mehdi nasr-esfahani

The capacity to manage financial affairs is a multidimensional construct and includes a wide range of judgment, perceptual, and pragmatic activities, ranging from basic to higher abilities. The decline of cognitive function and the ability to manage financial affairs in the elderly can cause problems in them, their families, and society. The present study aims to design and develop a tool to measure the financial capacity of older adults in Iran.

This pilot study was conducted using Waltz’s four-step method Defining objectives, selecting a conceptual mod, blueprinting, and construction of measure (by application of procedures, item sets, and scoring rules). To check the validity of the tool, its face validity and content validity were evaluated.

The initial draft included nine main areas, 27 sub-areas, and 65 items. The questionnaire was completed through a semi-structured interview by an expert. The items in each area were scored as “yes,” “no,” and “not applicable”. By developing instructions, acceptable, unacceptable, and non-applicable answers for each item were explained. The content validity ratio and content validity index for the overall scale were 0.57 and 0.83, respectively.

The designed tool can help clinicians in Iran to make more consistent judgments and more accurately identify older adults who are no longer able to manage their financial affairs.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has put more pressure on the medical staff.

The current study was performed to determine the role of emotional exhaustion on self-compassion in nurses via the mediation of empathy during the outbreak of COVID-19.

The present study was a descriptive and analytical study conducted on 150 nurses working in Al-Zahra and Kashani hospitals in Isfahan, Iran in 2021. The data were collected by three standard questionnaires of Emotional exhaustion (Chen), Self-compassion (Neff), and Empathy (Davis) and were analyzed in SPSS version 24 and LISREL8 software.

The results of the study revealed that the three variables of self-compassion, empathy and emotional exhaustion are not significantly different according to the demographic characteristics of nurses (P>0.05). There was a direct and significant relationship between empathy and emotional exhaustion (P<0.05). Ultimately, the proposed model has a good fit and in the direct and indirect relationships of the model, the role of empathy as a mediator between emotional exhaustion and self-compassion is confirmed.

In line with the obtained results, it is suggested that considering the spread of a deadly infectious disease, appropriate educational measures and strategies should be implemented to promote or boost the spirit of empathy among health sector employees, especially nurses.

Early blight disease (caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler) is one of the most important potato diseases around the world which causes the death of the leaf tissues and sharp decrease in the final yield. Identifying and using resistant potato cultivars is one of the effective methods to deal with this disease. In the current study, the resistance of 46 potato genotypes (including 24 genotypes of Isfahan and 22 common genotypes of Isfahan and Shahrood) were investigated in the field by evaluating the severity of the disease in six levels from 0 to 6 (0-100%). The results showed that there were significant differences between the resistances of different potato genotypes. Three resistant genotypes (R1/33/10, R2/33/3 and R2/33/21) and three sensitive genotypes (8707/106, 8703/804 and 8707/112) were selected to investigate the changes of plant biomass and were inoculated with the spores of the disease-causing fungus (106) in the greenhouse. Biomass parameters showed significant decrease compared to the control samples. The amount of this decrease was much higher in sensitive genotypes than resistant genotypes. The knowledge obtained from this study can be useful for the production of disease-resistant potato cultivars.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a number of psychiatric problems in patients; however, mental healthcare in these patients does not appear to be adequate.

This study aimed to evaluate the extent of psychological care provided to COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital and the most common reasons for psychiatric counseling.

This study examined the electronic medical records of all COVID-19-positive patients admitted to Rasoul-e-Akram hospital in Tehran, Iran, within April 1 and September 30, 2020 (approximately 2200 cases).

Psychiatric consultation was requested for 5.45% of admitted patients with COVID-19 diagnosis based on a positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. More than half of those who received psychiatric counseling had a previous psychiatric disorder. The most common reason for requesting psychiatric counseling in patients with a previous psychiatric disorder was the patient’s evaluation and management; the most common reason in patients without a psychiatric disorder was agitation and lack of cooperation. The most common diagnosis in patients with a positive history of psychiatric disorder was bipolar disorders (33.9%), followed by opioid use disorder (29%). Adjustment disorder (54%) and delirium (26%) were the most common diagnoses in patients without a history of psychiatric disease.

The current study showed that psychiatric counseling in COVID-19 patients was limited to a small number, including those with a positive history of psychiatric illnesses and prominent psychiatric symptoms.

This study is conducted with the aim of presenting a model of employee absenteeism management in Isfahan Province Tax Administration. Since very little researches have been focused on absenteeism management, this study seeks to examine this concept with a mixed method and provide a comprehensive and practical model for this concept.

