maryam morovati

Snakebite as a conflict with reptiles is effective on public health.Identifying the range of distribution of poisonous snakes can help to plan to reduce the possibility of snakebite and also to plan to deal with it.This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the distribution of Iranian horned vipers in Yazd province and also the possibility of conflicts and snake bites in the province.In this regard, the presence points of the species were collected from all regions of the province, then the habitat of the species was modeled using Domian and Bioclim presence only methods.The output from these models was used to prepare pseudo-absence points.Finally, by combining the findings of 8 models, the species distribution map in the province was obtained.The effect of habitat variables on the distribution was calculated using the random forest model.To check the vulnerability and area of the habitat in each city, the true skill statistic(TSS)threshold was used on the suitability map, and finally, the number of local communities involved in the conflict was identified.The findings showed that the single models used in modeling were successful.The sensitivity and AUC for the Ensembel model were calculated as0.98 and0.99, respectively.Land use, altitude and Hillshade have the greatest effect on the presence of the species.75.86%of Taft county and 413 human settlements in it are at risk of snakebite.The settlements of Bahabad and Ardakan are also in the next ranks.The prediction map of this study can be considered for the implementation of health and safety programs against snakebite.

Fire is one of the most important natural hazards that has a great impact on the structure and dynamics of natural ecosystems. Due to Iran's location in the arid and semi-arid belt of the world, a large number of human-made and natural fires occur in different regions of the country every year. Therefore, determining sensitive areas to fire occurrence plays an important role in fire management in natural resources. To do so, the current study aims to identify fire-prone areas in Dere Shahr city in Ilam province using two machine learning of random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) and 2024 fire occurrence points. Environmental factors were prepared in categories including topographical factors (altitude, slope direction, slope anlgle), climatic factors (rainfall, relative humidity, wind, temperature), biological factors (vegetation and soil moisture) and man-made factors (distance from residential areas, distance from road, distance from agricultural land, distance from river). The model’s accuracy was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) in the ROC curve and cross-validation statistics. Examining the AUC index showed that both models had good accuracy, although the RF model (AUC = 0.97) had higher accuracy than the support vector machine model (AUC = 0.86). According to the results of RF model, about 60% are in the low-risk class and about 20% are in the high fire risk class. Investigating the contribution of the factors affecting the occurrence of fire showed that man-made factors (distance from residential areas) and climatic factors (temperature) played a more important role in areas with a history of fire. Therefore, increasing public culture and reducing dangerous behaviors in nature can reduce the occurrence of fire in this area and contribute greatly to the protection of the environment and preservation of natural resources.

Knowledge of wildfire-prone areas is useful for identifying future challenges and formulating management strategies, therefore, monitoring and studying the behavior of this phenomenon can be effective in this regard. In this study, the areas affected by wildfires in Kermanshah province were obtained using the information related to the active fire of MODIS satellite during the years 2001 to 2022. Then, using the kernel density function, the density of fire occurrences for each year was calculated and the wildfire data was prepared in the form of density per square kilometer. Different density maps were entered into the non-parametric Mann-Kendall analysis in the form of a time series to calculate the trend of changes at a significance level of 95% or more (99%) with this method. According to the results, during the past 21 years, an area equal to 3613.31 square kilometers of the province's land has experienced an increase in the density of fires, and this amount is equal to 644.39 square kilometers for the decreasing trend. None of the protected areas of Kermanshah Province have a decreasing trend of wildfire density; however, areas from the north and northwest, west and east of the study area have an increasing trend of wildfire density. Most of the areas with an increasing trend of wildfires are located in high areas with high rainfall and are covered by Zagros forests. Among the protected areas, Shahu and Kohsalan as well as Buzin and Markhil have the most fluctuations and changes in wildfires density. The fact that a large part of these areas is covered by oak forests, drought, temperature increase, and the spread of intentional fires may be among the effective and important factors in this phenomenon. The fact that a large part of these areas is covered by oak forests may be among the effective and important factors in this phenomenon

Extracting honey from beehives is one of the economic activities for local communities, which is effective in the direct and indirect employment of villagers and as a result, the sustainable development of these areas. Among the pollinating insects, bees play a much more prominent role, and usually the location of the hives can determine the extent of benefit from this ecosystem service. Among bees of Iran, Carnica hybrid (Apis mellifera meda) has a special place in honey production. Despite various studies conducted on this hybrid, so far none has investigated the suitable conditions for the placement of beehives of this species, so this study seeks to identify suitable areas for the establishment of beehives. Awareness of the areas that are prone to beehive placement can be one of the priorities of the planners in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry in Markazi Province.

In this study, in order to model the areas that are susceptible to pollination, variables such as spring density, height, topographic humidity, light shade, average spot size, land use/cover, landscape diversity edge density, distance from agricultural land, average wind speed up to a height of 10 meters, roughness of vegetation and vegetation density were used. Since it is difficult to access all the areas that are not suitable for the establishment of hives in the modeling process, alternative methods such as pseudo-absence methods were used. However, identifying suitable areas for recording pseudo-absence points can also result in errors. Therefore, first, using the output of presence-only models, pollination desirability was calculated. Then, by subtracting the desirable areas from the entire surface of the land, pseudo-absence points were randomly created in the remaining areas. After preparation of this group of points, the presence/pseudo-absence models were ready to be implemented. In order to evaluate distribution models, TPR variables and the Kappa index were used. TPR, which is also referred to as sensitivity, is a numerical value that identifies the percentage of presence points that are detected again after applying the presence point threshold. Also, a random forest model was used to calculate the impact of this data set on environmental changes.

