mehrdad

Four Quranic verses in which the term “yoḥarrifuna” has occurred are most cited to prove the textual distortion of the Bible. Some scholars, however, tend to see these verses as referring to something other than textual corruption of the Bible, yet no one has still conducted a systematic research to determine the clear meaning of these verses and their relation to the idea of Biblical falsification. After a philological survey on the meaning of Taḥrīf in Arabic and other Semitic languages, this paper conducts a semantic analysis of these verses and shows that neither lexically nor in the semantic grid of the Quran this word implies textual falsification, but it simply means misinterpretation. Through a survey on the oldest Christian-Muslim polemics it is shown that how the meaning of the word underwent a shift from misinterpretation to textual falsification. After a philological survey on the meaning of Taḥrīf in Arabic and other Semitic languages, this paper conducts a semantic analysis of these verses and shows that neither lexically nor in the semantic grid of the Quran this word implies textual falsification, but it simply means misinterpretation. Through a survey on the oldest Christian-Muslim polemics it is shown that how the meaning of the word underwent a shift from misinterpretation to textual falsification.

Western students of Islam have so far investigated many aspects of the history of different Islamic ideas and doctrines, including theological, jurisprudential, and interpretive ones, which led to presenting many theories on the history of their development, or modifying, criticizing or rejecting the predecessors' views. One of the most fascinating aspects of Islamic studies for the Westerns has been and continues to be the history of Islamic-Christian and Islamic-Jewish polemics, and they have long written different works on this subject. Since one of the most fundamental issues in this scope is the subject of the Biblical falsification (taḥrīf), it seems in the beginning that Westerns must have made great efforts at studying the intellectual history of this idea and have achieved significant results. Here I try my best to review all the achievements of Western Islamists in this area, in a chronological order from the beginning to the present, i.e. since the middle of the nineteenth century up to 2016. In this review, we will see that firstly, the Western scholarship has not yet done but scratching the surface of the subject, and, secondly, rather than enlightening, it has increased ambiguity and, rather than answering the present problems, it has posed further questions.

Deoxys is a final-round candidate of the CAESAR competition. Deoxys is built upon an internal tweakable block cipher Deoxys-BC, where in addition to the plaintext and key, it takes an extra non-secret input called a tweak. This paper presents the first impossible differential cryptanalysis of Deoxys-BC-256 which is used in Deoxys as an internal tweakable block cipher. First, we find a 4.5-round ID characteristic by utilizing a miss-in-the-middle-approach. We then present several cryptanalysis based upon the 4.5 rounds distinguisher against round-reduced Deoxys-BC-256 in both single-key and related-key settings. Our contributions include impossible differential attacks on up to 8-round Deoxys-BC-256 in the single-key model. Our attack reaches 9 rounds in the related-key related-tweak model which has a slightly higher data complexity than the best previous results obtained by a related-key related-tweak rectangle attack presented at FSE 2018, but requires a lower memory complexity with an equal time complexity.

The History of the ideas are considered as the new branches of historiography investigating the historical events by relying on thoughts and instructions. In this writing, the history of development of Islamic instruction related to the falsification of Bible including (old and new testament) has been investigated resembling a presumption. The sources of this research are mostly Christians and some times Islamic-Christian belonging to the first three Islamic centuries in which the various criticisms of Muslims towards Christians has been raised and answered. On the basis of some documents, the criterion presumption among Muslims has been the presumption of authenticity of Bible until the era of Haroon al- Rashid and based on the other sources, the earliest time that Muslims paid attention to the falsification of Bible goes back to the beginning of Abbasid era and the presumption of falsification has been stated in a very elementary and vague way in time of Mahdi Abbasi. It is only after the time of Ma’moon caliphate when the advent of this idea can be clearly observed

