mashallah salarpour

The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of carbon sequestration by wheat species in wheat fields of Sistan plain and to provide a solution to increase carbon sequestration capacity. For this purpose، sampling was done by systematic random method and the amount of organic carbon was determined by Walkie-Black method in wheat species. Then، by multiplying the conversion factor of organic carbon in plant biomass، the total weight of precipitated carbon per hectare of the study area was calculated. The results showed that the value of absorption per ton of carbon dioxide from the alternative cost method in the study area was estimated at 22775200 thousand Rials and the total value of carbon sequestration is estimated at 73746723.918 million Rials. It is suggested that due to the economics of carbon sequestration by plants and the simplicity of the method of measuring the amount of production and carbon sequestration, especially in wheat cultivation as a strategic and essential crop that occupies a large area of land each year، a kind of database Create and take into account the necessary incentives to promote sustainable agriculture and increase carbon sequestration capacity in agricultural ecosystems.

Energy is one of the factors used in most economic activities. The economic security of most countries depends on secure access to energy. Therefore, the production and consumption of energy and its optimal use are of particular importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the framework of nonlinear self-regression with extended interruptions (NARDL). We use seasonal data for the period 2002-2018 to investigate the asymmetric relationship between the chosen variables. The results indicate that a positive long-term shock on energy consumption had a positive effect on growth of the agricultural sector. A one percent increase or decrease in energy consumption increases economic growth in the agricultural sector by 0.8539 and 0.9657 percent, respectively. Also, the results of asymmetric causality test between energy consumption and growth of agricultural sector indicate that there is a symmetric causal relationship between energy consumption and growth of the agricultural sector.  There is a positive asymmetric causal relationship between positive energy consumption shocks and agricultural growth, and no asymmetric causal relationship between negative shocks to energy consumption and growth of the agricultural sector. Therefore, policymakers need to attract new capital to build new power plants in the country, so that they can accelerate energy production and ensure the energy needed for agriculture.

 

Creating full employment is one of the macroeconomic goals of politicians in all countries. Unemployment is one of the major problems facing the Iranian economy, which its reduction, requires investment in various sectors of the economy and production boom. Improving the marketing situation of agricultural products can boost production, increase income and employment in agriculture. An agricultural commodity exchange boom is one way to improve the marketing position of agricultural products. The agricultural commodity exchange is an organized marketplace and a speculative example of the hypothetical of the markets. Traditional Iranian markets are not efficient for reasons not competitive, smallness, the existence of multiple marketing layers, the lack of transparency of market information and the existence of price fluctuations. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify barriers to entry of selected agricultural products in Khorasan Razavi province to the Commodity Exchange. For this purpose, the most important barriers to supplying agricultural products were first identified by the Fuzzy Delphi method and then, using the fuzzy DEMTEL technique, the effect of each indicator on the supply of goods was investigated. The statistical population of this research includes agricultural Jihad experts, university professors and brokerage experts in Khorasan Razavi province in 2018. The results indicated that the most important obstacles to the supply of agricultural products to the stock exchange were the lack of educational systems to increase the skills and knowledge of farmers with the stock exchange, the lack of integrated agricultural organizations, commodity corruption, non-uniformity of goods (non-homogeneity of products), the absence of contracts proportional to the conditions for agricultural producers and buyers, and the existence of parallel markets such as Fruit and vegetable squares. Investigating the Interactions of factors illustrate that the lack of educational systems to increase the skills and knowledge of farmers and the lack of familiarity of agricultural producers with agricultural commodity stock are the most effective factor and the lack of appropriate contracts to the conditions of the producers and buyers of agricultural products, the corruption of goods, non-uniformity of goods, and the lack of coherent agricultural associations are the most influential or most perceptible factors. Finally, it is recommended to familiarize producers with the agricultural commodity exchange and to provide the necessary background for the commodity producers to supply the commodity exchange.

In present study, the impacts of production subsidies elimination on production, export, import, employment, and different macroeconomic variables have been evaluated based on a Computable General Equilibrium model (CGE) for Iran's economy. The model applied the Iranian input-output table data of year 2002. Three scenarios include 25, 50, and 100 percent reduction in production subsidizing rate were analyzed, respectively. Results did not show any significant change in production and employment rate in oil and mineral production sectors, but implied a reduction in production, employment rate and exports of industry, agriculture and service in all scenarios. It found the food industry was the most vulnerable part of Iran's economy, so paying more attention to growth rate of agriculture and food industry may inevitably facilitate the elimination policy of production subsidies. With regard to negative consequences of production subsidies elimination overall agricultural sector, the agricultural products need more support on productivity growth in factors of production.

In present study، role of agricultural on ECO countries regional convergence was assessed in dynamic panel data model. At first، ECO countries convergence and agricultural sector effect in convergence acceleration was surveyed by generalized method of moments (GMM) over the period 1996-2005. Results showed that، this is convergence between ECO countries. In spite of increasing regional growth، the agricultural sector had negative effect in convergence acceleration; and it caused decreasing regional convergence speed. Therefore، it was suggested to ECO countries with agricultural sector development and restrictions contained in this section could provide clear perspective for the future planning in order to promote regional convergence.

Subsidies are known to distort prices, the optimal allocation of resources and economic growth and induce budget deficit and increase social costs, resulting in irreparable adverse effects on the economy. On the other hand implemetation of subsidy reform programs can have a widespread impact on economic aggregates A clearly specified trend in trajectory of macroeconomic variables is expected to better enable policy makers in planning for appropriate fiscal and monetary policy pakeges. The task of determining the best policy package, consistent with macroeconomic goals and constraints presents a genuine Stochastic Optimal Control problem. Solution for such a problem requires a practical statistical algorithm. The OPTCON2 method employed in this study seems to be a suitable method. First, the econometric relationships among the macroeconomic variables of the model is estimated using 2SLS statistical method. Subsquently an OPTCON2 prorgram is specified using C # Language in a visual studio. Simulation program for subsidies during the 5th development plan indicates a decline in economic growth for the first year, followed by a small rise in growth rate during the subsequent years. The findings also indicates an initial rise in inflation followed with a decline in later periods. It was also indicated that the unemployment rate is likely to rise in the beginning, leveling down to a given rate later.