultan Muhammad and Mir Musavvir from Tahmasbi's Shahnameh, and the findings were represented after they have been analyzed using qualitative analysis and tables. The necessity and importance of research is based on the fact that painting, as one of the main sources, can be effective in representation of architectural features. The findings of the research show that Iranian painters have depicted them by following the existing principles in Iranian architecture and knowingly, by using conventional miniatures methods. Also, they have tried to represent palaces in their pictures by using the principles in architecture, namely the spatial structure of architecture, which includes spatial orientation, hierarchy and fluidity of space, as well as architectural elements, which include integrated and decorative elements. Moreover, in terms of the difference between the ways of representing architecture in the miniatures of these two painters, there is the principle of fluidity of space and the principle of symbolism, both in the structure of space and in the architectural elements of palaces.

Problem:

 Architecture and cinema are a collection of art and technology that are intertwined with the help of the capable hands of an architect and a filmmaker. The two can act similarly in infusing the spirit of life into space and evoking human feelings. Among these, urban spaces and architectural buildings are very important as the location of a film event and represent the temporal, cultural, historical, social and are in the movie. So that paying attention to the category of architecture in cinema in a serious and conscious way is an idea that can be considered by directors and filmmakers. This article explores this relationship in the movie Mother, made by Ali Hatami.

Target:

 In this research, first to interpret the architectural space and place, Kanter's views on the sense of place are considered, then the features of melodrama style in cinema and its features are discussed and then the architectural concepts and features of place in The scene design of Hatami's film "Mother" is studied in terms of activity, body and meaning. The counter recognizes three components for each location: Physical characteristics, activities & Imaginations.

To understand this issue, try to use the historical-interpretive method to communicate the spatial-local dialectical process, which requires the analysis and description of the components resulting from the changes identified in this research. Finally, through deductive-inductive reasoning, it has been tried to identify the output components of the tool used in this research.

For this purpose, it was tried to explain the temporal process of the sequences taken from the film Mother in relation to the spatial coexistence or the progress and delay of the moving space of the scene from a sense of feeling. Eclectic view of space? By linking human relations with place in melodrama cinema, he identified a kind of space-place dialectic that can be affirmed and achieved in key words: spatial diachronic and synchronic.

The first biography and written memoirs of Iranian women go back to the Qajar period. But so far, no research has been done on the content of these travelogues and the view of Qajar women is limited, general and sometimes exaggerated. The purpose of this research is to understand the view of Qajar women from the space and to read their experienced spaces in the context of patriarchal culture. The main question of the research is what aspects of architectural and city spaces are represented in the travelogues of women of the Qajar era. To answer this question, five travelogues of women of the Qajar era have been selected, and through their texts, how to describe and represent the city space and architectural space is discussed. The historical-interpretive research method and data collection method is documentary and library and thematic analysis method. The results show that the representation of the city and architecture in the travelogues of Qajar women includes a range of visual qualities to mental characteristics, and the personality of the narrator is effective in the quality of the description of the place, and despite the obstacles, they describe the details of the places as much as possible.

The process of western-style modernization that started in the first Pahlavi period in some areas continued in the second Pahlavi period and left major changes in the social and cultural fields of the society. The influence of western culture and the developments resulting from it left undeniable effects in the field of architecture, and since housing is a platform for life and is in daily contact with humans, it reflects the most cultural influences in the body. The purpose of this research is to identify and how the components of lifestyle modernization affect the architectural spatial Integration of residential houses in Tehran during the second Pahlavi period. The main question that is raised for this research is that according to the transformation in lifestyle, how do the components of lifestyle modernization affect spatial Integration? Also, in line with the main question, these questions are also raised that in houses that have been transformed with emerging spaces and changing patterns of spatial relationships, what spaces are the cause of creating continuity among spaces? What is the effect of the presence of crew members in the house on spatial Integration? In order to get the answers to the questions, a combination of 2 research methods, historical-interpretive and descriptive-analytical, has been used, which according to the subject, initially to determine the components of lifestyle modernization based on the opinions of thinkers, from the descriptive-analytical research method and also In order to identify the concrete examples, the components of modernization in the second Pahlavi era, with a view of the transition from tradition to modernity, the interpretive-historical research method has been used. Also, descriptive-analytical research method has been used in order to investigate and study case examples, using syntax-space technique. It is necessary to explain that the extraversion houses that were built during the years of the Pahlavi II regime were selected as study samples. Data and information were collected in the form of library and documents, and for data analysis, the explanatory diagram tool was used. The space syntax technique is used and in the end, the argument and conclusion is in the form of inferential reasoning. The results of this research show that among the components of lifestyle modernization, the components of human, nature, architecture (interactions) and social status are the components that influence the change in the location and function of spaces in the home, which can cause a change in spatial Integration. It can also be said that among the main interior spaces, the Living, Dining room and Family, and among the exterior spaces, the veranda and the courtyard, have created spatial continuity visually and structurally. It was also found in the studies that the presence and accommodation of crew members in some samples has increased the spatial Integration.