The hospital staff services due to their jobs are daily exposed with disinfectant and cleaning substances and the exposure with these materials will cause dermatitis. The aim of this study was to determine the Affection risk to skin symptoms in hospital staff services due to continuous exposure to detergents and disinfectants.
In this cross-sectional study 170 male and female staff services in both Educational hospital of Yazdwere evaluated. Using Nordic questionnaire about the frequency of skin symptoms including:skin redness, swelling, scaling and small blisters,scaly and itching on the hands, forearms, and between the fingers of The employees were collected and analyzed by SPSS software 16 version.
In this study the overall prevalence of hand dermatitis among the staff service was 36.8 percent . the most common symptom of skin dermatitis were scaling of the hands, forearms or fingers along the crack them (25.5 percent). Symptoms of redness and itching of the skin, hands, forearms or fingers with cracked skin were more in women than men .Symptoms of red skin and scaly hands, forearms or fingers and cracking of skin were more in individuals with less work experience.
The results showed a strong correlation between exposure in the workplace and skin dermatitis among workers in the service. In order to reduce exposure to detergents and reducing the incidence of skin dermatitis symptoms, use of appropriate gloves and proper training required in their use is recommended.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between organizational structure dimensions (formalization, complexity and centralization) with rate of job satisfaction and enabling of Islamic Azad University at Khorramabad branch employees. statistical population of research included 120 employees (34 women and 86 men). The sample included 92 employees (26 women and 66 man) that were determined by Krejcie and Morgan's table sample size and were selected by stratified proportionate method. Data were gathered by three questionnaires: 1) Robbin's organizational structure questionnaire 2) Minnesota job satisfaction questionnaire and 3) spritzer enabling questionnaire. The reliability of every three mentioned questionnaires in order 0.88, 0.90 and 0.86 were computed by Cronbach Alpha. One sample t test, independent samples t test, Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used for data analysis. The results were showed that in Khorramabad Brach's organizational structure, Centralization and formalization were under middle rate (3), and complexity was at middle (3). There was positive correlation between dimensions of centralization and job satisfaction and enabling of employees. There was positive correlation between centralization and job satisfaction. There was negative correlation between complexity dimension and job satisfaction and enabling of employees. There weren’t sufficient correlation between formalization dimension with job satisfaction and enabling of employees.

The hospital staff services due to their jobs are daily exposed with disinfectant and cleaning substances and the exposure with these materials will cause dermatitis. The aim of this study was to determine the Affection risk to skin symptoms in hospital staff services due to continuous exposure to detergents and disinfectants.
In this cross-sectional study 170 male and female staff services in both Educational hospital of Yazdwere evaluated. Using Nordic questionnaire about the frequency of skin symptoms including:skin redness, swelling, scaling and small blisters,scaly and itching on the hands, forearms, and between the fingers of The employees were collected and analyzed by SPSS software 16 version.
In this study the overall prevalence of hand dermatitis among the staff service was 36.8 percent . the most common symptom of skin dermatitis were scaling of the hands, forearms or fingers along the crack them (25.5 percent). Symptoms of redness and itching of the skin, hands, forearms or fingers with cracked skin were more in women than men .Symptoms of red skin and scaly hands, forearms or fingers and cracking of skin were more in individuals with less work experience.
The results showed a strong correlation between exposure in the workplace and skin dermatitis among workers in the service. In order to reduce exposure to detergents and reducing the incidence of skin dermatitis symptoms, use of appropriate gloves and proper training required in their use is recommended.

In recent years, determination of the effects of probiotics on health and animal performance, due to concerns about antibiotics and growth stimulants in animal feed is considered. Therefore, effects of two kinds of probiotics, as a supplement to milk, on performance, ruminal and blood parameters in Holstein male calves was investigated.
Twenty-four newborn male Holstein calves were assigned to four experimental treatments in a completely randomized design for 75 days. Treatments were included as: 1) feeding milk without any additive (control group) 2) feeding milk with 2 gr Protexin probiotic/day, 3) feeding milk with 2 gr probiotic (containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae)/day and 4) feeding milk with 1 gr Protexin 1 gr Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast/day. Feeding the colostrum was performed immediately after birth for three days. Water and calf starter were offered ad libitum. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected on days 30, 60 and 75. Feed intake and calves weight were measured daily and weekly respectively. Intakes of starter and weight gain were recorded daily
Feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, digestibility coefficients of nutrients, the concentration of volatile fatty acids, ruminal pH and growth parameters were affected by treatments (P In this experiment, ruminal fluid pH showed a higher stability in group that received the mixture of probiotics. Also, health status, body weight gain, digestibility coefficients of nutrients, blood and ruminal parameters were more favorable in this group. In total, consumption of two probiotics had positive effects on blood and ruminal parameters.