The presence-only models in this study were implemented with adequate power. The value of AUC was calculated as 0.89, 0.90 and 0.76, respectively, for Bioclim, Domian and single-class support vector machine models. The results of the evaluation of the used models showed that all models have well predicted the presence of beehives in the areas of pseudo-absence of beehives. The Kappa index for this category of models was at least equal to 0.83. On the other hand, based on the TPR criterion, many of the hive points have been detected again after applying the hive threshold, which can indicate a good level of prediction of the used models. Also, the findings showed that the diversity of the landscape had a greater impact on the quality of pollination than the proximity to agricultural lands. The height of up to 1813 meters above sea level, as well as the wind speed of 3.47 meters per second, were the best conditions for the presence of beehives. Among the different cities, Arak, Farahan, Khandab, Shazand and Khomein had the highest value for pollination.

Planning for the protection of natural areas as well as areas prone to the establishment of beehives can be done with emphasize on the location of Arak, Farahan, Khandab, Shazand and Khomein cities. The findings of this study show that the use of species distribution models can be effective in identifying suitable areas for beehive establishment and pollination activity. On the other hand, combining the findings of this group of studies with other spatial data that determine the patterns of the landscape can provide a clear view of the influence of the landscape.

The Zagros Dam watershed in Kermanshah Province is enclosed by the cities of Dalaho, Sarpol Zahab, Islamabad Gharb and Gilan Gharb and has experienced drastic land use changes in the last decade. The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in land use using land surface ecology measures, due to the change in Zagros oak forests and data provision, lack of agricultural land, soil erosion and flooding in the area.

Landsat 8 satellite images from 2010 and 2020 were used in this study. After the necessary image pre-processing, educational patterns were identified using false-colour imagery (FCC) and vegetation index (NDVI). Classification was done using 730 training points from agricultural, forest, pasture and residential areas using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Maximum Likelihood Theory. Land surface measurements were used at two levels of class and landscape, and the changes that occurred in the landscape were quantified. After calculating the changes using the Markov chain, the potential of changes between different land uses was obtained for the year 2030.

According to the results, the area of agricultural land use in 2010 was 23,933.43 hectares, which increased to 25,344.09 hectares in 2020, indicating the dominance of this land use in the changes that occurred. Forest and pasture land use showed a decreasing trend. Field measurements of the land surface also revealed significant changes in the class level and the landscape. The entropy metric of disorder and disturbance at the boundary of natural land uses such as forest and pasture showed an increasing trend from 2010 to 2020. The measure of the number of patches (NP) and the measure of continuity (CONTAG) showed that the changes that occurred in the area of the Zagros Dam were towards the fragmentation of the landscape and also towards the reduction of its continuity.

The future trend of land use change will be towards the predominance of agricultural land use and the reduction of natural land use, so it is necessary for the relevant executive bodies to have more control over the destruction of natural land at the edge of agricultural land.

Forecasting changes in the environment has now become one of the important branches of environmental studies. One of these predictions is to investigate the possible effects of temperature changes on plant and animal species. In this research, the aim is used the land surface temperature (LST) of the MODIS satellite, separately for spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons, to investigate the changes in the average LST in the protected areas and the habitat of focal species. Focal species of the province include Panthra pardus, Acinonyx jubatus, Capra aegagrus, Ovis orientalis, Gazella subgutturosa and Gazella bennettii. In a field study, the presence points were collected between 1399 and 1402 from all over the province and protected areas, and the seasonal average of LST from 2003 to 2033 was prepared using MODIS satellite products (MYD11A1) in the Google Earth Engine system. Species habitat was modeled by using SDMs and combining regression models and machine learning. Also, the TSS threshold was used to convert the habitat desirability probability map into a binary map. Man-Kendall (MK) trend analysis test was used to analyze the trend of increasing and decreasing temperature changes at a significance level of 95%. The findings show that the decreasing changes in the earth's surface temperature have occurred in a scattered and non-continuous manner on the surface, but the increasing temperature changes are associated with more spatial continuity. The highest decrease in temperature occurred in the spring season with 15,212.69 hectares in the Iranian deer habitat, while there was no decrease in temperature in the winter season. Protected areas have experienced the least increasing and decreasing LST trends in spring.

Habitat destruction is one of the main threats to biodiversity and species. Decomposition of the habitat and decrease of local populations to small habitats cause an increase in inbreeding, a decrease in genetic diversity, an increase in demographic events, and as a consequence, an increase in the risk of extinction. The Goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) with a vulnerable protection status is one of the key species of Iran's plain habitats, which is distributed in most regions of the country. But due to reasons such as indiscriminate hunting and habitat land use change, its population has decreased drastically and it needs stronger protection in the network of protected areas of Iran. Gazella subgutturosa is in the mammals' class, the order of Artiodactyla, the family of the Bovidae. In this study, the distribution of this species in the Kalmand Bahadran protected area of yazd has been investigated using the MaxEnt.

Data presence points of the species were collected through field studies and direct observations, footprints and resting places for the species in the Kalmand Bahadran protected area during the four seasons of 2022 recorded and using GPS was registered. In this study, the variables of slope, aspect, dem, distance from the water sources, distance from the road, distance from the village, distance from the watering place and vegetation were used to model the habitat suitability. Modeling was done using MaxEnt model in MaxEnt software and finally, the species distribution map was obtained. To investigate the spatial distribution of the study species in the region, a total of 41 presence points were used.