This research is an applied research and considered as exploratory research in terms of research method; which has been done qualitatively and quantitatively (mixed method) with the use of

grounded theory and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In the qualitative part of the research, after collecting data through interviews, the data were analyzed and the components were coded openly, selectively and centrally, and the research model was designed based on the theoretical framework of grounded theory. In the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed based on the factors identified in the quantitative section and distributed among the employees of Isfahan Province Total Tax Administration.

The results of the questionnaire were analyzed in two methods of confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, which finally led to the presentation of the final model of staff absenteeism management in in Isfahan Province Total Tax Administration. This model includes causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervention conditions, strategies and consequences of employee absenteeism management.

The presented model in this research can be provided as a comprehensive tool to reduce the absence of employees from the work and help managers of various organizations to solve problems in this area in a principled way.

One of the most important pathogens in plants such as pomegranate, are root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) which cause considerable damage to this important export product. Due to the importance of this subject, an study has been conducted between 2018 and 2019 in the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University. The treatments include organic fertilizer (40, 60, and 80 t/ha.), vermicompost (40 t/ha.) and Marygld product (200, 300 and 400 g/m2) with the study, itself, being in a completely random design on the dominant root-knot nematodes species, M. javanica under greenhouse conditions on pomegranate seedlings. The measurement indicators include gall index, the number of egg sacs, and the final population of egg and J2 larvae in the soil and the roots, as well as growth factors of pomegranate seedlings. Reproduction factor and the percentage of increase/decrease of root knot nematode population, have been calculated in each treatment compared to the initial population of the same treatment. Results show vermicompost (40 t/ha.) with 94.35% reduction in population of egg and larvae has had the highest effect on reducing the nematode population compared to other treatments. Marygld 400, 300, and 200 g/m2 treatments are ranked next, with a reduction of 93.47%, 91.21%, and 92.65% in nematode population, respectively followed by by nematode reduction of the composts of 80, 60, and 40 t/ha by 89.67%, 86.55%, and 86.81% respectively.

Cognitive failures are one of the main reasons for nurses' inattention and reduced patient safety in hospitals. This study aimed to investigate the cognitive failure characteristics in nurses of Al-Zahra Hospital in Isfahan. For this purpose, a cognitive failure questionnaire was provided to nurses working in this treatment unit. After analyzing the data obtained from the questionnaires, the Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. Based on the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test, there is no significant difference in the average of cognitive failure between different age groups (=4.77, p=0.18), different wards (=3.47, p=0.62), different employment statuses (=0.16, p=0.92) and different work experiences (=0.63, p=0.72). According to the results of the U Mann-Whitney test, statistically, between male and female nurses (Z=-0.77, Sig.=0.43), single and double occupational nurses (Z=-0.59, Sig.=0.55), nurses with different education (Z=-0.38, Sig.=0.702), different working hours (Z=-0.65, Sig.=0.51), being under psychiatric treatment and not being under psychiatric treatment (Z=-0.20, Sig.=0.83), the experience of mental illness in the last 6 months and the absence of such experience (Z=-0.53, Sig.=0.59), there is no significant difference between having a chronic disease and not having a chronic disease (Z=-0.93, Sig.=0.35) in terms of the average of cognitive failure. According to the results of this study, the studied parameters do not have a significant effect on the incidence of cognitive failures and therefore do not play a role in the occurrence of disorders in thinking, concentration and attention of nurses. Therefore, the cognitive failures that occurred in Al-Zahra Hospital are related to other parameters.

Due to the negative impact of night and long shift work on performance of physicians, this study was conducted to determine the relation between shift duration with cognitive function and quality of life among emergency medicine professionals.

In this cross-sectional study, 25 faculty members, residents, and specialists of emergency medicine were included, and their cognitive function [with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)] was evaluated at the end of a 12-hour morning shift, a 12-hour night shift, and a long shift, and compared between the three shifts. The quality of life of individuals was assessed using the quality-of-life questionnaire of the World Health Organization, and the relationship between cognitive function and their quality of life was assessed.

The mean score of cognitive function was 73.8 ± 3.58, 69.24± 4.73, and 59.8 ± 4.01 at the end of morning, night, and 24-hour shifts, respectively, and the difference between the three shifts was significant. The mean score of quality of life of the participants was 10.29 ± 80.52. A significant inverse correlation (0.386) was observed between the quality of life score and cognitive function in the 24-hour shift.

Findings showed that the cognitive function of emergency medicine professionals at the end of 24-hour work shift decreased significantly compared to morning and night shifts. In addition, at the end of 24-hour shifts, there was a significant relationship between the score of cognitive dysfunction and quality of life.