Over the past decades, solving operation problems has been a challenge for water resource planners and managers. Holistic standpoint and integrated management have been applied as a replacement for traditional and partial insight in water resource development projects in recent years. Hence, one of the operator's key questions in multi-reservoirs systems is that which reservoirs should be depleted earlier for satisfying shared downstream demands. In addition, to refill the reservoirs, which ones should be filled earlier? Accordingly, multi-reservoir operation in water resource systems should be done to maximize the total water extracted. In this case, one of the important parameters affecting the system performance is ranking and prioritizing the reservoirs storages for supplying the shared downstream demands. In fact, refill and deplete order of cascade or parallel reservoirs are effective on the reservoir storage distribution. This approach can make also direct effects on the total losses including spill and evaporation of the reservoirs, reforming the total regulated water obtained of reservoir dams.
In this paper, a simulation model with a linear programming optimizing engine is utilized for operational ranking of the reservoirs during a long-term monthly inflow period. Simulation has been implemented for monthly time interval using inflow historical data. In this study, Acres Reservoir Simulation Program (ARSP) has been utilized including a linear programming for optimal water allocation and reservoir storage within each time interval. The main advantage of the ARSP is its inherent flexibility in defining the operating policies through a penalty structure. The model uses network flow optimization techniques in which total components of the system are made through nodes and arcs. Nodes are including reservoir dams, withdrawal and return flow locations, irrigation and water supply networks, and junction points for river reaches or streams. Arcs include different kinds of stream, canals, river reaches and different zone of reservoir dams. Nodes and arcs totally fulfill a closed network that characterizes final structure river system. There are arcs connecting reservoirs and demand nodes to the source and sink node. The source node supplies water to nodes within the network to simulate local inflow and the sink node receive flow from nodes within the network to represent consumptive use. In this state, certain number of arcs defines each stream and storage zone in reservoir. In fact, each arc represents an operating purpose, for which a comparative penalty representing relative priority of desired purpose can be assigned by the user. Based on this penalty for unit flow violation, ARSP imposes the operational strategy by allocating the available water in a manner that minimizes the total system penalties. In selecting these penalty values, three specific aspects should be considered: inter-reservoir zonal operation, relation between storage and flow violation, and inter-reservoir policies. In this process, the reservoirs are ranked according to priority relationships. The model first violates the storage in the lowest priority corresponding to the lowest zonal penalty, and then it proceeds to the other priorities.
As a case study, the seven reservoirs system of Zohreh water resource in southwest of Iran has been studied. A future planning horizon was selected for the study including seven reservoir dams, eleven irrigation networks, four public demands, two minimum flow channels, eleven junctions node, and some general channels. Target values for demands are also set based on the planned water demand for future horizon distributed as 71% for agriculture demands, 16% for the minimum flow, and 13% for public demands. To evaluate the long-term performance of reservoir operation, 48 years of monthly inflow is used, resulting in a total of 576 months. The other input data are reservoir properties, penalty values, evaporation from reservoir, and return flows. Here, different scenarios have been defined for the ranking of the reservoirs. This approach has been effective about 6% on decreasing the water losses including spillway and evaporation of reservoir. The comparison among different scenarios showed that reservoirs ranking affects in all modern indicators for the operation performance. Based on flexibility index, storage ranking in parallel reservoirs is more effective than cascade reservoirs. In this process, reliability and vulnerability indexes were improved for the selective scenario, however, resiliency index was reduced a little. Moreover, reservoirs refill order from upstream to downstream of the catchment, in comparison with opposite state, accomplished better performance as in this state the possibility for spill control in the next reservoir is better provided.