The results of the maximum entropy model showed that the greatest distribution potential in the central and northwestern regions of study area. Also, the results showed that the model has a high ability to predict the presence of Gazella subgutturosa in the study area and has a significant difference with the random model at all thresholds (AUC=0.812; P<0.0001). The results of the sensitivity analysis using the jackknife method showed that the variables of dem, distance from the water sources, and aspect. are of higher priority for the species in this area.

Due to successive droughts, the number of deer breeding in Kalmand Bahadran protected area has decreased. Another factor in the decrease of its population is the road accidents, which are caused by the passing of Tehran-Bandar Abbas transit road and rural roads in the region. The presence of free-ranging dogs on the outskirts of villages, illegal hunters, being preyed upon by carnivorous and Felidae and birds of prey such as wolves, caracal and eagles are other factors that decrease the population in the study area. But since the Kalmand area of Bahadran is relatively a good habitat for this species and support a relatively high number of species population. In general, by considering the areas used by Goitered gazelle and the areas identified in the suitable model, it can be concluded that the extent of the optimal habitat for the species in the Kalmand Bahadran protected area is more than what is currently used. Correct management and planning of the suitable habitats in this area can protect more than the maximum number of Goitered gazelles that existed in this area until today and improve the level of necessary habitat in the area. The results of this study can be used in the implementation of protection and management procedures to increase appropriate habitats in Yazd province.

Protected areas in the country requires monitoring and protection measures due to reduced quality. Therefore, in this regard, degradation model could be applied by quantifying human activities The aim of this study was environmental impact assessment of development in Bagh-e Shadi protected area using the degradation model in 2020.

 To implement this model in the study area, first the area was divided into 406 pixels with a scale of 1: 50,000 and dimensions of 500 x 500 cm. Using existing maps, field observation and experts' opinions, 8 factors of degradation model in the whole region were identified and their severity was determined.

The results showed that among the identified degradation factors, tourism activities had the most degradation in the protected area of Bagh-e Shadi. Then, the ecological vulnerability of the area was calculated using slope, direction, altitude, climate, soil depth, vegetation density, temperature, rainfall, land use with GIS tools and classified according to severity. After calculating the physiological density, the degradation coefficient was calculated in each of the pixels and was classified into 6 classes and 3 categories based on fuzzy theory.  Then all networks are compared in terms of severity and extent of degradation and the whole region was divided into three zones: prone to further development, in need of reconstruction and in need of protective measures.Discussion and

 The results showed that in terms of land quality, 27.83% of the region is in the category of prone to further development (second categories), 35.22% in the requires reconstruction categories, 29.31% in the categories requires protective measures 64.7% are in the floor in need of protection measures (first categories).

The aim of this study was to investigate the protection level of the prohibited hunting and shooting zone of Kahak and to evaluate the potential of the region to improve its protection level. Firstly, identification and mapping of ecological and socio-economic resources was performed using GIS. Then, ecological data analysis was performed and the map of environmental units was formed through preparing a special ecological model and afterwards zoning of the area was completed and the map of the zones was prepared as planning units. According to the results and the special ecological model, zones for conservation (35.8%), rangeland management (22.46%), extensive recreation (31.44%) and intensive recreation (10.3%) could be identified for the sudy area. We also found no potential for agriculture, aquaculture and urban, rural and industrial development in the area. According to the results we found 27.83, 26.54, 14.88, 13.3, 9.67, 6.42, 0.84 and 0.52 percent of the area suitable for zones protection, extensive recreation, rehabilitation, buffer, strict nature reserve, intensive recreation, special use and other uses, respectively. In the second stage, using the SWOT matrix and the analytical hierarchy process, while identifying the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the region, the best strategy was found to be the treatment of the threats and weaknesses of the region using the strengths and opportunities towards promoting the area to the class protected area. The results of the SWOT model showed preference of taking an aggressive stance, using the opportunities in the region. Finally, considering the capabilities identified in the area, it is suggested that the Kahak No-Hunting area be upgraded to a protected area, namely the fifth IUCN class, named the area under management for landscape protection.

The Persian panther(Panthera pardus saxicolor)is the largest species feline family in Iran with the widest distribution among large feline cats that is distributed in most habitats of the country.The aim of this study was to identify habitat spots and connection pathways between known spots for Persian panthers.In order to model the species presence points and 11 habitat variables were used including topographic moisture, altitude,altitude roughness, distance from main roads,distance from residential areas, peak density,vegetation density index, vegetation density roughness, Normal water difference index, sky visibility coefficient and valley depth along with presence and quasi-absence methods of classification and regression tree(CART),random forest(RF),TreeNET and MARS. All possible models were combined by the AUC method, and from the inverse of that map,the cost map was obtained, and the threshold maps were collected together,and in the algebraic sum,4different dimensions of home area of the habitat spots were determined.Corridors between habitat spots were identified using the least cost analysis(LCP)method.Connection the protected areas of the province to each other was also done from the theory electrical circuit. According to the agreement between the results of Kalmand and Bafgh protected areas,Shirkuh no-hunting area has the largest area, Siahkuh protected areas and national park the lowest area of the species habitat, respectively.In combination with the results of the analysis of the lowest cost based on habitat spots,it should be noted that the connection of habitat spots in the Bafgh Protected Area to the Kalmand Protected Area can guarantee the spread of the species in Shirkuh and Marvar areas

