mohammad babamiri

 Modeling with methods based on machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence can help understand the complex relationships between ergonomic risk factors and employee health. The aim of this study was to use ML methods to estimate the effect of individual factors, ergonomic interventions, quality of work life (QWL), and productivity on work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in the neck area of office workers.

Study Design: 

A quasi-randomized control trial.

 To measure the impact of interventions, modeling with the ML method was performed on the data of a quasi-randomized control trial. The data included the information of 311 office workers (aged 32.04±5.34). Method neighborhood component analysis (NCA) was used to measure the effect of factors affecting WMSDs, and then support vector machines (SVMs) and decision tree algorithms were utilized to classify the decrease or increase of disorders.

 Three classified models were designed according to the follow-up times of the field study, with accuracies of 86.5%, 80.3%, and 69%, respectively. These models could estimate most influencer factors with acceptable sensitivity. The main factors included age, body mass index, interventions, QWL, some subscales, and several psychological factors. Models predicted that relative absenteeism and presenteeism were not related to the outputs.

 In this study, the focus was on disorders in the neck, and the obtained models revealed that individual and management interventions can be the main factors in reducing WMSDs in the neck. Modeling with ML methods can create a new understanding of the relationships between variables affecting WMSDs.

By making new changes in the organization, organizations are looking for various innovations to maintain their level of performance in the existing competitive environment. But these frequent changes can lead to change fatigue and its negative consequences for employees. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the change fatigue and its related consequences in health care providers.

The present study is a cross-sectional study conducted in health centers in western Iran. In this study, 803 people were selected using the available method. In this study, the change fatigue scale, Parker and Decotis’ job stress questionnaire, Ruth and Field’s job satisfaction questionnaire, Maslash and Jackson’s burnout questionnaire, turnover intention questionnaire, and standard questionnaire of organizational commitment of Mowday et al. are used. All analyzes were performed using SPSS23 and AMOS18 software.

The results of the present study showed that with the increase of change fatigue, the intention to leave, stress and burnout increased significantly and job satisfaction decreased significantly; however, there was no significant relationship between change fatigue and organizational commitment. Also, a significant relationship was observed between marital status, age, work experience, type of employment, type of job and education with change fatigue.

In environments that are associated with rapid and continuous changes, it is important to consider the change fatigue and its consequences because it can increase job stress, burnout, reducing job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and provide a basis for leaving the job.

In work environments, job stress is the main factor that can break the control of employees and provide the context for the occurrence of aggression in employees. For this reason, this study investigated the role of the effort-reward imbalance model in the occurrence of bullying in the workplace.

This study was descriptive-analytical in nature. In this research, to measure the variables, two self-report questionnaires, the effort-reward imbalance scale and the negative actions questionnaire, were used.  The research population was employees of one of the process industries, and 202 people were included in the study using the census method. Analyses were performed using SPSS 18 software, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and linear regression.

 The total number of participants in the study was 202. The average age and work experience of the participants in this study were 40.13±9.32 and 15.9±9.50 years, respectively. Among the participants, 72.8% were male and 86.1% were married. In terms of educational status, 10.9% had an associate's degree, 81.2% had a bachelor's degree, and the rest had a master's degree or higher. About three-fourths of the people were officially employed, and the rest were working on a contract basis. Based on the results of the multivariate regression model, among the variables investigated in this study, effort-reward imbalance and extreme commitment were able to significantly predict the changes in the bullying score (P<0.001).

Employees who feel imbalanced between inputs and outputs in the job, as well as employees who have the characteristic of extreme commitment, are more likely to engage in negative behaviors in the form of bullying in the workplace.

Today, white-collar workers endure a variety of job stress. These factors can cause musculoskeletal problems, threaten aspects of occupational health, and reduce productivity. This study aimed to examine the effect of ergonomic training interventions on the musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), job contents, work-life quality, and productivity in knowledge-based companies.

This study was conducted using quasi-randomized control trial method in 2019-2020. Four groups were included in the study: Ergonomics training, management training, combined interventions, and control group. The participants included 311 office workers who were randomly divided into four groups. Outcome measures were measured in follow-up periods. Repeated-measure ANOVAs was employed to analyze the results.

Interventions performed on neck (P=0.001), right shoulder (P=0.001), left shoulder (P=0.002), and right upper extremity (P<0.025) were associated with significant improvements in MSDs. The interventions significantly increased the control and social support (P=0.001), though they did not affect the psychological demands. The quality of work-life increased significantly in the first month of follow-up, but the long-term trend showed a decline.