Benzene is one of the important occupational pollutants. There are some reports about the leukemogenic effects related to low-level exposure to benzene.
To study the frequency of micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NB), and nuclear budding (NBUD) in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of petrochemical workers with low level exposure to benzene.
We enrolled 50 workers exposed to low-level benzene and 31 unexposed workers of a petrochemical industry. After exclusion of 3 samples, peripheral blood lymphocytes of the remaining 47 exposed and 31 unexposed workers were analyzed for the frequency of MN, NB, and NBUD by cytochalasin-blocked MN technique.
MN was present in 28 (60%) exposed and 18 (58%) unexposed workers. NB was observed in 6 (13%), and 2 (7%) exposed and unexposed workers, respectively; the frequency for NBUD was 20 (43%), and 13 (42%), respectively. No significant difference was found in the observed frequencies of MN, NB, and NBUD in the peripheral blood lymphocytes between the exposed and unexposed group workers.
Occupational exposure to low-level benzene does not increase the frequency of MN, NB, and NBUD in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, biomarkers for DNA damage.

The effects of planting pattern and amount of copper sulfate fertilizer on production of two varieties of chickpea was studied as randomized complete block design with three replications in in dry farming conditions Khorramabad during 2006-2007. The experimental factors involved (1) Amount of copper sulfate fertilizer in four levels (control, without fertilizer and application of copper sulfate fertilizer to amounting of 15, 20 and 25 Kg/ha), (2) Planting Pattern in four levels (distances of rows 20, 30, 40 and 50 centimeters with constant crop density of 50 plants/m2) and (3) variety of chickpea in two levels (Arman and Hashem). Maximum biomass for Arman and Hashem cultivars was 304 and 341.2 grams per square meter respectively. Base on sigmoid equation, highest levels chickpea biomass per unit area for copper sulfate different levels varied from 301.7 to 348.4 grams per square meter. The average of biomass production for 20×10 cm planting pattern was 46, 49 and 72 Percent more than 30×6.7, 40×5 and 50×4 cm cropping patterns respectively. According to results of this research, Arman variety with 20×10 cm planting pattern for sowing in the end of winter in Khorramabad climate and the similar regions is recommended. Appling of copper Sulfate fertilizer in amount to 15-20 Kg/ha is necessarily recommended.

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of ultrasound treatment on bioactive compounds (including total phenolic, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, ascorbic acid) of carrot juice in comparison with conventional thermal process. Carrot juice samples were sonicated according to D-optimal response surface design with processing variables of temperature (25, 37.5 and 50°C), time (10, 20 and 30 min) and power (350 and 400 w) at a constant frequency of 24 kHz. Results showed that ultrasound temperature (P

There are many works written on the Qurʾānic studies in the West and its history. One cannot, however, find a comprehensive survey on the history of the Western scholarship of Shiʿi tafsīr.This contribution seeks to review all works done by the Western scholars of 19th and 20th century on the Shiʿi tafsīr or the Shiʿi attitude to the Qurʾān. Then it trties to present an analysis to answer the questions like how did this branch of the Western scholarship come into being, and which steps did it pass in the way of progress. It also will offer an answer to the problem of the Western scholars’ obsession with shiʿi concepts of taḥrīf and taʾwīl.

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of sonication on turbidity, viscosity, particle size distribution and total phenol of carrot juice. Carrot juice samples were sonicated according to a D-optimal design response surface with three factors of sonication temperature (25, 37.5 and 500C), sonication time (10, 20 and 30 min) and sonication power (350, 400w) at a constant frequency of 24 kHz. The results showed that ultrasound temperature (P<0.01) and time (P<0.01) significantly increased the turbidity of carrot juice samples. Also a significant change in particle size distribution was observed in sonicated juice due to cavitation effects. These resultes indicated that the cloud stability of sonicated carrot juice depends not only on pectin methylesteras inactivation but also on particle siz reduction. The highest particle size was observed in heat-treated juices due to heat coagulation of the colloidal materials. Sonication could not make significant alteration in the apparent viscosity of juice at different shear rates ranging between 0.1 and 100s-1, which indicated that the ultrasound or heat treatment juice followed the Newtonian flow behavior. However, the viscosity of heat-treated juice was significantly higher than untreated and sonicated samples. Ultrasound time significantly decreased the total phenolic contents of sonicated samples (P<0.01) but, significant difference was not observed between sonicated and heat-treated or untreated samples. These results suggest that, sonication with mild heat could used to obtain carrot juice with low Particle size and high turbidity, high viscosity and good retention of phenolic component.