 Early diagnosis of 2019-nCoV infection is of great importance and can be challenging in psychiatric patients, especially when a mental illness such as somatoform disorder causes one or more bodily symptoms because the clinical features of this group of patients may be more confusing compared with non-psychiatric patients. On the other hand, treating this infection in psychiatric patients faces some challenges.

 A case of the 2019-nCoV infection is reported in a patient who was admitted to the psychosomatic ward with a diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder. The patient had a history of numerous unexplained physical complaints, usually complained of some new physical symptoms when informed of the time of his discharge. Although the possibility of misdiagnosis was high, based on examinations and some paraclinical evaluations, the patient underwent a simultaneous diagnosis of COVID-19. Unlike usual, he did not complain of any new physical complaints after informing of the 2019-nCoV infection and was willing to be discharged. Some diagnostic and therapeutic challenges regarding 2019-nCoV infection in the patient were examined.

 There are three clinically relevant learning points to be noted from this case report. Firstly, the importance of paying attention to the patient's complaints in any mental patient, even disorders related to unexplained physical complaints. Secondly, the introduction highlights the differences in the care of patients with COVID-19 between psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients and the need for a multidisciplinary approach. Third, this introduction identifies a crucial diagnostic role for CT thorax in symptomatic patients with suspected COVID-19 because the false-negative rate with RT-PCR COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swabs is high.
 

Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a soil borne fungus that causes stem canker and black scurf and severely damages crop in various potato growing areas in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of various fungal isolates from different potato growing areas in Iran on the Burren cultivar.

In this study, The pathogenicity of 70 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani from major potato growing areas in Iran including the provinces of Ardabil, Isfahan, Fars, Kurdistan, Kerman, Lorestan and Hamedan was investigated on the potato cultivar ‘Burren’ in completely randomized design experiment under greenhouse conditions.

The analysis of variance showed that the pathogenicity of the isolates was very different at probability level of 1% is significant, and therefore they were divided into different groups.

The isolates of Ardabil-1, Ardabil-5, Isfahan-14, Fars-26, Fars-29, Kurdistan-34, Kurdistan-39, Kurdistan-40, Kerman-47 and Hamedan-66 had the highest pathogenicity, while the  isolates Fars-21, Isfahan-20, Hamedan-65 and Isfahan-18 showed the lowest pathogenicity, respectively.

Pepper (Capsicum sp.) with numerous variations having abundant utilizations such as ornamental, food and pharmaceutical aspects. In this research, the genetic diversity of 37 resistant and susceptible ornamental and edible pepper genotypes to damping-off disease, caused by Phytophthora capsici, was analyzed by 47 morphological attributes and 20 ISSR primers. Results of ISSR assay indicated that 19 primers out of 20 primers produced scorable polymorphic bands. Totally, 188 bands were produced, which 185 bands were polymorphic. The polymorphism mean percent (P%) in ISSR markers was 98.5% and on average, 9.9 bands were produced using each primer. Polymorphism percent varied from 78% to 100%. Average of polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.449. Based on the results of ISSR analysis, the genotypes were divided into five main groups. Morphological attributes also divided the genotypes into five distinct groups. Correlation between molecular and morphological similarity coefficients was non-significant. The screening results of resistance to damping-off disease demonstrated that five genotypes including 11BlockyP-YToran, 19OrnP-PBI, 23CherryP-Orsh, 32OrnP-China and 37ChilP-Paleo, which have the lowest mortality at seedling and maturity stages, were belong to ornamental and long peppers groups. The correlation coefficient of genetic diversity and resistant of the related genotypes to damping-off, Phytophthora capsici clustered the five resistant genotypes except 37ChilP-Paleo in one morphological group and all five genotypes were placed in four different molecular groups.