Urban development and urbanization needs have made it necessary to pay attention to the welfare demands of individuals. The importance of responding to the improvement of the quality of the environment in order to ensure the satisfaction of citizens, while physical efficiency, shows the need to consider the experimental qualities of the environment in the process of spatial arrangement; Because exclusively materialistic estimates and one-sided functionalist approach in design, by undermining the qualitative desirability and creating an inefficient environment in meeting the needs, the lived experience of human beings has been limited.

This research was done with the aim of explaining the effect of spatial configuration on people's qualitative perception of the environment. Assuming the existence of a relationship between environmental quality and spatial organization and trying to answer how this relationship has been done.

The present research is done by analytical-interpretive method and its methodological approach is qualitative. Those environmental quality criteria based on library studies and theoretical foundations that had the most conceptual similarity with the social logic of space were verified in two stages by Delphi technique and by location-based questionnaire in passages separated by the degree of interconnection index, extracted from The layout analysis of the survey space has been performed. The sample size was 384 residents of Mehrshahr who were selected by cluster random sampling. In order to analyze the results, the method of logical reasoning has been used.

Studied Areas: 

The study area, phase one of Mehrshahr neighborhood in Karaj, is due to the spatial configuration of the urban garden cities model, which has been preserved relatively without structural changes since the design.

Based on the findings, the field characteristics of high-correlation passages, from the residents' point of view, have resulted in the most desirability in relation to the quality assessment indicators of the environment related to the physical-functional component. Low-interconnected passages had the highest satisfaction of the perceptual-aesthetic component, and finally, medium-interconnected passages provided a richer socio-cultural interaction.

The capacity of spaces with the aim of enhancing the quality experience of the environment is not provided only by the relations and structural features of the space and generally how to use the space depends on the experimental interventions of users that will have many effects on the design process to use public spaces.

The quality improvement of the environment to ensure the citizens’ satisfaction with urban planning processes is one of the fundamental development principles. The environment results from activities, concepts and physical characteristics, and the user perception provides an analytical approach to spatial judgment. The importance of responding to the different perceptual levels of the individual by different environmental factors indicates the necessity of investigating the environment quality from the perspective of perceptual experience. Therefore, the crisis of the expansion of environments without experiential usefulness resulting from functionalist approaches causes inefficiencies in meeting needs, which endangers urban life along with damaging behavioral mechanisms. This study aimed to explain the effectiveness of environmental quality on the experiential perception of the residents of two garden cities in Alborz province with the assumption of the existence of a relationship between the environment quality in public spaces and the audience perception to answer the nature of this relationship. The village has controlled traffic, limited services, and enclosed bodies separated from the urban context, but Mehrshahr is equipped with neighborhood services without peripheral restrictions and traffic control, whose space syntax was preserved during joint construction. Two garden cities were compared based on the effects of different contextual features on the users' experience regarding the satisfaction level concerning the aesthetic and physical-spatial components. This descriptive-analytical and mixed study was conducted by the random distribution of questionnaires among the residents, and variables were analyzed with SPSS and hypothesis testing using t-statistics. The results revealed that the perimeter fence and checkered structure of the village ensured the enclosure by creating communities through plant demarcation, and the lack of neighborhood walls and inclusiveness of the passages increased the continuity with the benefit of the corridors of view to the open spaces. The variety of formic houses in Mehrshahr, along with curvilinear design by changing the viewing angle, improved the spatial contrast and the coordination of the volume, façade, use of buildings, visual proportions, and the pedestrian axis satisfied the scale criteria. Personal gardens, natural landscapes, and visual-motor diversity in both collections have created equal aesthetic quality standards. Finally, the main success factors of the perceptual experience were inviting people tired of the boredom of hectic urban life, continuous greenness on the outer wall, enhancing the visual beauty of the neighboring urban texture landscape in the village, and emphasizing the order and geometric schema in Mehrshahr.