Groundwater is the main source of fresh water in Nekarud region of Mazandaran Province. Population growth and the development of agriculture and industries has had a negative impact on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of underground water in Nekarudd plain. Management and of these resources is necessary and unavoidable. Therefore in order to prevent environmental damages resulting from pollution and extraction of underground water resources in this region, principled planning should be done in the region. In this research, using three models DRASTIC, SINTACS and SI, the vulnerability of Nekarud plain aquifer was evaluated. For this purpose, first, the necessary parameters for the mentioned models including groundwater depth, nutrition, unsaturated zone, soil type, aquifer environment, topography, hydraulic conductivity, and land use were assessed and scored to prepare the overlay map. The nitrate and pH data of 2013 and 2014 were also used to validate the outputs of the models. The results showed that the DRASTIC model has the highest correlation value with nitrate, which is the main cause of groundwater pollution, and the north and northwest regions of the basin has the highest vulnerability value with 52.97%. The Mann-Kendall test to determine the trend of elements also showed that there is no trend of nitrate elements. But the value of ZS index for pH in 2013 was equal to 8.638 and it has an increasing trend. This means that this index had an increasing and significant trend at the level of 0.95 in 2014. The general result showed that DRASTIC is a suitable model for evaluating the vulnerability of the plain and planners and decision makers can use it as a suitable and cost-effective solution to prevent the increase of pollution.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vegetation in the city in the form of green space on Land Surface Temperature (LST) and also to identify the thermal islands of the Kerman city. LST was calculated by inverse method Planck function using Landsat 8 in Google Earth engine. The calculated LST was calculated as the average of two images in the middle months of the four seasons of 2014, 2017 and 2020. Landsat Science Notebook and a split window were used In order to evaluate the efficiency of the method used in calculating the LST. The relationship and the effect of vegetation on the calculated LST for Kerman city have been done using correlation and selection of ring buffer at intervals of 50, 100, 150 and 200 meters. Finally, their seasonal changes were examined using Moran's I autocorrelation index and its position changes were analyzed both as a season-to-season trend and as a general trend. The results showed that the Planck function method and the Landsat Science Notebook method had more accurate results than the Split window method. There is a relationship between the area of the park and its temperature, and the lowest calculated temperatures for green spaces are related to the parks with the largest area. Correlation test analysis showed that in all seasons of the year, LST is inversely related to vegetation density index. Also, the amount and intensity of this negative correlation vary depending on different seasons. The highest negative correlation value of -0.48 was recorded for the summer in 2014. Quantifying the effect of green space on the ambient temperature fluctuation showed that, on average distance 200 meters from vegetated areas, the temperature has increased by 3 degrees resulting from increasing distance from the identified cores as green space; it is clear evidence indicating the effect of green space on the amount of measured temperature. The results of this study showed that the calculation of earth surface temperature provides reliable results in the management of urban space that can be useful in future urban decisions.

In today's world, population growth and industrialization, regardless of the potential of the lands, have put pressures on the environment, upsetting the balance of nature, creating environmental challenges and affecting the quality of human life today.  Wind breaking is a complex process that takes place in various forms such as excavation, transfer, granulation, abrasion and finally sedimentation. One of the most important environmental crises in arid and semi-arid regions is the destructive phenomenon of desertification and windfall, the occurrence of which is the occurrence of dust storms and the movement of fine dust. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of wind in Reagan County on economic, social and environmental sectors using the DPSIR model. Since wind is one of the major problems in the Reagan area, it is necessary to draw a chain of cause-and-effect relationships involved in the three economic, social and environmental environments of the region.

In order to conduct this research, three indicators were selected from three environments:  economic, social and environmental. Then, the available information was collected from relevant organization of each indicator, they were placed in the DPSIR framework. And then was shown a chain of cause-and-effect relationships in relation to those indicators.

The results of the research indicate that the damage to the agricultural sector due to the dust phenomenon has had an upward trend from 2007 to the first 6 months of 2018. In the social sector, according to the suspended particle measuring device (pm) in the two months of April and May 2018, there were few clean days and according to the statistics of the health center, the number of people referring to medical centers due to respiratory problems has been high. Also in the field of environment, in Reagan area, an area of 158,200 hectares of critical hotspots was identified with great intensity and has affected the biodiversity of the region, especially Persian Kahour trees.

The result of the research showed that the wind phenomenon in Reagan area with improper human management and exploitation of the environment as a positive feedback has fueled this phenomenon and has created adverse effects such as dust storms.

The Persian leopard is the largest feline in Iran and lives in most parts of the country, except for desert areas. Awareness of the habitat needs of this species is one of the requirements of wildlife management. The aim of this study was to study the overlap between the habitat of Iranian leopard with its preys (including wild goat and chinkara (Indian gazelle)) in order to prepare the habitat suitability map of these species in the protected area of Sang-e Mes using the maximum entropy method (in Maxent software). The data used to prioritize the habitats include the species presence points based on field observations as well as the environmental variables affecting the species distribution (9 variables for each species). The results showed the AUC (Area under the ROC Curve) of 0.824 for Persian leopard, 0.787 for wild goat, and 0.740 for Indian gazelle. According to Jackknife analysis, the variables of elevation, rainfall, distance from river, distance from road, and temperature for the Persian leopard, and distance from food sources and slope for the wild goat, and distance from river and temperature for the Indian gazelle provided the most information to the model. According to the calculations, 45.19% of the suitable habitats of Persian leopard have overlaps with the habitat of the wild goat. The least overlap was reported with the species of Indian gazelle (8.51%).