Wheat Triticum aestivum L., is one of the most important and strategic crops in the world. Bread wheat (2n = 6x = 42), belonging to the family Poaceae, which is considered the most diverse and important family of the plant kingdom, produces large edible grains and provides about one-half of humans’ food calories(Wang et al., 2017). A number of pests and diseases attack wheat, out of which nematodes have been considered universally as one of the important microscopic organisms (ref). The Cereal Cyst Nematodes (CCN: Heterodera spp.) have a global distribution and cause significant economic yield losses in many countries of the world (Pariyar et al., 2016). It is known as the first and most important cereal crop in the world and widely consumed by 75 % of world populations (Drikvand et al., 2013).Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi has wider distribution, than other species in cereal fields in Iran. In this study, the reaction of 30 wheat cultivars against cyst nematode were evaluated in statistical design in greenhouse and the field. These cultivars planted in growing seasons (2015/2016) in a H. filipjevi-infested field in Agricultural Research Station, Central Kabotrabad area of Isfahan (30°42′ and 34°30′ N latitude and 49°36′ and 55°32′ E longitude), in a completely randomized block design, with three replications, each of which in a four rows of three meter length and 20cm distance.The cereal cyst species were identified based on morphological, morphometric features and molecular characters. The number of cysts, second stage juveniles and eggs were analyzed. Also, reproductive factor and percentage reduction and or increase in cereal cyst nematode population in each treatment were calculated into its initial population. Statistical and clustered analysis data were carried out on by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT), SAS and SPSS statistical softwares, respectively. The results showed that, in the greenhouse, the lowest brown cyst was in Behrang cultivar with an average of 15 cysts and then Bam cultivar with an average of 15.25 in 200 cc of soil.The lowest number of CCN eggs and second stage juveniles and reproductive factor were of Pyshtaz cultivar with the average of 0.49 per gram of soil. The, cultivars were classified into three ranges of resistant, tolerant and susceptible. In field conditions, the lowest brown cyst was of Bam cultivar with 113.33 per 200 cc of soil. Whereas the lowest numbers of CCN eggs and second stage juveniles and reproductive factors were in Parsi cultivar with 0.69 per gram of soil, fallowed by Aflak cultivar with 1.69 in two different statistically groups. Also, cluster analysis classified the cultivars into three different categories, which also showed remarkable similarities to Duncan's test results. Currently, the resistant and tolerant wheat cultivars to cyst nematode is widely used in many European countries such as the UK, Denmark, France, Sweden and Australia. Row. Therefore, identifying and recognizing resistant genes in the cultivars under study provides a way for the production of resistant transgenic commercial wheat varieties. From our results, we confirmed that wheat accessions Behrang and Bam possess resistance and can subsequently be crossed with high yielding cultivars improving their genetic resistance to CCNs. There is a deal of potential for this study to develop new resistant varieties to H. filipjevi which will have a great value to the agriculture sector in Iran. These resistant cultivars can be used in crop nematode management program and tracking and transferring resistance genes to desirable crop cultivars. Also, in addition to number of cysts, the number of larvae took into screening programs for better susceptibility assessment justifications. It is suggested that Marker-assisted selection will further improve the development of resistant cultivars. Isolation of candidate genes associated with specific markers will greatly facilitate this process. Finding new sources of resistance would be very much demanded to control the different populations especially in areas, where a mixture of Heterodera species occurs. Therefore, wheat origin countries including Iran, Iraq, Syrian and Turkey obtained wild wheat relatives, which is to be screened to the main Heterodera species. Taking advantage of these sources of resistance is necessary to know the reaction of genotypes against CCN species for new resistant gene/s in Iran.

Inthemodernorganization,corruptionisanegativephenomenon,whichmeasuresthevalues oftheorganizationsandnormsofbehavior;andthenegativeeffectonemployeeswhoadhere togoalsandorganizationalprocesses.therefore,thehumanstrengthasoneofthemost importantassetsoftheorganizationisalwayspronetodamageanderosioncausedbyinternal andexternalfactors;intheeventoftheorganization,asupportsystemandadapttoscientific, humanandethicalprincipleswillbeabletoincreasestaffperformance,efficiencyand performanceofemployees.thepurposeofthispaperistoanalyzeandanalyzethecorruption behaviorsattheindividuallevelandtheorganizationalset,andthenanalyzecorruption behaviorsatindividualandcollectivelevels,andtheninvestigatecorruptionbehaviorson theindividualandcollectivelevels,andtoinvestigatetheunderlyingcausesofhuman resources in the presence of corruption intheorganizational environment.

The advent of technology brought profound changes into the human life. This phenomenon, despite of having welfare for human, caused some crises and problems as well. The new method has been converted to a totally different thing than the past, and it is looking forward to change some dimensions of our world which make us to ask questions about its relations with human and society; and whether it still believes that the technology is a posteriori phenomenon, and that it is our view and worldview that determines its path? And or it had the prior concept that regardless of goals, worldview and man's will; there is another connection between us and the world? In this paper, at first the nature and quiddity of technology and its relation with human from the viewpoint of philosophers and intelligentsia of this field and the investigation of human and technology relationship in the form of classical technology philosophy and the criticisms directed to it, which led to the advent of contemporary viewpoint of technological philosophy. Following the previous section, we will explore the relation between human and technology from the view of the genesis of morality in technology; and at the end we will describe the relationship between human and technology and the role of technology in developing the human resources and their abilities, and we will declare the struggles which are existing between the traditional training and the technological based training system, and the challenges in employees training based on technology in organizations will be discusse

Sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN), Heterodera schachtii Schmidt 1871, marked as one of the most damaging disease of sugar beet worldwide. This is also an important disease pathogen of sugar beet which had an irreversible damage to this particular crop in Isfahan Province, Iran. Thus, the nematode - infested fields of sugarbeet in the province is to be threatened. This nematode has a wide host range, over 218 plant species from 95 genera, belonging to 23 families, including field crops, ornamentals and weeds as the hosts, which have been identified and introduced so far. The SBCN management's strategies are included as a long term crop rotation, use of catch crops, soil solarization, early planting and the use of nematicides. In general, the best method to control SBCN is use of resistant sugar beet cultivars.
In this study, the resistance and anatomical components of 70 sugar beet genotypes were screened against sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN), Heterodera schachtii. Thus, the susceptibility of 70 sugar beet genotypes were assessed to sugar beet cyst nematode, H. schachtii in a completely randomized design in greenhouse and a complete randomized block design under the field conditions. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS software and the means were compared using Duncan´s multiple test range. Cluster analysis was performed by the SPSS software. The initial population of SBCN in the infested soil was determined, before treating the selected field. Then, 200 g of soil were selected, out of which several samples collected from each plot and was air dried and in the file system, the cysts were extracted using Fenwick. Eggs and the second larvae in a 200 g of soil were calculated accordingly. Reproductive factors and the percent decrease and or increase in SBCN populations in each genotype were calculated relative to the initial population of the same treatment. Then, the comparison of means was done by Duncan tests. For the greenhouse experiments, the same treated soils from each treatment in field were poured into the clay pots with a capacity of 5 kg of soil. Initially, the genotypes based on sensitivity spectral to sugar beet cyst nematode were classified into 5 distinct groups of resistant, moderately resistant, tolerant, moderately susceptible and susceptible ones. Then, the root anatomical components of the sugar beet genotypes, such as the thickness of periderm, and skin parenchyma thickness were determined in microns.
The screening of sugar beet genotypes resulted in identifying the resistant and or susceptible ones to H. schachtii with a high significant difference under the field and greenhouse conditions. The combined results of greenhouse and field experiments coupled with cluster groups showed that, the genotypes 53 (SB-2), 69 (NE 0911), 16 (SB32-HSF-5) had the minimum number of cysts and the genotype of 16 (SB32-HSF-5) and 5 (SB31-HSF-2) had the lowest rates of eggs and larvae and reproductive factors. So, the two lines of 16 (SB32-HSF-5) and 5 (SB31-HSF-2), were identified as the most resistant genotypes and were located in the same cluster group in these studies. Therefore, it can be concluded that, these genotypes can be used as the nematode resistant genotypes and also, in breeding programs. The maximum thickness of the periderm was in the resistant genotype SB32 with 536.27 micron and was followed by resistant genotypes F-20747, F-20746, SB31-HSF-2, and SB27-HSF -10, with 480, 445.87, 436 and 419.47 microns respectively. The minimum thickness of the periderm was in susceptible genotypes SB35-HSF-8, F-20583 and SB35 with, 194.13, 258.67, and 319.47 microns, respectively. Also, the maximum thickness of the cortex parenchyma was in genotype F-20746 with 438.93 micron, followed by the genotypes 3 (SB27-HSF-10), 62 (F-20583), 29 ((7112 * SB36) * S1-11) and 8 (SB31-HSF-7) with 403.20, 402.40, 360.53, 344.27 and 323.73 microns, respectively. The minimum cortex parenchyma thickness was in susceptible genotypes SB32-HSF-10 and F-20603 with an average of 210.13 and 213.33 microns respectively. The other genotypes were located in between these two ranges. These results suggest a direct correlation coefficient between these characteristics of anatomical features and the resistance of some genotypes tested for the sugar beet cyst nematode disease.
1- It was found that, there are resistant genotypes among the tested sugar beet lines for cultivation and or breeding program.
2- It also was found that, there is certain and direct correlation coefficient between the sugar beet root anatomical features and the resistance of some genotypes.
3- The thickness of the periderm and cortex parenchyma as a physical barrier plays an important role in resistant of sugar beet to cyst nematode.