The authors of this article have tried to open a new way to study, study, analyze architecture and related sciences by examining the concepts and data obtained, citing fictional literature and relying on interdisciplinary methods. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. The descriptive part is based on the documentary method and the case study. The analytical part, which is the reading of descriptions of fiction-climate literature, is done with a "semiotic" approach. The reading method in this study is in fact the retrieval of the codes of "spatial elements" in the "physical space of the house". The results of this study indicate that this reading is influenced by various factors, including the analytical experiences of the analyst. What can control the information that the text conveys to the reader is the text analyst's architectural insights and experiences, which can provide appropriate visual alternatives between the possible states that meanings can evoke. Finally, a model for architectural reading of fiction is proposed.

Problem Statement:

Following the cultural affectability of Iranians from Europe during the Qajar dynasty, the gradual penetration of new architecture and urbanism also happened. The advent of the oil industry in the southern territory of Iran, besides the presence of foreigners who were the conveyers of the changes, turned that gradual penetration into a hasty movement, which led to the creation of a phenomenon called company towns. In these towns, the new lifestyle was based on occupational and social classifications and individuals’ positions in the production system, which demanded a new living receptacle and architectural body.

Research objecive :

The study was carried out to demonstrate the lifestyle changes in these town companies, their influence on architecture, and the identification of the resulting modern life pattern that subsequently infiltrated into the heart of our culture.

Software-assisted scrutiny and qualitative analyses were used in descriptive-historical research. Utilizing AGRAPH software, explanatory graphs obtained from the software were analyzed for the physical identification of sample houses chosen from three different occupational classifications in Abadan company town. Afterward, magazines and bulletins published from 1940 to 1970 were investigated for recognition of lifestyle changes. The lifestyle changes were identified by qualitative analysis, and ultimately, the results were obtained by content-descriptive and comparative analysis methods.

It can be cited that changes in factors of consumption, leisure, culture, and identity have had the highest impact on the lifestyle of residents of Abadan oil company town. The creation of different structures in the plan of houses of various occupational classes, elimination of compounds, spatial changes of a kitchen, and ultimately extroversion, and entirely different structures of bungalows at the managers’ level are examples of the reflection of those changes.

Problem statement: Using semiotics as the theoretical paradigm of postmodernism in the design process, meaning gained importance which has been under-explored in the previous research. One of the points to be considered in contemporary Iranian architecture is the lack of attention to semantic aspects in the design process, which weakens the dimensions of identity. Deleuze has applied Pierce’s semiotics to describe the process of shaping the real environment in cinema. Before realizing the real-world environment, he sets an originary world (background) and explains its two components of power and quality. In this model, the real environment is formed as a kind of actuality, and because of the corresponding relations. Being inspired by the elements in the background as well as concepts and features of traditional architecture, designer start choosing appropriate layers and finally create their works. This study applied Deleuze’s perspective to survey five professional Iranian architects to analyze their works and how they chose their architectural layers.  Research Analyzing how professional architects in Iran select their design methods and identify the background components affecting their designs and how they use architectural context layers in creating their works.Research In this qualitative research, data collection was conducted through descriptive-analytical and analysis of documents related to the architectural design processes was carried out by “content analysis” method with a “layered semiotics” approach. The results indicated that professional architects in Iran are inspired by the concepts and features of past architecture. They further express more profound and comprehensive meanings and concepts through a modern understanding of different layers of architecture, especially the interpretive and aesthetic layers. They reflect the past in contemporary architecture.