Combined interventions significantly increased absolute presenteeism. Simultaneous implementation of individual and managerial ergonomics revealed a greater impact on reducing MSDs and a broader impact on job content and presenteeism.

Strategic planning aligns organizations’ resources to achieve their mission and long-term objectives and goals. At the moment, a comprehensive strategic plan in the field of Ergonomics is one of the academic and industrial priorities in Iran to achieve a superior scientific position and ultimately meet the real needs of society. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a strategic plan for Ergonomics from 2021 to 2025.

This study was conducted using a participatory action research strategy in 2021. In this regard, the strategic planning committee consisting of 18 professors, specialists, and Ph.D. students in the Ergonomics and occupational health engineering fields was formed. The committee evaluated the internal and external environment of the Ergonomics using a strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) matrix and a researcher-developed checklist through several regular weekly sessions. Then, general and specific goals, and possible measures to achieve the goals were identified.

According to SWOT analysis, Ergonomics major is in the “hold and maintain” position which consisted of organizational architecture, quality management, market management, and cost management. In the proposed action plan, a total of 57 specific goals in six areas were extracted including education, research, specialized services in ergonomics, improving faculty member/employees/students’ satisfaction, and improving community satisfaction with ergonomic services. To achieve these goals, 124 related actions were also predicted.

Achieving Ergonomics major perspective will be possible by using the goals identified in this study, the proper implementation of the predicted objective-specific measures, planning to reach the maximum use of the opportunities, and minimizing challenges due to the major weaknesses.

Bus drivers are exposed to harmful agents such as noise and vibration which may led to increasing the level of job stress among them. The aim of this study was to evaluation of job stress among urban bus drivers with respect to daily noise and vibration exposures.

This cross-sectional study carried out with participation of 103 urban bus drivers in Hamadan, 2020. The drivers' exposure to noise and vibration were measured using Svan 104 and Svan 106, respectively. The job stress was measured through Phillippe L. Rice questionnaire. Data analysis preformed using SPSS 24 and the significant levels of 0.05.

The mean exposure of drivers with noise was 79.50±3.51 dB. Their exposure with whole body vibrations (WBV) and hand-arm vibrations (HAV) were 0.62±0.16 and 0.44±0.06 m/s2, respectively. Most drivers (87.4 percent) had sever job stress. A significant positive correlation was observed between noise and job stress; whereas, there was no significant correlation between WBV and HAV with job stress. 

Regarding high prevalence of severe job stress among bus drivers and the positive correlation between noise and job stress, it is highly recommended that the noise exposure were subside through periodic services and maintenance as well as applying new buses instead of the old ones.

 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its consequences may impact individuals’ mental health.

 The present study aimed to investigate the psychological status of individuals during the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran following the government’s social distancing plan.

 Data from 1,524 people were collected using a cross-sectional web-based survey via social media. Demographic variables and psychological status were evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire, Stress Response Inventory, and Brunel Mood Scale.

 Individuals reported that their mental health functioning decreased during the pandemic. Four factors were associated with increased stress: (1) fear of getting sick; (2) indefinite quarantine duration; (3) impaired daily activities; and (4) reduced social communication. One-third of the participants reported physical symptoms (32.7%), 47% anxiety, 72% social dysfunction, and 28.3% depression. Approximately half of the participants (52.2%) reported mental health disorder symptoms. Detrimental mental health characteristics were higher among females, younger people, and single people.

 Health policies should be implemented to help reduce the psychological burden during and after the Iranian government’s Social Distancing Plan, especially among females, single people, and younger people.

Affinity for Technology Interaction (ATI) refers to the users’ tendency to actively interact with a digital system. ATI is a personal characteristic affecting many aspects of human-technology interaction. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ATI scale.

The Persian version of the scale was developed in accordance with the forward-backward translation approach. The construct validity of the scale was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The correlation of the scale with the Big-five personality traits, need for cognition (NFC), age, gender, and field of study was also investigated.

In contrast to the original scale, the Persian ATI had two components, confirmed by the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The first component contained eight items and the second contained one item, item 3. So, this item was removed from the scale. The 8-item scale demonstrated excellent reliability (coefficient=0.90). The Persian ATI was not significantly correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism (p>0.05). In contrast, it was significantly correlated with openness to experience (0.175, p<0.01) and NFC (0.36, p<0.01). The Persian ATI score for men was higher than for women. Various age groups were not significantly different in terms of the Persian ATI score.

In contrast to the original version, the Persian version of ATI is composed of eight items. Other characteristics, including unidimensionality and correlation with other personality traits, are similar to the original version.