The emergence of technology has transformed the human life into profound changes. as well as welfare for human beings, this phenomenon has also been caused by crises and crises. the new technique has become a totally different aspect of the past, and it would make us ask questions about its relation with human and society; and whether it still believes that technology is a posteriori phenomena, and that it is our worldview that determines its course ? for this purpose, this article seeks to explain the relationship between man and technology with an emphasis on ethics. In the same vein, it was initially attempted to examine the nature and nature of technology and its relationship with human beings from the perspective of the expert thinkers in this field. In the following topics, the relationship between man and technology has been examined in two views of the philosophy of classical technology and the philosophy of contemporary technology. Finally, by addressing ethical issues in technology, the relationship between man and technology is analyzed from this perspective.

Effect of Organic Manure on Sugar Beet Cyst Nematode Population Densities of Heterodera schachtii Schmidt 1871
Introduction. Sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN), Hederodera schachtii Schmidt. 1871, marked as one of the most damaging disease of sugar beet worldwide. It's also an important disease of sugar beet in Isfahan Province, and causing plenty of an irreversible damage. Thus, the nematode infested fields for cultivation in the province and the country is to be threatened. This nematode has a wide host range, over 218 plant species from 95 genera, belonging to 23 families, including field crops, ornamentals and weeds as hosts, which have been identified and introduced so far. The SBCN management's strategies are a long term crop rotation, use of catch crops, early planting and the use of nematicides. In general, the best method reported to control SBCN is a 3 to 7-year rotation with non-host plants. In addition, incorporation of farm manure into the soil had a positive effect in controlling potato golden cyst nematode. Testing on vermicomposting and non-organic fertilizers revealed that, free-living nematodes in the population index were highest in the vermicompost treatments than non-organic fertilizers.
Materials and methods. The initial population of SBCN in the infested soil was determined, before the treatment of the selected field. Then, 200 g. of soil were selected, out of several samples collected from every plots, which was air dried and in the file system using Fenwick, the cysts were extracted. Eggs and the second larvae in the soil and end up in a 200 g. of soil were calculated accordingly. All the organic matters, including, poultry manure at 10, 20 and 40 t/ha compost fertilizer by municipality of Isfahan wastes, vermicompost, waste cabbage leaves and farm manure (cow manure) were employed. Reproductive factors and the percent decrease and or increase in SBCN populations in each treatment were calculated relative to the initial population of the same treatment. And, comparison of means was done by Duncan tests. For the Greenhouse experiments, the same treated soils from each and every treatment in field were poured into the clay pots with a capacity of 5 kg of soil. At the time of harvest, the produced beets in each and every plot were weighted, and the beet samples for determining of sugar percentage and the important elements were sent to sugar factory for analyzes. The analysis of variance was performed, using SAS software and comparison method.
Results and ddiscussions. The initial population of SBCN was 4.85 eggs and larvae per gram of soil, before the implication of the treatments in the field. There were 92.40 and 88.44 percent reduction in SBCN final population for the poultry manure at the rate of 40 and 20 tons per hectare, with the high significant effect, in comparison to other ones respectively. Variance analysis of Reproduction factor showed that there is a significant difference between the treatments. Poultry manure 40 t/h with 0.14 eggs and larvae per gram of soil was the lowest one in reproduction factor, with a high significant effect to other treatments and control groups. Followed by poultry manure 20 t/h, compost 015, 60 ha, poultry manure 10 t/h and compost 08, 60 t/h, in the next category with a significant effect. The results on the yield, sugar content and other indices showed significant differences between the various treatments. Poultry manure 20 and 40 t/h, with the yield of 27.55 and 26.93 t/h, in a statistical group had the maximum amount of product with a very minor difference, were the most effective treatments on the assessed factors, including final population, reproduction, multiplication rat and reduction percentage in SBCN, H. schachtii compared to other treatments and the checks. In this regard, it has been shown on other nematodes that, chicken manure has reduced the population of M. incognita, Hoplolaimus columbus and Pratylenchus penetrans in brinjal. And also the use of chicken manure on control of root-knot nematodes was very effective and even caused IGR in tomato production.
Conclusion.1- It was found that, the use of organic matters, chicken manure, municipal compost, vermicompost; waste cabbage leaves and farm manure in different amounts control the SBCN population accordingly.
2- Therefore, it is suggested here, that chicken manure at 20t/ha, is for an optimum use and economically reasonable and significant amount for the SBCN control.
3- Also composts 015 and 08, vermicompost, farm manure and waste cabbage leaf at 40 to 60t/h, in terms of economic value appears to be applicable.
4- Always a method or a substance, in terms of its own hazards is not recommended. Therefore, any of the said material can be used in intervals for SBCN control and or in integration with other methods such as crop rotation, disease scape,