Today's societies must be familiar with their environment to achieve the goals of sustainable development. One of the most fundamental solutions is to teach environmental knowledge in all educational grades.

For this purpose, the present study explored the effects of environmental education for both teaching staff (teachers) and students in the first-grade high school using two researcher-designed questionnaires. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the data were collected by completing the questionnaires for two groups of teachers and first-grade high school students based on the five-point Likert scale (from very high to very low). The statistical population of the study was determined by the factor analysis test to be 72 for teachers and 180 for students. The Kieser-Mir-Oaklin and Bartlett tests were used for factor analysis in the SPSS software package.

The reliability coefficient was acceptable for both groups. The results show that students' environmental behaviors along with environmental theories of correct theory-practice are of equal importance. Also, improving teachers' environmental knowledge has a significant effect on students' behavior and positive attitudes.

Therefore, to achieve the goal of promoting environmental awareness and education among the members of a community, these trainings should be given to both students and educators (teachers).

One of the most important phenomena in arid and semi-arid regions of the world is dust, which is one of the most important environmental issues in these areas. Low rainfall in these areas, have somewhat reduced water erosion, while the lack of vegetation and other factors contributing to soil erosion has provided the ground for the development of wind erosion and the occurrence of dust storms (Ali Sufi and Shahriari, 1399). The integration of these sources of atmospheric particle production with dust from the soil increases the amount of organic matter and heavy elements in the subsided dust in dry ecosystems (Jafari and Khademi, 2017). Rashki et al. (2013) showed that silica, calcium, aluminum, sodium, magnesium and iron oxide compounds are the most important oxide compounds and quartz, calcite, muscovite and plagioclase minerals are the most abundant minerals in Sistan dust particles. Ali Sufi and Shahriari (2020) examined some chemical properties and the amount of some nutrients along with dust in Sistan plain. Calcium and phosphorus were the most abundant nutrients in the region, with phosphorus and sodium being the highest and lowest enrichment ratios, respectively. Salahi and Behrozi (2020) in the Dezful region of Khuzestan province, Iran showed that among the soluble elements in dust, calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium had the highest concentration and the tracing of the dust showed that the alluvial sediments of Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq has been the main source of dust in Dezful. Over the past few years, the city of Yazd has witnessed many severe dusts, and it is known that the discovery of the source and other characteristics of these particles has helped to better combat this phenomenon or reduce its effects and its amount. This is despite the fact that no community studies have been conducted on these features in the city of Yazd. Understanding how particles are distributed and their chemical dust and composition to determine the physical / chemical properties, resources and mechanisms of formation and behavior, as well as determining strategies to control it is useful and valuable. Therefore, this study was performed to study the chemical and physical properties of dust during different seasons and to determine the possible source of particles and dust.

The present study was conducted in Yazd city, the most populous city and center of Yazd province with an area of 131600 Km2. In order to sample dust and surface soil, 30 sampling sites were randomly selected in the study area to provide adequate coverage throughout the area. For sampling of atmospheric dust, from Marble Dust Collector which is made of a plastic tray with several rows of marbles (at least 2 rows) with a tray diameter of 31.5 cm and a height of 5 cm and a diameter of 1.6 cm glass marbles were used. Sampling of atmospheric dust was carried out in four seasons of autumn and winter of 2018, spring and summer of 2019 in Yazd city at a height of three meters above the ground (roofs of one-story houses). Surface soil sampling was performed at a depth of 0 to 10 cm once during dust sampling and close to dust sampling points. The particle size distribution of dust samples was determined. Then there are some chemical and physical properties such as texture, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrate, bicarbonate, the concentration of P, S, Na, K, Mg and Cl were determined in dust and soil samples, as well as the enrichment ratio of nutrients in the dust. The mineralogy of dust particles was also determined by XRD analysis. The data obtained from the analysis of dust and surface soil samples were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. A comparison of the mean of the studied parameters and the significance of their differences was performed using Duncan's test at the level of 5%. Also, spatial distribution maps of the parameters studied in the study were plotted using the inverse distance weighting method (IDW) in Arc GIS 10.1 software.

all seasons, silt particles (2 to 50 µm) make up the largest percentage of dust particles. Sand particles (more than 50 µm) make up the largest part of the particles after silt, and clay particles (less than 2 µm) have the lowest frequency of dust in the study area. According to the results, the pH of dust samples has changed from 7.10 to 9.74 with an average of 7.83, which compared to the results of soil samples fewer were found in all seasons. However, the minimum amount of pH was found in winter. Many researchers attribute the decrease in pH in cold seasons to a decrease in temperature and an increase in heating devices and fossil fuels, which causes CO2 and SO2 emissions to be released into the environment, thereby reducing pH (Jafari and Khademi, 2017). The average salinity in dust samples is 4412.93, which is less than the average salinity of the soil samples (minimum, maximum and average salinity of the soil 1990, 18060 and 6852.94 µS/cm respectively) while HCO3 (with an average of 23729.47 mg / kg) and K (with an average of 18972.82 mg / kg) were found in dust samples higher than surface soil samples (with an average of 1239.39 and 16633.06 mg / kg, respectively). HCO3 has the highest amount in summer (2770 mg / kg) and the lowest in spring (1720 mg / kg). NO3 has maximum (4017 mg / kg) and minimum (10.5 mg / kg), respectively, in spring and autumn. Except for the autumn season, nitrate in all seasons of sampling was higher than the amount in surface soil (231.27 mg / kg).The results showed that the salinity of the soil with anions and cations of nitrate, chlorine, potassium and sodium was significant at the level of 1%. However, there was no significant relationship between salinity of dust solution and bicarbonate, phosphorus and magnesium. The results showed that chlorine and sulfur elements were significantly enriched in dust compared to surface soils, and the southern study area with the highest concentration of chemical elements was found. Quartz, calcite, and albeit were the main minerals, and chlorite, elite, muscovite, and dolomite were identified as sub-minerals.