 Risk-taking has an influential role in accident occurrence or prevention. Hence, having a valid tool to evaluate workers for risk-taking is necessary. Risk-taking has been intensely studied in the field of psychology and neuroscience, leading to the development of several questionnaires and software.

 In the present study, a new questionnaire was developed and validated based on the conceptual model to assess risk-taking behavior in people working in operator control rooms in industrial settings.

 Questions were selected from well-known psychological scales based on a conceptual model, followed by approving its face validity and conducting exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Afterward, some models were computed with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Bayesian structural equation modeling (BSEM). The questionnaire was completed by 208 males who worked in the control room of some industries in Markazi province, Iran, in 2021. Test-retest reliability was done by 42 participants at a three-month interval.

 One factor and 12 items were suggested by EFA. The model was accepted based on the results of Operator Control Room Risk-taking Questionnaire (ORTQ) goodness of fit CFA (χ2/df = 1.89, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.90, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.09, and P < 0.001). The correlation coefficient (P < 0.001) between risk-taking and impulsivity was 0.65. However, it was 0.69 between venturesomeness and risk-taking and 0.58 between impulsivity and venturesomeness. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 for ORTQ test-retest reliability. Operator Control Room Risk-taking Questionnaire was confirmed to have a better leave-one-out cross-validation information criterion (LOOIC) based on BSEM rather than Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis (BCFA).

 Operator Control Room Risk-taking Questionnaire is a valid and reliable questionnaire that can be used as a screening tool for risk-taking traits in workers before enrolment.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been prolonged and healthcare workers have become exhausted. The purpose of this study was to investigate burnout and its relationship with mental health in COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers.

This cross-sectional study was carried out in all hospitals where patients with COVID-19 were admitted in Hamedan, Iran. With the census method and considering the inclusion criteria, 924 COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers participated in this study. Data were collected using a web-based survey consisting of demographic characteristics, GHQ-28, and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 14.

The results showed that the main cause of concern and stress in employees was that it was not clear how long this situation would continue. The results regarding burnout and mental health showed that 29.33% of participants were high in emotional exhaustion (EE), 10.93% were high in depersonalization (DP), 34.31% were low in personal accomplishment (PA), 50.4% had physical symptoms, 50.2% had anxiety and insomnia symptoms, 62.2% had social dysfunction and 17.5% had depression symptoms. The results of the multivariate logistic regression showed that EE had the greatest role in reducing mental health of employees with OR = 6.92 for moderate EE and OR = 39.42 for high EE (P < 0.001).

COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers are at risk for burnout and poor mental health. Health policies should be implemented to help reduce burnout in healthcare workers. Also, person-directed and organizational-directed interventions to rejuvenate these employees seem necessary.

 Nowadays, counterproductive behaviors have become a common and costly position for many organizations, and Managers of organizations are always looking for a suitable and practical solution to reduce this type of behavior in their organization. Due to the importance of the subject, the present study aims to investigate the imbalance of effort and reward as a predictor of counterproductive behaviors.

 The present study is a cross-sectional study. The target population was all nurses working in hospitals in Hamadan, and according to the simple random sampling method, 320 people were selected as the research sample. The tools used in this study were the Imbalance of Effort-Reward questionnaire and the counterproductive questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation method using SPSS18.

 The results showed that the effort-reward imbalance model at a significance level of 0.05 is able to predict individual counterproductive behaviors in nurses (P = 0.036). Among the studied variables, the reward variable is able to predict individual counterproductive behaviors (β = -0.179 and P = 0.006) and organizational (β=-0.171 and P = 0.009) and the over-commitment variable is able to predict individual counterproductive behaviors. (β= 0.145 and P = 0.05). According to the results, the effort-reward imbalance model could not predict organizational counterproductive behaviors.

 Based on the results, it can be concluded that job stress is an important factor in creating Counterproductive behaviors in personnel and the components of the model used in this study can be used to reduce the incidence of these behaviors among nurses.

Recent evidence indicates that lighting can affect physiological and neurobehavioral human functions, referred to as non-image forming (NIF) effects of lighteffects. This study aimed to determine the effects of illumination levels and correlated color temperature (CCT) on alertness and performance under NIF conditions.

In this study, 22 participants were exposed to light at various levels of illumination, including very low illuminance (<5 lux, control) and light conditions with correlated color temperatures (CCT) of 4000 K, 8000 K, and 12000 K at 300 and 500 lux. The data collection process included recording the power of brainwaves (alpha, alpha-theta, beta, and theta), sleepiness and mood scales, and cognitive performance tests for sustained attention, psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), working memory, and inhibitory capacity.