This research has been done with an approach to learning styles and emphasis on teaching architecture students based on VARK learning style. The statistical population in this study is undergraduate students (97 samples) and master students (206 samples) of Kamal-ol-Molk University of Nowshahr and the collection tool The data in this study is a VARK style questionnaire, the validity of which has been confirmed based on the theories of several university professors. The reliability of the tool is estimated to be 0.968 through Cronbach's alpha formula. The results show that the effectiveness of deductive models, case model and participatory model are the most effective models of architectural design training in the undergraduate level and the effectiveness of case problem models, participatory model and deductive model are the most effective models, respectively. Architectural design training courses are at the master's level. As a result, three models of case, participatory and deductive problem have been selected as the most effective models to respond to product production by students. Also, after reviewing the results based on the TOPSIS model of learning style compared to each of the models, the dominant style index for students in both academic levels (bachelor CL equal to 0.9155) and master (CL equal to 0.9153) visual index with the highest score. After that, kinetic / motor, reading / writing, and finally auditory indices were selected, respectively.

Ignorance of perceptual-spatial communication and hard border visualization between enclosed spaces has led to the breaking of arenas, which results in the neglect or prioritization of each, the weakening of individual or collective identity, the isolationist view of solitude, and psychological and social harms. The importance of paying attention to the spectral and interactive nature of solitude in which man engages in communication or self-awareness. The need to consider the effects of perceptual-spatial coherence, given the privacy required by each space to provide individual and collective privacy on both sides of the spectrum, shows. Assuming the existence of some degree of privacy in the transition from micro-spaces and the formation of privacy spectrum and to investigate the relationship between spatial configuration and desirability in both individual and collective areas of urban houses, this study seeks to answer the question of the quality of perceptual privacy and its relationship with syntax. Space is about achieving spatial privacy. Spatial permeability was assessed by Deptump and the perceived degree of privacy was interviewed by residents and assessed by SPSS and statistics (t). A survey of four components and indicators of privacy, among all models, the results of Mehrshahr perceptual privacy above the middle level and showed residents' satisfaction with individual and collective privacy. Reducing permeability, by organizing convex interactive spaces and preventing the integration of functions that invades privacy, and by increasing the hierarchy and longer spatial chain from origin to target space, has resulted in the highest collective and individual privacy of Mehrshahr houses relative to the village; In the realization of the spectrum of solitude, the results of spatial and perceptual solitude overlap and correspond.

In the Pahlavi period, modernity entered Iran And the development of modernity ignores the identity of Iranian architecture. However, some architects who agreed with the current of International style(modern) architecture tried to preserve the originality and identity of Iranian architecture in their works And formed architecture consistent with the principles of regionalism. The purpose of this research is to investigate, female architects used more factors of regionalism to preserve the originality and identity of Iranian architecture In the Pahlavi period , And in fact, the main question is, "What have been the most used factors in regionalism to link modern architecture and Iranian architecture in the works of women architects of the Pahlavi period?". The focus of this research is on the works of female architects published in the Journal of Art and Architecture in 1975 And the statistical community consists of the works of architects who have an Iranian architectural identity And since female architects are not known in the history of architecture in the Pahlavi period, The study and analysis of their works leads to the achievement of valuable and original results in contemporary Iranian architecture, research of this kind is necessary. It is assumed that the architects tried to achieve regional architecture by using the geometry and proportions of Iranian architecture and using Iranian architectural elements. This research is of qualitative type and the research method is historical-interpretive and descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is documentary and their analysis method is coding and case analysis. The results show that the use of geometry and proportions of Iranian architecture, adaptation to the climate of the region, the use of national elements of the most widely used factors of regionalism to link modern and Iranian architecture in the works of women architects of the Pahlavi period.

Architecture as a text reflects the ideas and values that can be used semiotics to understand its meanings.On the other hand, throughout the history of art, Philosophers and theorists have tried to explain the concept of form.Architects have also expressed this concept using various components.Since the 1980s, the form and shape of architectural works has seen dramatic changes.This is due to the human attitude type towards art. Gilles Deleuze has expressed the concept of form in a special way.Using Pierce's categories, he considers form as a kind of actuality and controversy that arises through the opposition between two things. According to the Components introduced in her thought, it is possible to cite the way in which the form is manifested and the formation of its types as an important tool in the meaning of the inner layers of architecture.