Addiction to narcotics at workplace can cause financial damages and serious injuries. Recognition of occupational factors and solving it, can cause continued employments and also successful treatments. The purpose of this study is to determine the causes which might lead to lapse of drug abuse in patients kept under treatment using Methadone. This is a cross sectional study on 351 addicts visiting five hospitalizing centers doing treatment with Methadone. A Data collection form consisting questions about demographic features, 2 addiction, job conditions, and other diseases of participants was filled up, through direct interviews, and information relating to a possible lapse was analyzed. The mean (SD) age of participants was 40(12) years and most of the patients were in their first six months of treatment.. 74% of them were employed of which 47% had relapsed in their periods of treatment. The mean age was lower in those who had lapse of addiction. Relapse of addiction was more dependent upon the type of drug abused, from work risk factors; being away from family (in order to work) have the most effect. employing had a preventive role in the lapse, but not significant. The working age was lower, age of addiction is also lower.Information about substance abuse in the workplace is very low and occupational medicine specialist can have important role, because most patients (66%) tend to make prevention programs in the workplace.

Metabolic syndrome (MSx) is associated with several health problems. Workers are an important part of any organization.
To determine the prevalence of MSx and related variables among office workers.
This cross-sectional study evaluated 1488 office workers in Qom province, Central Iran, by using a multi-stage cluster sampling. Diagnosis of MSx was based on blood HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels and waist circumference, and blood pressure.
The overall prevalence of MSx was 35.9% (95% CI 33.5% to 38.3%), higher in men (37.2%) than in women (20.6%), and increased with age. The most common laboratory findings of MSx were hypertriglyceridemia (45.9%) and low HDL-cholesterol level (45.5%). Office workers with MSx had a significantly (p The prevalence of MSx was very high among office workers. Workplace health improvement programs through identifying and preventing MSx are necessary for improvement of staff's health.

Nursing profession and professional organizations in Iran are relatively young and nursing promotion and empowerment is in relation with nurses’ commitment. Providing the strategies for leading nurses to act more in professional ways is one of the priorities of nursing activities. This study aims to define Iranian clinical nurses’ opinion on their professional commitment. A qualitative content analysis approach was used. The sampling process was initiated with purposive sampling and continued with theoretical sampling. The data gathered through semi-structured interviews. Data gathered in 14 month and 28 interviews had been done. The qualitative data obtained from comprehensive interviews were analyzed and interpreted by content analysis method. In this research three main themes were obtained: “Meaning of professional commitment”, “facilitating factors in professional commitment”, and “obstacles to professional commitment”. Nurses commitment to their profession depends on their reception for the career. Factors leading to obligatory will due to no commitment; an inside acceptance would be accompanied by a commitment and responsibility to the career. The professional organizations are recognized for promotion and training of nurses’ commitment. Nursing managers have the most important role in promotion of professional commitment. More studies on formation of professional commitment is proposed.

Clinical practice is an important part of the educational curriculum of nursing students. Effective and dynamic interactions among the students, health care providers, instructors, and the clinical environment and its elements affect their professional development. The aim of this report as a part of a more extensive research is describing the negative experiences of nursing students in the clinical environment. It was a qualitative study. Data was collected by purposeful sampling from two new graduated staff nurses and 12 undergraduate nursing students in two large nursing and midwifery schools through in-depth semi-structured individual interviews during their clinical placements and after graduation. The data was analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin version (1998) of grounded theory method. Vertical violence was emerged as one of the significant findings of the study. Its manifestations included humiliation, blaming, not being accepted, exploitation, discrimination, bullying, limited learning opportunities and lack of support in the clinical environment. The main origin of these behaviors was mostly nurses and clinical instructors. The findings revealed the non-supportive climate of clinical settings. Nursing students were vulnerable during learning in the clinical setting. Identification and proper management of the issues and challenges faced by nursing students in the clinical environment can provide a welcoming climate for younger colleagues of the profession.