The biological control of Heterodera schachtii, was investigated using Trichoderma harzianum, Talaromyces flauvs, Fusarium solani and Pochonia chlamydosporium antagonistic fungi isolated from sugar beet cyst nematode in Isfahan Province of Iran. Their effects were compared to those of two commercial bioproducts including Marigold (Amit Biotech Pvt. Ltd., India) and TRICHO-MIX H.V. (Fanavaran Hayat-e Sabz Co., Iran) in a completely randomized design greenhouse experiment with five replicates. Fungal isolates grown on sterile wheat seeds were added to the field soil and or pasteurized soil at the rate of 10 grams per pot along with Marigold and TRICHO-MIX H.V. at 0.2 and 2 grams per pot respectively. Pots were kept in a greenhouse at 25±2°C, with 70±10% RH for 90 days. Analysis of the variance of the results was first performed and comparisons of the means were done using Duncan's multiple range test by SAS 9.1 statistical software. The results showed that there were significant differences in final population density between treatments compared with nematode alone. T. harzianum128, Marigold, T. harzianum 93, TRICHO-MIX H.V., F. solani, T. flavus 94, T. flavus 134 and P. chlamydosporium reduced final population by 65.08, 60.72, 53.08, 47.99, 45.81, 42.17, 41.45 and 20.35%, respectively. Fresh and dry weight of the above and below ground and length of the stem and the root of sugar beet plants were significantly different in the pasteurized and field soil. Plants treated with Fusarium and Verticillium showed higher growth compared to the other treatments.

The early blight disease of potato caused by Alternaria alternata and A. solani is one of the most important epidemic diseases of potato crop in Iran, out of which A. alternata is the dominant one. For resistance sources, 24 potato cultivars which are grown throughout Iran were assessed at greenhouse and field conditions. The infection percentages, severity, and disease scoring scales means showed that the cultivars Markies, Kennebeck, Premiere, Atlantic, Sante, Sonate, and Agria were the most susceptible ones under greenhouse conditions. However, the cultivars Granula, Diamont, Picasso, Maradona, and Kayzer were the most resistant ones and were ranged in the significant and respective groups of statistical analysis. The other cultivars reacted intermediately with a moderately resistance, tolerance, and moderately susceptible reactions with significant effects. The field results also showed almost the same results as for greenhouse experiments with significant statistical groups and distinct on the basis of the disease developments. The disease expansion in advanced stages of the crop growth showed an ascending level of developments in a varying degree with high significant effects, indicating that, the cultivars reacted independently and were distinct from each other on the basis of disease severity and scoring scale.

Recent developments in the field of information and communication technology in recent years have led to the start of a new era of reform in the public sector. These reforms, through the use of ICT tools, have led to changes in the policies, processes and functions of the public sector. E-government’s executive plans, edemocracy and the move towards electronic governance not only aim to provide citizens with services as much as possible, but also to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the public sector, increase public participation in public and political affairs, and create transparency and accountability in state-owned design. ST In this regard, electoral democracy is seen as a leverage for transparency in the political arena of the government. The introduction of the egovernment plan and the move towards e-government, coupled with the continued development of information and communication technology, has led to the consensus that using these new technologies as soon as possible in all areas of service delivery to the community of executives, and ultimately The use of these new technologies in the political, governmental and managerial fields will bring about greater participation and interaction between people and government institutions. In this paper, after reviewing the chief concepts and aspects related to e-government, e-governance, e-governorship, and electoral democracy, and their case comparison, examine the challenges posed by the implementation of e-democracy and e-government in the world and Iran, and will ultimately address the future of e-governance.

Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of self-management training and follow-up with phone calls or mobile social network on the blood pressure of people with hypertension.
Background. Hypertension is one of the main causes of preventable death worldwide, and self-management training and follow-up is of particular importance in these patients.
Method. This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 patients with primary hypertension referred to AL-Zahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran in 2016. The patients were recruited through convenience sampling and were allocated by blocking randomization into four groups, control group, “self-management education without follow-up” group, “self-management education by social network follow-up” group (education and weekly follow-up for 6 weeks) and “self-management education by telephone follow-up” group (education along with weekly calls for 6 weeks). Data were collected before and 6 weeks after intervention. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test, ANOVA, and paired t-test in SPSS, version 16.
Findings. After intervention, the study groups were significantly different in terms of blood pressure (P ≤0.0001). According to Scheffe post hoc test, intervention groups (with and without follow-up) had a statistically significant difference regarding to the blood pressure when compared with compared with the control group (P≤0.0001). Scheffe post hoc test results showed that three interventions (education without follow-up, education with telephone follow-up and education with social networks follow-up) did not differ in terms of effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Conclusion. Self-management training and follow-up by telephone or mobile social network were effective on the blood pressure of people with hypertension. Nurses can take a positive step towards improving the management of hypertension with a comprehensive patient education and follow-up.