Recognizing the position of the theory's text semiotics, explaining the text of architecture and its influential layers on the formation of form from Deleuze's view and identifying the components of each type of form in contemporary architecture.

This research is a kind of theoretical research that In the data – gathering step, the descriptive-analytical method been used and in the analytical phase of the data used qualitative method (content analysis) and logical reasoning. After compiling the layered semiotics model, the architectural text of 10 works from public buildings of the last decade was tested.Then, the components that make up Deleuze's form and its types were explained and classified. By matching the influential text layers with the Components of various forms , the form of each of these 10 works was determined.

The research findings indicate that the text of the architecture is formed from several layers in relation to each other and a process of systemic layers (functional, economic, cultural, etc.) and process layers (Designer's mind, employer's opinion, environmental force, etc.). The systemic layers form the figure of the architectural text. The process layers of the architectural text try to communicate and link between the system layers. By reading and identifying the effective text's layers in forming 10 works of contemporary public buildings, the following results were obtained:In some works, with the assistance of power-qualities of the context and the use of text's layers (spatial system of traditional architecture, using the aesthetic features of traditional art and architecture, the diachronic Look in architecture, etc.) explicitly, a new situation is created. Which is familiar and recognizable to the audience of the works. These works fall into the category of large form (situation, action, new situation) in the category of types of Deleuze forms.In others, it creates ambiguity in the design by changing the usual cods, creating gaps and actions in the text's layers by deleting or subtracting a part of the cods, the play of signs and implicit implications.And in order to read the design and understand the meaning, the audience decodes and Reasons and inferences from it.These types of forms, small forms (action, (situation, new action) are types of Deleuze forms.In some designs, designers choose codes from usual data by transforming and changing situations (transforming situations) and with the help of large and small form components, creating an initial awareness in the audience's mind. And in different stages and situations, it expands this perception and awareness.The audience also achieves perception and awareness by figuring. These designs fall into the category of form's transformation.The results indicate that now contemporary Iranian architecture expresses a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of meaning by creating new cods by playing with signs in text's Various layers.

The necessity of conducting research studies on architectural design education has gained more prominence in recent decades.Lack of familiarity with pattern constituents and standard teaching procedures, insufficient training regarding associated models and particular characteristics of architectural education on the part of architecture instructors has resulted in perceived chaos in this discipline and its affiliate fields of study.The present study has taken a developmental-applied approach to study the possibility of developing holistic and process-oriented teaching methods in architectural training and their use in architectural design. Following elaboration on relevant definitions and theories, Ashraf Salama's ten models on architectural pedagogy will be analyzed.Through this analysis, questionnaire items have been developed according to models' conceptions and their theoretical interpretation. The questionnaire have been then presented to students. To find the answer to our study questions, SPSS Software has been used and Binomial Test has been used to evaluate model items through using survey questionnaire.The sample for this study included 206 MA students in Architecture who have been enrolled in Design1&2 courses during six consecutive semesters.The researcher investigated the total impact of questionnaire items on teaching pedagogy applied in atelier instruction and finally Friedman Test has been used to rank models with regard to the scores gained by students.The results showed that pedagogical models aren’t similar in terms of their outcomes for students. Among the plethora of pedagogical models, case study and analogical models gained the highest average ranking and conceptual-testing as well as hidden curriculum models gained the lowest average ranking among students

One of the major and important goals of First Pahlavi era was modernization or change in lifestyle of people based on western models that Many reform programs were formulated in this regard. Among the major changes that were taking place in various fields, Many of the modernists who had been embraced by the West from the government demanding to change their housing architecture to the west ,which later became the model for wider range housing in Tehran. Due to the special architectural value in terms of cultural and social changes in first Pahlavi era, is one of the requirements of contemporary architecture. The goal of present study is identification and study of privacy quality of architectural space of Extrovert Homes in Tehran city which were built under influence of modernistic changes of lifestyle during First Pahlavi era. Data collection method was done through library review and The methodology in this research is a combination of historical-interpretive and descriptive-analytical methods. Method of data analysis is deductive reasoning that was conducted through space syntax.The results of this study show that the concepts of modernist lifestyle can be divided into three main categories: anti-Traditionalism, humanism, nature, architecture and individualism that each of the modern components of the lifestyle justify different aspects of the concept of privacy. In these houses, the concept of confidentiality was ranked first: visual and auditory privacy and ownership, second: privacy and supervision of social practices, third: privacy and territory, and fourth: privacy and security. Fifth: privacy and family.