The goal of this study was An investigation the effect of collaborative mother-child play training on child behavioral difficult symptoms (odd and conduct) in school males Students with oppositional defiant disorderin of Isfahan. thus، in a quasi-experimental design with a control group and pret test – post test & follow up assessment، 32 male of school students with ODD diagnose selected and assigned randomly in experimental and control group (n1=n2=16). The experimental group received meeting on a weekly sessions basis training with the participation of eight mother and playing with child. While the control group received no intervention and remain in waiting list. Two groups were evaluated by child symptoms check list (CSI-4) ODD & condact subscales. The results of the analysis of covariance revealed intervention with mother-child play reduces reduction in symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder and in follow up. Plus، this introvention reduce symptoms of conduct in post test and can reduce these symtoms in follow up.. Based on these findings it can be concluded the mother - child playing in reducing symptoms of conduct disorder and disregard Coping effective and Using this experimental approach، while reducing the severity of coping ignored، this intervention can be effective in reducing the symptoms of children with disregard coping behaviors used.

Abstract Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease in a large number of old people that can cause pain and disability. Intra-articular injection is one of the recommended procedures to reduce this pain. In this issue some disagreements about analgesic effect of marcaine's (a trade name for bupivacaine) intra-articular injection for post operation pain due to knee surgeries has been seen. In this double-blind randomized clinical trial study, 22 patients with osteoarthritis were involved. Those have been electively referred to orthopedic and pain clinic of Zahedanskhatam-alanbia hospital between 2010 and 2011. One of the patient's knees randomly considered as case knee and another knee as control. Before any intervention each knee's pain was measured from 1 to 10 by Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and has been recorded. Then 4ml of 0.5% marcaine injected in case knee and 4ml saline injected in control. After 5 minutes, without removing the needle from the joint, synovial fluid aspirated, and aspiration pain measured with the same NRS scale. Afterward 40mg methylprednisolone was injected in both knees. Then pain separately measured in 1, 6, and 24 hours and finally one week after aspiration. Data were recorded and processed by SPSS software, version 18. Moreover, the paired test and Anova test were used for data analysis. In this study 22 patient, 12 female (54.5%) and 10 men (45.5%) were attended. The age average was 55.09 years and they were between 38 and 72 years old. Comparisons showed significant differences between case and control group in pain (P<0.001). Intra articular injections of marcaine can significantly relieves the pain after knee joint aspiration in patients with osteoarthritis, and it can be useful in this category.

Clinical learning environment have an important role in clinical learning of nursing students. Any differences between expected and actual clinical learning environment of nursing student result in reduce the interest of nursing students to clinical environment and decrease their clinical performance. The aim was to comparison the perception of nursing students regarding expected and actual clinical learning environment in medical-surgical wards. This study was a descriptive cross-sectional and conducted in first semester of 2009-2010 educational years. In this study 217 baccalaureate nursing student from Iran nursing & midwifery faculty participated. The researcher appeared in the student’s clinical learning placement at last day، and after produce necessary information about purpose of study، both of versions of questionnaire give to students contemporaneously، and collected after completion. For data collection، clinical learning environment inventory was used that contain 42 item in six areas. Data was analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistic. The paired t test showed that there were statistical differences between actual and expected perception on nursing students regarding clinical learning environment. The results of this study showed، nursing students haven’t positive perception of the clinical learning environment and their perception of actual clinical learning environment to differ from expected clinical learning environment.

Exposure to human blood and body fluids is a common risk for nurses. Many factors can affect the prevalence and incidence of this occupational hazard. Psychosocial factors at work may be a risk factor for the exposure. To assess needle stick, sharp injury and mucus exposure to blood-borne pathogens among nurses in Iran and to determine the association between these exposures and psychosocial factors at work. A cross-sectional study was conducted on nurses in a public hospital, Tehran, Iran. 364 nurses received and 339 completed and returned a self-reported questionnaire containing demographic data, history of exposure to blood-borne pathogens at work during previous year and the General Nordic questionnaire for psychological and social factors at work (QPS Nordic 34+ Questionnaire). Of 339 participants, 197 (58.1%) reported needle-stick injury, 186 (54.6%) reported another type of sharp injury, and 112 (33%) reported a mucous membrane exposure during the previous year. More than half of the participants who had history of exposure, had not reported it. Those with middle or high level of stress had higher crude and adjusted odds than those with lower stress for all kinds of exposure. Adjusted odds ratios for high stress group (ranging from 2.8 to 4.4) were statistically different from 1. There is a high prevalence of needle-stick and sharp injury and mucous membrane exposure to patients'' blood or body fluids among studied nurses. There is a significant association between increasing psychosocial factors at work and exposure to blood-borne pathogens among this group of nurses.