Mental health acts have been developed in different countries to protect human and civil rights of people with psychiatric disorders. In Iran, although there are some scattered laws within the existing body of laws, there is no separate mental health act. The aim of the present project was to prepare a draft pertaining to the mental health act in the country.
The draft of the mental health act was developed over three stages. In the first stage, the authors reviewed the existing literature on domestic and foreign codified laws. Thereafter, the selection procedure of one mental health act, which seemed more complete and thorough as a model and guide, took place. Then, various issues were discussed from different vantage points in group sessions; and finally, keeping in mind the cultural aspects, the first draft of the act was prepared. The draft was sent to a number of mental health experts, organizations, governmental and non-governmental institutions, and their views were summarized and categorized. Following that, the disputed issues were presented at a national workshop in which various experts and stakeholders participated. Their opinions were summed up and the initial draft was finalized. In the second stage, at the Center for Ethics and History of Medicine, where a number of lawyers participated, the draft was converted into the form of legal codes (articles) and like the first stage, the opinions of legal experts, judicial authorities and a large number of universities, governmental and non-governmental organizations were obtained. In order to make the final decision, the conflicting views were addressed at a second national workshop, where the final corrections were made, and the draft spanning 10 chapters and 112 articles was prepared. In the third stage, considering the suggestion of the legal office of the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, the prepared text was revised and the draft was condensed into 50 articles.
The first draft of the mental health act was developed over 8 years and included six chapters and 50 articles. The draft includes chapters on Definitions, Hospitalization, Involuntary Treatment, Special Treatment Methods, special groups, and other provisions.

The purpose of the this research wasthe prediction of general health for the employees of Esfahan Gas Company using encouragement and punishment system and individual-organizational performance. The statistical population included all administrative employees of Esfahan Gas Company from 2013-2014, of whom 260 employees were selected by stratified random sampling method.The measuring instruments used were questionnaires of encouragement and punishment system (Khanzade2010), individual performance (Paterson1970), organizational performance (Hersey and Glodsmith 1990)and also Goldberg’s questionnaire of general health. The data was analyzed using by stepwise regression.The results of regression analysis showed that the organizational relationships was abl to predict of general health and can justify 4.7 percnt of variance of employee's general health (p

Sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt), is one of the limiting factors of sugar beet growth. Considering the importance and magnitude of this nematode distribution in Iran and also to decrease its destructive damage, use of resistant varieties is recommended. Prerequisite for resistant variety development is resistant genotype availability. In this study, resistance of 70 sugar beet genotypes to sugar beet cyst nematode was evaluated in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse and in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field condition in Isfahan, Iran. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and cluster analysis was done by SPSS software. Results showed that genotypes 53 (SB-2), 69 (NE 0911), and 16 (SB32-HSF-5) had the minimum number of cysts, and genotypes16 (SB32-HSF-5) and 5 (SB31-HSF-2) had the lowest rates of eggs, larva and reproductive factor, respectively. The genotypes 16 (SB32-HSF-5) and 5 (SB31-HSF-2) were identified as the most resistant genotypes and were placed in the same cluster. Therefore, these genotypes can be used in breeding programs for resistant variety development.

One of the most important and epidemic diseases of potato in many parts of the world, especially in Iran is early blight (EB), which includes two species of fungi Alternaria genus A. solani and A. alternata causing considerable damages every year, imposing significant loses to this product. Given the importance of reducing the use of pesticides, achievement of cultivars resistant and or tolerant ones and also, knowing their reaction mechanisms, morphological characteristics of the 24 commercial cultivars leaves, commonly grown in the country, were studied in vitro and greenhouse. The trails for determining resistance scales and anatomical characteristics of the leaves, indicated that, there is a direct relations between resistant cultivars, Diamanté, Ramos, Satina and Senate with the more thickness of their cuticle, wax and epidermal layers in the outer skin layer of the leaves, also higher number and height of the corks and stomata of the leaf, compering to susceptible ones to early blight disease. Whereas, the relations for the susceptible and moderately susceptible cultivars, Mileva, Cosima, Premier, Santé, Atlantic, Arinda, Shepody, Marquis and Agria were reversed. So, the traits were far less in susceptible cultivars as were measured. These studies open new horizons in the diagnosis and access to resistant varieties in the coming future.