The discourse of "Orientalism" is based on the views of Edward Saeed and seeks to authenticate the hegemonic strategies of the West over the East. This discourse has emerged in the fields of thought, research, art, etc, and has continued with the differentiation of the way of living, thinking, etc. between East / West, East / West. In such a situation, art, as a reflection of thought, it reproduces its identity based on this dominant intellectual space. "Orientalism" is one of the influential concepts in contemporary art, as the prevalence of words such as Oriental, Islamic and Iranian art and architecture in art history stems from this concept, which is based on a strategic view. The West has been achieved through the projection of the concept of the "other."Research question: The research is based on the main question: What effect has the Orientalist discourse had on the architecture of the Pahlavi era (first)?

At the beginning of the Pahlavi era, the presence of Western artists and architects or educated people in the West in the field of Iranian art and architecture became important.This article seeks to explain their relationship and the prevalence of nationalism in Iranian architecture as part of the dominance of Orientalist discourse.

The research depends on Saeed's theoretical and critical approach to "Orientalism", and at the same time relies on Foucault's re-reading of "discourse" in order to recognize the role of dominant discourse influenced by institutional power, and its representation in artists - here architects - has it. Lukács also looks at the theoretical concept of the connection between "Totality" and "mediation".

Architects [Godard and Markov] each in a way, in the middle of the dual and the rules of reading history (derived from the discourse of Orientalism) are placed. In relation to Orientalism, it pursues other expectations (the West, or the East that looks at itself through the West); And reflects the types of Orientalist readings (Iranian studies below) from the academic to the imaginative point of view, based on the pervasive institutions of power, which are based on the distance between the two worlds; Western (not geographical, cognitive, rationalistic, rational, and enlightened) / Eastern (oriented, not geographical, as the subject of cognition, mythical, imaginary, strange). During this period, another historical tendency is reflected in the works of some, such as Nikolai Markov (representative of the Orientalist view of the Soviet Union). He stands in the middle of historical architecture by historizing and combining the effects of the history of different eras and lands. With a mixture of Orientalist and socialist discourse, Markov sought to homogenize the experience of forces and capital in order to achieve social ideals. Hence, relying on a kind of fusion of multiple (eclectic) beings, history has entered the realm of architecture. That is, by showing themes, elements, motifs, and backgrounds mixed from Byzantine, Russian to European architecture with expectations from the historical architecture of Iran; it has created an eclectic situation. Historical-archeology has played an important role in dominating, controlling, and cultivating the tastes of the masses, but Markov, through reconfiguration, presents a different picture of the masses' relationship, combining multiple and sometimes discrete layers and elements of Eastern expectations. Imaginatively, it reflects a new way of historical narrative. It was a critical aspect of the selective confrontation with history, which sided with archeology, Orientalist romantic expectations, and aroused the tastes of the masses.

The present study attempts to examine the effect of Russian wooden house architecture on Gomishan’s wooden houses. To this end, the forms of wooden houses of Turkmens in Gomishan and their Russian counterparts were examined from different perspectives such as materials, building style, physical features, aesthetic elements, and visual elements.

The significance of this study lies in defining the relationship between the cultural characteristics of Turkmen tribes and those of Russian Tribes with whom they used to interact. The main question of this research is what relationship exists between wooden houses in Russia and those in Gomishan. Theoretical findings of the current study highlight the interdependency of tribes’ architecture and the role of culture and cultural interactions in the formation of houses and their various parts in different tribes in the past.

This study adopted a descriptive-analytical method based on a comparative research approach. Data were collected through the library method and field observations. The social and cultural principles of Turkmen tribes were compared with Russian traditional tribes. Then, similar elements and attributes between them were identified. Moreover, the effects of the extracted attributes on Gomishan’s Turkmen houses were investigated. The architectural culture of Russian wooden is considered the independent variable of the study while the architecture of Gomishan’s wooden homes is regarded as a dependent variable.