The results indicate that the chemical properties of dust have different time trends in the seasons. These changes can be attributed to changes in the probable origin of dust particles in different seasons and changes in the natural and human resources of dust production. High and positive correlation of chlorine ions, nitrate, and potassium and sodium ions with salinity in dust can be a reason for the origin of dust particles from soils of saline areas. Mineralogy of dust samples showed that the dust of the region contains minerals such as quartz, silica, calcite, albite, sodium feldspar, chlorite, dolomite, illite and calcium carbonate, some of which are similar. Clay mineralogy is topsoil in the study area. Minor changes in major and minor minerals in dust samples indicate the same and similar origin of dust production in the study area.

Non-metallic industries such as tile and ceramics, in addition to production and economic development, cause many environmental problems, including air and soil pollution and waste production. Industrial environments, by their very nature, are exposed to serious damage and hazards that are potentially expanding in line with the increasing growth of technology. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying and assessing the environmental risks of Eram Tile and Ceramic Industrial Company in Ardakan City by combined method of PHA and William Fine.

First, based on field visits to Eram Ardakan Company, environmental hazards were identified by PHA method and based on the work unit, performance of existing machinery, and human activities. Then, using the William Fine method, environmental risk assessment was performed and corrective solutions for high risks were presented.

Based on the findings of this study, 241 environmental hazards were identified, which were classified into 6 groups of environmental hazards (pollutants entering water, pollutants entering soil, pollutants entering air, loss of water and energy resources, generation of noise, and the generation and dispersion of industrial waste). The Risk Priority Number (RPN) of natural risks was 166, abnormal risks 52, and high risks 23. The highest RPN was 560 related to the operation of the crusher, spraying, operation of the furnace and dryer, press, and suction, while the lowest was 1, related to the excessive watering of trees and plants and uploading of animal manure.

the assessment of hazards in the ceramics industry, while helping identify technical deficiencies and human errors, emphasizes the need for training and change the attitude of managers and personnel working in this industry and environmental inspections to maintain and promote environmental health.

The protected area can provide broad areas for tourism industry development which be available to planners, executive and local people. In this research, the tourism potential of Oshtrankouh protected area and the appropriate strategies for tourism development have been addressed.

Methods and Materials:

 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were identified using the SWOT model, after field visits, interviews with experts and local communities, and distributed between experts, environmentalists and tourists in the form of a questionnaire. Then, weighing and prioritizing criteria and sub criteria were carried out by the AHP matrix to provide strategies for tourism development.

Strengths with a weight score of 0.313, weaknesses with a score of 0.376, opportunities with a weight of 0.148 and threats with a weight score of 0.163 were identified. To determine the strategies, the defensive strategy with a score of 0.539 with the highest score and review strategy, diversity strategy and aggressive strategy were ranked in the order, respectively.

  The current status of the tourism in Oshtaranku Protected area is not proportional to its potential and capabilities and planning sustainable tourism is essential for real protection of the region.

Today, the migration and movement of organisms among patches has been considered to prevent habitat isolation. The purpose of this study is to identify suitable habitats for Capra aegagrus species in Dareh Anjir Wildlife Refuge and Kuh-e-Bafq Protected Area and connecting these two habitats. In this study, the maximum entropy algorithm and the least cost method were used to evaluate habitat suitability and design the corridor of Capra aegagrus species respectively. For this purpose, at first, species presence data along with eight environmental variables (direction, height, plant density, distance from the river, distance from the road, slope, vegetation and distance from the village) were entered into Maxent software and The utility map was prepared, Then the resistance map and the cumulative cost layer were prepared in Arc GIS10.1. Finaly Corridor command was used to plot the corridor using Arc GIS10.1 software in Spatial Analyst tools Distance. The results of the Maxent model showed Jack Nayef analysis, the most important factor in scattering of Capra aegagrus in the study area is the slope variable. In the ROC chart, The AUC value of the training data was 0.961, which indicates that the high detection power of the model (separation of presence and absence of species) is Excellent. Also the results of the least cost method showed that of the ten corridors plotted, none of the corridors interconnects the two zones. Therefore, in order to prevent the isolation of habitats, it is necessary to take appropriate management practices and create suitable conditions for the species between these two areas, because the connection between habitats is needed to protect and manage natural ecosystems.