Occupational accidents are one of the major health hazards in industries and associated with high mortality, morbidity, spiritual damage and economic losses in the world. To determine the incidence of occupational accidents in 9 Iranian gas refineries between March 2007 and February 2011. Data on all occupational accidents occurred between March 2007 and February 2011, as well as other possible associated variables including time of accident, whether the accident was due to a personal or systemic fault, type of accident and its outcomes, age and gender of the victim, the injured parts of the body, job experience, and type of employment, were extracted from HSE reports and notes of health care services. Based on these data, we calculated the incidence rate of accidents and assessed the associated factors. During the 5 studied years, 1129 accidents have been recorded. The incidence of fatal accidents was 1.64 per 100 000 and of nonfatal accidents was 1857 per 100 000 workers per year. 99.4% of injured workers were male. The mean±SD age of injured people was 29.6±7.3 years. Almost 70% of injured workers aged under 30 years. The mean±SD job experience was 5.3±5.3 years. Accidents occurred more commonly around 10:00. More than 60% of accidents happened between 8:00 and 15:00. July had the highest incidence rate. The most common type of accident was being struck by an object (48%). More than 94% of accidents are caused by personal rather than systemic faults. Hands and wrists were the most common injured parts and involved in more than one-third of accidents. 70% of injured workers needed medical treatment and returned to work after primary treatment. The pattern of occupational accidents in Iranian gas refineries is similar to other previous reports in many ways. The incidence did not change significantly over the study period. Establishment of an online network for precise registration, notification and meticulous data collection seems necessary.

Heart failure is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders. In this disease heart is disable to perfusion، insufficient perfusion lead to many symptoms in this patients. Each of these symptoms in some patients is deprived from the suitable sleep. Sleep is a vital and effective element in the health and quality of life in these patients. The purpose of this study is to assess of relationship between sleep quality and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. In this cross-correlation study، 200 patients with chronic heart failure in two teaching university hospital of Tehran university of medical sciences was selected using sampling with proportional allocation. Data were collected using from demographic questioner، Pittsburgh sleep quality index and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire and then were analyzed using the SPSS software and statistical tests. Sleep quality، with some aspects of health related quality of life including physical limitations (P<0. 000)، symptoms (P<0. 001)، social functioning (P<0. 000)، quality of life، (P<0. 011) as well as general health related quality of life (P<0. 000) has a significant relationship. Considering that sleep quality are associated with health-related quality of life. Community health care providers especially nurses had to more than before attention to sleep quality in these patients.

In recent years, there are explosive photo sharing websites such as Flickr that users can upload and annotate images with arbitrary keywords called tags. Consequently users have been overwhelmed by the huge numbers of images that effective retrieval technology for this volume of images is needed. In tag-based image retrieval most existing methods use tags or visual characteristics and do not consider users information. In this paper we propose a system for tag-based image retrieval on Flickr. Base on extracted information from ternary relationships between users, images and tags in folksonomy and simultaneously visual features that extracted from images, the similarity between images and tags derive and use for tag-based image retrieval. A folksonomy can be viewed as a three-dimensional space of users, tags, and images; consequently this three-dimensional space can be projected onto three two-dimensional matrices user-tag, user-image and tag-image. We then extract Tag-Image similarity from tag-item matrix. To calculate similarity between images based on visual features we use cosine similarity between local features. To validate the effectiveness of our proposed approach on real-world web image datasets, we conduct extensive experiments on the image dataset NUS-WIDE. Since the NUS-WIDE dataset do not contain user information and only contain visual features and tag information, we use Flickr API to access users tag assignments. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that using simultaneously folksonomy and image visual features can improve results of tag-based image retrieval than using separated folksonomy information or image visual features.