The results of this study indicate that Russian wooden houses have influenced the architecture of Gomishan’s wooden houses, spatial allocations, façade, and aesthetic elements as well as building tools and methods. This effect is rooted in the interactions between their cultural and social thoughts and beliefs. It is concluded that the cultural, local, and climatic elements of Turkmen tribes have been merged with the cultural and local attributes of Russia. This has resulted in a special type of architecture that is compatible with their cultural characteristics from many aspects.

The concept of behavioral settings, which is a branch of environmental psychology, means a stable behavioral pattern in place resulting from the interaction of the environment and human beings. There is entanglement between all components of the behavioral settings (body and behavioral patterns). This feature is called synomorphism. The present article examines the synomorphy components by reading the story of Khondasht written by Nasser Vahdati in the field of  Regional Novels as documents that contain a lot of information about lifestyle, climate, architecture, etc., and seeks to answer the following two questions: 1. Which synomorphy components have the greatest impact on the formation of behavioral settings in Native homes? 2. How do these factors affect components of behavioral settings? The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. The descriptive part is based on the documentary method and the case study. The analytical part is based on the method of integrated content analysis (quantitative and qualitative). The results of the study indicate that based on the case study, the learned reactions and the appearance of the environment are the most important synomorphy factors in the formation of behavioral settings in the native home of the case study.

Rural housing expresses the concept of widespread interference of livelihood, housing, and lack of time separating activities in the rural life system. In Iran, the abolition of the landlord-peasant system with the implementation of the Land Reform Law (1962) was the source of major changes in the economy, social relations, and the beginning of a change in the physical form of rural housing. Because economic developments with three basic sources of non-economic affairs - change in the quantity and quality of societies, change in human knowledge, and change in the institutional framework - have affected the body of rural housing and is a function of motivational institutions, empowerment, and technology. Therefore, the process of economic transformation has caused the body of rural settlements to move to quasi-urban housing and productive rural economy to the consumer economy due to changes in the living patterns of residents, which is affected by the weakness in providing a suitable model of livelihood-oriented housing. Technologies of the day. In the present study, field and library methods have been used to collect data. Three villages of Hir, Ziaran, and Hesar Khorvan were selected from mountainous and plain villages of Qazvin province. The results show that the productive nature of villages requires decision-makers to work to create the necessary conditions for the continuation of both biological and economic activities, to revive what lies like life, body, and rural housing. In the meantime, architects can read the patterns of indigenous and traditional architecture and design in modern language, and the efficiency of new technology tailored to the type of livelihood of the villagers - Rural Style - Create a combination of tradition and modernity that both connects the village landscape to the past and represents our modern future.

Undoubtedly, the current trend of modernism in the late twentieth century has been criticized by architectural journals. These critiques have moreover shaped postmodern architecture and also have represented the currents of the theory of pro-modernism. Oppositions -as the most well-known architectural journal in the late twentieth century- has included a variety of authors and critics from both perspectives. The question is: “During the activity of Opposition, what approaches does this journal take to the critique of modernism?” With this attitude, an attempt will be made to study the position of Opposition in the formation of after Modernism architectural theories. It can be argued that Oppositions journal with a wide range of authors, (“Peter Eisenman”, “Kenneth Frampton”, “Rem Koolhaas”, “Rafael Moneo”, “Aldo Rossi”, “Colin Rowe”, “Denise Scott Brown”, “Manfredo Tafuri”, “Bernard Tschumi” and others) each of which later became the pioneer of various types of theory of after Modern architecture, could be a good example for evaluating the current governing architecture theory at that time. Research

The purpose of this study can be considered as the study of the ideas of critics who in an influential period, figured out the theories of after Modernism architecture.Research

The method of research in the writing of the theoretical framework is logical reasoning; and to analyze the findings, the method of qualitative research and content analysis has been used.