Since determining the suitability of wildlife habitats have a great importance in wildlife conservation and management programs and considering the importance of the role of hyena specie in nature Cleaning (eating dead animals) and to prevent the spread of pollution and disease, the aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of hyena habitat in Yazd province, Bagh-e Shadi natural protected area, using maximum entropy algorithm. According to studies, variables such as altitude, slope, direction, distance from water sources, vegetation communities, distance from village, geography, soil, and hypsometry were identified as effective environmental factors in determining habitat suitability of species. Then Maxnet software was used to evaluate the habitat suitability of the hyena species with the species presence points. According to done the modeling and based on the obtained, results, according to the Jackknife test, Area under the curve for vegetation variable was higher than the other variables and It was identified as the most important variable affecting the suitability of hyena habitat. According to the table the relative contribution The obtained variables from the model, the water resource variable had the highest relative share (84.4%) and permutation importance (61.6%) and it was identified as the most important non-living parameter affecting species distribution and prediction mapping. Also the area under curve (AUC) results for the training data (0.870) showed the efficiency and predictive power of the model for the distribution of hyena species is in the highest level. Therefore, the results of this study, in addition to predicting the spatial distribution of hyena and finding new favorable areas of presence, can contribute to the management measures of conservation of this species.

Biodiversity is one of the important concepts in ecology and vegetation management, and plays an important role in the health, production, and evaluation of ecosystems. Species diversity is a major part of biodiversity and one of the most important parameters of ecosystem changes. In this research, the data of the rangeland evaluation different climate zones of Isfahan province were used in five range sites of Alavijeh, Charmshahr, Khondab, Kalahroud and Mouteh to study the variations of the diversity and richness of species with production in the steppe rangelands. The sampling was done on random -systematic and the density and percent of vegetation conopy of each species along the transects using constant plots and production are also estimated by double measurement using the coating. The diversity numerical indices were calculated using Excel, PAST, Ecological Methodology and PRIMER softwares. In order to investigate the relationship and presentation of the model between species diversity indices with parameters (production, density, and canopy cover percentage) from pearson correlation analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used in spss software. The results from the correlation analysis mirror the significant correlation between some species diversity indices and vegetation parameters. The results from the correlation analysis show mirror the significant correlation between some species diversity indices and plant cover parameters. The correlation coefficient of different indices of biodiversity in different regions with density of 0.76 to 0.98, vegetation percentage is 0.74 to 0.92 and production is 0.71 to 0.92. Also, the results from the multivariate regression analysis reflect the effect of the density, vegetation of herbaceous broadleaf (%), and total Coverage on the production. In the rangelands under study, Menhinickchr('39')s richness index was able to justify 13.1% of the changes of herbaceous broadleaf productions. Among the species diversity indices, Hill’s index N2, Simpson index, and McIntosh index and among the evenness indices, Camargochr('39')s index and Shannon-Wiener’s index had the most connection with production and they can justify its changes.

Rapid Matrix Method is a tool for organizing, analyzing, and presenting the results of a comprehensive environmental impact assessment. The purpose of this study was to assess the environmental effects of the landfill in Yazd city using the rapid matrix method and evaluating the interaction of the environment with the landfill and estimating the cost of municipal waste collection. 

First, the effects of project activities were evaluated in two phases of construction and operation, on the implementation and non-implementation options concerning the three environmental components (physical-chemical, biological-ecological and social and economic). Then, the EVIAVE method was used to investigate the interaction between the environment and the landfill. The WAGS V1.10 software was used to plan the economics of urban waste in order to estimate the costs of municipal waste management. 

The environmental scores obtained from the rapid matrix were -210.5, -19.5, 168.5, and -124 at the construction and operation stages, in the implementation and non-implementation options, respectively. According to the results of the EVIAVE method, the Environment Landfill Index (ELI) was 97.41. Also, According to the WAGS V1.10 software results, the costs of collection and transportation of the municipal waste including personnel, capital, fuel, machinery maintenance, and other costs were calculated to be 49.12, 28.49, 3.79, 17.44 and 1.16%, respectively. 

Considering the results, landfilling of the municipal wastes can be acceptable in the current location by performing corrective actions and environmental monitoring. Considering the current situation, it is recommended to adopt appropriate management methods to reduce the environmental impacts of the site and reduce costs, especially personnel costs.

Due to population growth and subsequent limited water resources, the use of treatment plant effluents is of particular importance. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the environmental effects of the treatment plant and also to identify critical points or weaknesses of the treatment plant system and provide corrective action to reduce the severity of the effects.

After visiting the research institute and collecting data (during the years 2017-2018), the energy, consuming materials and output of the system were calculated using the life cycle assessment method. Finally, information on the spread of pollution and consumption was included in the list of index effects. To analyze the obtained information, Simapro software (using ILCD 2011 Midpoint V1.03 method) version 8.5.0.0. was applied.

Based on the research findings, the software depicted the evaluation of the effects in 13 categories and all the information entered in the software according to the impact, has participated in each category of effects, the most effective factors related to chloride, energy consumption and oil.

The results of this study show that the main critical point identified in the treatment plant is related to electricity and the sanitary effluent is in a worse condition than the industrial effluent. However, the environmental impact of industrial effluents should not be neglected. Due to the fact that the MBR (Memberane Bio Reactor) method is considered as one of the best methods of wastewater treatment, it is not recommended to change the treatment method, but with continuous monitoring and management of the system, it is possible to reduce the consumption of raw materials.

As a serious threat for human societies, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, dust storm is an irreversibly destructive phenomenon with irreparable effects. Being caused by dust storms and the movement of fine soil particles, desertification and wind erosion are two important environmental crises in arid and semi-arid areas which may bring about some social and economic consequences including an increase in migration of people, especially the elites, unemployment, sharp reduction of revenues in various urban and rural jobs, decrease of crops production, tourism downturn, disruption of air transportation, closure of training and recreation centers etc. In this regard, considering the detrimental effects incurred by dust storms on the health and economy of a society and the climate change, it should be noted that understanding the nature, origin and effects of dust storms could play an important role in identifying and setting its control methods. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the causal relationships between the influential factors on dust storms as identified by the DPSIR model, weighing the identified criteria and indices by the experts via the AHP technique, and ranking the specified strategies by TOPSIS in Rigan city, Kerman province.