The results indicated that 500 lux light conditions at correlated color temperatures of 8000 and 12000K significantly reduced normalized alpha, alpha-theta power, subjective sleepiness, and performance compared to the dim light condition. Under illumination levels of 300 and 500 lux, there were no significant differences in the measured values of the variables.

Lighting interventions can be used as a supplement to other strategies for increasing alertness and performance in the workplace.

Exposure to hand-arm vibration is a common physical harmful factor. Floating jobs and working in small boats are among the jobs that people are always exposed to a high level of vibration and noise. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects caused by vibration on the drivers of military speedboats.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study. In this study, 52 drivers of military speedboats were selected as the case group and 27 as the control group. In this study, demographic variables questionnaire, DASH questionnaire and grip strength test (grip and pinch) of fingers and hands were used. All analyzes were performed using SPSS software version 23.

The results showed that the symptoms of vibration disorders in the case group are more than the control group. The case group, due to their higher score, is in a worse situation in terms of inability to arm, shoulder and hand compared to the control group. The mean grip strength of hands and fingers in both hands was lower in the case group than in the control group. There is a statistically significant relationship between the grip strength of the case and control groups.

Physical function is reduced in people exposed to vibration. Dash score level and grip strength can be used as a predictor of reduced physical disability.

The sudden emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may lead to anxiety due to this disease among hospital staff. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the anxiety caused by COVID-19 and its relationship with burnout among hospital staff.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on the staff of a hospital located in Zahedan, Iran, in May 2020. The subjects (n=353) were entered into the study using the census sampling method and inclusion criteria and completed a three-part questionnaire containing demographic and occupational information, Corona Disease Anxiety Scale, and Maslach Burnout Inventory. The collected data were analyzed in Stata software (version 14).

Based on the results, more than half of the samples were females. Most cases were married and within the age range of 20-30 years. The prevalence of severe anxiety was reported to be 11.9% and 23.2%, 7.4%, and 57.5% of the subjects showed job burnout respectively in the components of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal inadequacy. It was also revealed that there was a significant relationship between anxiety caused by COVID-19 and burnout.

It was found that there was a significant relationship between corona-caused anxiety and job burnout. According to the high prevalence of such disorders, it is suggested that more attention be paid to hospital staff due to their special role in the treatment of Covid-19.

Noise is known as an intruder in job environments and has non-hearing effects. The impact of noise on cognitive functions depends on the type of noise and the dose of noise exposure. This study aims to investigate the effect of noise exposure on cognitive functions and sleep quality.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 169 workers in three metal, chemical, and food industries in Hamedan in 1399. A continuous performance test was used to evaluate cognitive functions. The Petersburg questionnaire assessed participantchr('39')s sleep quality. Using SVAN 971 analyzer and TES dosimeter, the level of noise exposure and the dominant frequency was measured. Data were also analyzed using linear and multiple regression in SPSS software (version 16).

There is a significant difference in the level of noise exposure with changes in cognitive functions and sleep quality in the present study (P<0.001). The results of linear regression showed that there is a significant relationship between cognitive function and the level of exposure to sound (P<0.001). After identifying and determining the input variables, using multiple regression, an appropriate model was developed to predict sleep quality and sustained attention in the face of noise.

Based on the results of this study, predictive models with the appropriate coefficient of determination can be good models for assessing the quality of sleep and attention of people in the face of noise, which can be implemented and measured in a shorter time.

Hospital personnel are exposed to anesthetic gases in various parts of health centers such as operating rooms and recovery rooms. Exposure to anesthetic gases can have serious effects on a personchr('39')s physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of demographic variables on the prevalence of neurotoxic symptoms in operating room personnel.

This was a cross-sectional study. Participants included 404 operating room personnel in western Iran. Euroquest questionnaire and demographic checklist were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation at the significant level of 0.05.

The results of this study showed that the rate of neurotoxic symptoms in men was more than women and this difference was statistically significant but there was no significant difference between single and married employees and morning work and turnover in neurotoxic symptoms. Also, there was no significant correlation between age and experience of the subjects with neurotoxic symptoms.

Symptoms were higher in some demographic groups, so it is recommended to use appropriate training programs or management techniques such as job rotation in operating room personnel.

The prevalence of hypertension (HTN) among Iranian taxi drivers has not been well defined. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HTN and to identify factors influencing its prevalence among Iranian taxi drivers in 2018.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on a total sample of 321 taxi drivers in Kermanshah province in 2018. The participants were classified into two groups, including the HTN group (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90) and the non-HTN group (SBP < 140 or DBP < 90). A self-administrated questionnaire, including questions about demographic information, medical history, and work-related factors was employed to collect data.