Opposition have been in a mutual relationship with architectural theories after the modern course and it has had a very critical role in shaping such theories. The attempts for theorizing- and not historiography of- the existing architectural trends with interpretive perspectives confirm the importance of the journal of Oppositions in that period. However, in the middle years of the journal’s lifetime, the neo-modernists’ impacts and their praise for independent economics, globalization and technology can be grasped in the texts, in either beginning and last years of the publication (due to the influence of postmodernism and the critical regionalism approach) the terms of contextualism, culture and society have shaped the keywords of Oppositions.

Rural housing is the most primitive and original form of housing for people with fixed habitation. It has developed and expanded due to the changes in the forms of nomadism, especially those that occurred based on agriculture and animal husbandry. of the society— are influential in encouraging economic changes. This study seeks to understand Rural housing reflects the concept that the spaces of livelihood and living are mostly interrelated and that there are no definite time boundaries between activities in rural life. The Iranian Land Reform, a prominent landmark in the 1960s, has been the starting point of major changes in the economy, social relations, migration, occupation, and urban development and marked a major shift in the physical form of rural housing. Three fundamental sources of noneconomic affairs —changes in the knowledge and science of societies, changes in technology, and changes in the public institutions and explain the process of economic change and how it affects rural housing. In this descriptive-analytical study, with the help of field and desk studies and investigation of the ideas of theorists, it was concluded that the process of economic change has only improved living spaces and increased facilities and local amenities for villagers, but livelihood production spaces in rural housing, as a link in the production system, has been neglected during these years. Moreover, in the spatial organization of rural housing, the only spaces that receive attention in the area of ​​livelihood are warehouses and stalls. However, in rural housing, a site also includes gardens, orchards and farms that are the most important parts of a rural house. This has changed the living patterns of residents and caused rural settlements to become semi-urban. Furthermore, the productive economy of rural life has turned into a consumer economy. Therefore, the need to use agricultural elements (gardens, farms, pastures and livestock) becomes an inevitable necessity in the architecture of rural housing.

Given the importance of considering the residents' satisfaction of residential complexes, especially children, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental quality of these complexes architecture related to residential satisfaction. In recent years, construction of high-rise residential complexes in the context of villa houses in Tonekabon city has been increasing and this issue often has affected young people who are in the intellectual period of their life. Hence, the article seeks to study the residential satisfaction indices within a specific age range focusing on gender (male) and evaluates the components affecting it. This work is done by analyzing the prominent features of formal operational age range (11-15 years old) and separating the mental and concrete attributes of the community members in newly built residential complexes of Karimabad district of Tonekabon city. This descriptive-analytical study is a kind of applied research that used mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method, and descriptive method has been used in parts of theoretical views and review of previous studies. To achieve the casual relationships and recognition of the correlation and relations among variables and indices, analytical survey method is applied. In this regard, in addition to the interview, a closed-ended questionnaire has been applied as well. The results show that among the set of factors affecting residential satisfaction, mental and idealistic dimensions more than concrete dimensions are considered and selected by the children and it is noteworthy that although the children have an abstract view in the formal operational age stage and their thoughts lead to idealism, concrete components are not ignored in the eyes of idealist children.

housing structure has been constantly forming and changing during history and has been influenced by thounsands of phenomena and factors. Life style and aesthetic taste as evidences of living culture form the architecture framework. House, is the place of the formation and presentation of culture and is the most basic space in which every individual experiences his being. The present study is following the effect of living culture in general and life style specifically on household objects system (mentally and functionally) from the perspective of Bourdieu. 

the present study is a qualitative research based on descriptive-analytical research method. The population are the young couples living in residential buildings located in district two in Qazvin which 310 persons among them has been chosen randomly. In this study, the researcher’s queastionaire has been used after making sure of its reliability and justifiability and then has been distributed among sample. In order to analyze the data, correlation and regression in spss 22 soft ware has been utilized.

results of the study have shown that there is a positive and meaningful relation between the individuals’ life style and theirs household object system in the sample population.

  According to the analyses, it seems that the “mode”, i.e. what becomes fashionable throughout a society as a communal model, can play a major role in the system of functional home appliances. This communal taste can affect the selection of colors, furniture, arrangement, type of functional appliances, etc. The family structure in terms of tradition or religious beliefs may also influence the application of abstract objects at home.