Based on the review of the related literature and the data collected form field observations, the cyclic causes of wind erosion were examined, using the DPSIR framework. The criteria and indices identified by administering a standard questionnaire were confirmed by experts (selected from those working in departments of Environment, Natural Resources, Agricultural-Jahad, Environmental Health, Urban Planning, and some University lecturers and faculty members). Validity and reliability of the data were measured by SPSS software. The criteria selected for analyzing the data are the same as the four main elements of the DPSIR model: the driving force, pressure, state, and effect, each containing a number of indices which are as follows: the driving force indices include the population growth, inward immigration, land use, natural resources management, increase in water demand, public awareness and, urban development; the pressure indices are health, security, immigration, employment status, income status, investment, agriculture, and the environment; the state indices comprise of the land use change,  environmental degradation, utilization of water resources, rising diseases, inward immigration, social welfare decline, destruction of agricultural products, soil degradation, and air pollution; the effect indices include Destruction of cities beauty, immigration from villages, rise of respiratory diseases, destruction of natural resources, expert migration, landform change, increase of Particulates, drought, and the downfall of agricultural productivity. The criteria and indices were then weighted by AHP method through Expert Choice Software and finally, the proposed strategies were ranked according to TOPSIS method.

Having applied DPSIR model, the cycles of the influential factors on dust storms were examined, followed by the weighing of the identified criteria, and the indices confirmed by the experts, using AHP technique through the Expert Choice software. The results of the study indicated that the driving force with the weight of 0.379 was, from among the four criteria, ranked first, followed in turn by pressure with the weight of 0.257, the state with the weight of 186, and the effects with weight 160/0. On the other hand, the findings showed that out of the final indices weights, Population growth with the weight of 0.75 ranked the first, and increase of water demand, and the environment were ranked second and third with weights of 0.67 and 0.059 respectively. Finally, the TOPSIS method was used to rank the responses whose results were turned out to be as follows: 1-Proper management of water resources (592/0); 2- Preventing dam construction (5/175); 3-Pebble mulch (0, 75%); 4. Not applying inefficient models, especially in agriculture (519/0); 5. Enforcing existing laws regarding environmental protection (494/0); 6- conducting seedling operations (427/0); 7- Increasing public awareness (0.415); 8. Mulching (0.440) 9. Constructing sediment trap (0.339); 10. Using Biological wind-break systems (0.346).

As a potential threat to human survival, dust phenomenon is considered as one of the most important environmental crises in arid and semi-arid regions. Kerman province includes more than 17.6 percent of the Iran’s desert lands, the most significant part of which are located in its eastern regions including Rigan, Fahraj, Norshshir, and Bam that comprise of 1302,000 hectares desert lands, accounting for more than 55 percent of the province's total desert areas. Due to such causes as frequent droughts, seasonal drying of rivers, lack of suitable vegetation, and high evaporation, Reagan city experiences a large number of dust storms annually. In present study, DPSIR model was found to be effective in identifying, from among the various factors suggested by the experts, the most important factors affecting local dust. It is consistent with the results found by Khatibi et al (2015) who emphasized the necessity of using this model in solving environmental problems. In the same vein, Salehi and Zebbardast (2016), with the cooperation of the Tehran environmental organization, identified and categorized the factors affecting air pollution in Tehran city in the current state of affair, using the causative-effect chain model (DPSIR). The findings of the current study showed that the driving force with the weight of 0.397 had the highest weight, followed by the pressure (0.275), state (0.186), and effects (0.160) respectively. In fact, it was found that accurate identification of the driving forces in each region could be a great help in solving their problems which is consistent with the results found by Jafarzadeh Haghighi Fard et al. (2013). As for the final weighting, the findings suggested that population growth with a weight of 0.5 was the most important index, a fact that corresponds with the findings reported by Shahi et al. (2018) and Nemati and Sardari Leather (2017). The results of this study also indicated that the proper management of water resources in different areas and the utilization of nature elements were of high importance.

The pollution increase caused by population growth and the occurrence of various psychological pressures caused by it, has introduced the green space as environmental, physical and mental need. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of parks and urban green spaces in Ardakan city using the Electre model.

This research was conducted based ondescriptive-analytical method, library studies, field studies and using Electre model.In this method, the quantitative and qualitative indexes were used and were ranked with paired comparisons between the options and by applying the method of the Electre step by step and using the distance factors such as area, green space and beauty, distance to the center, security, quality of facilities and the quality of the equipment to be ranked 5 parks and Ardakan urban green space and in the end the municipality's performance was investigated.

The  Results showed that among the studied parks, , Farhangian Park located in Sadr Abad Street - Valiasr Town, in comparison with the other four parks, has been able to have a better performance than the discussed indicators.. This park has an area of ​​19,000 m2 and is equipped with a health and recreation station and its distance to the center of the city (15 Khordad Square) is 3.6 km.

Assessment of urban parks and green spaces in Ardakan city shows that in spatial development plans, attention to green space is essential to achieve a balanced and sustainable development. The results of this study can be widely used in urban space planning.