According to the observations, 59.8% of the participants (192/321) suffered from HTN. According to the adjusted logistic regression model and the per one unit increase, there was significantly higher odds of HTN for age (odds ratio [OR] =1.04 and 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.02, 1.06) and work history (OR=1.08 and 95% CI=1.03, 1.13); in contrast, there was a lower risk of HTN for sleep duration (OR=0.83 and 95% CI=0.69, 0.99) and Work Days Per Week (WDPW) (OR=0.73 and 95% CI=0.57, 0.94). In the categorical analysis, a significantly higher risk of HTN was observed in the drivers with age ≥ 45, work history ≥ 5, Work Hours Per Day (WHPD) >10, WDPW ≤ 6, married, and poor economic status ≤ a 2-million Toman income per month.

This study introduces taxi drivers as a high-risk HTN group in the society. Hence, they should be informed of HTN risk factors and undergo regular checkups.

The high prevalence and also multiple consequences of addiction to various online content, including online games and social networks, have become a major challenge. The ability to predict musculoskeletal disorders from this addiction can help reveal in students' health status in the near future. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this addiction and the ability to predict neck pain from this matter in students. Study Design: A cross sectional study.

This study was carried out among 665 students. Data collection was performed through three questionnaires on problematic use of online games, social networking addiction, and Nordic musculoskeletal disorders. Data were compared with Chi-square and independent T-test, and the logistic regression model was then presented at a significant level of 0.05. Finally, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Discriminant analysis were conducted to clarify associations.

The prevalence of Internet-related content addiction was 32.8%. The results showed that addiction to social networks and online games can increase the risk of neck disorder. Also 0.58 area under ROC curve depicted the ability to predict neck pain from this addiction.

In students with internet - related content addiction, neck disorder can be predicted. Given the high prevalence of internet addiction in students, it is essential to take immediate and appropriate interventions to avoid the associated adverse effects such as neck problems.

Finding social causes of a particular disease or specific health problem in groups or hidden illnesses, such as drug misuse is difficult. To estimate the population size, it should be taken into account that under enumeration usually occurs in direct estimation of population of certain high-risk groups. The present study used indirect methods to accurately estimate the population of students who have once experienced marijuana abuse.

This cross sectional research was conducted on 461 students in Hamadan. Two indirect methods, the Network Scale-up (NSU) and proxy respondent method (PRM), were used. Data were analyzed by statistical tests and SPSS version 16 and Excel.              

The mean age (standard deviation) was 22.51 (4.19 years), and the prevalence of marijuana misuse was 1.94%, 4.12%, and 2.6%, respectively, in girls and 14.57%, 12.58%, and 10.4% in boys using NSU, PRM, and direct method.

Direct and NSU methods had higher bias than PRM, the frequency of PRM was closer to reality, and the once use prevalence of marijuana was higher in the young male population than in the female.

 Sudden and unexpected death on one hand, and the crucial decision over organ donation on the other hand, can severely affect the mental health status of the family members of brain death patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological health status of the family members of the patients with brain death and organ donators.

 In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the target population included all immediate family members of the patients with brain death who had agreed on organ donation. For this purpose, 50 individuals were selected as the sample of the study based on available sampling method. The instruments used in this study were the Mental Health Questionnaire, Beck Depression and Anxiety Questionnaire and Grief Experience Questionnaire.

The results showed that the level of grief and anxiety of the participants was moderate (52% and 38%, respectively). Most of the participants (50%) experienced moderate depression. In terms of general health, half of the subjects were reported to have poor or very poor health indices. The findings also showed that there is a positively significant relationship between the scores of grief and anxiety and depression (p < 0.001).

Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that people who have given consent to organ donation are not in good psychological conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that the psychology team provide psychological programs to those family members in order to improve their psychological conditions.

Combined exposure to noise and temperature can affect the neurophysiological responses of the office staff. The present study was done to investigate the impacts of combined exposure to noise and low air temperature on physiological responses and environmental comfort.

In this experimental study, the studied population included the students who were randomly selected from Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in June 2018. This study was conducted on 24 students who were exposed to ten different conditions set by a combination of low air temperatures of 14, 18, and 22  and noise levels of 55, 65 and 75 dB in a climate chamber. The duration of each session was 55 minutes. Physiological parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, finger skin temperature, galvanic skin response, and respiration rate were measured before and after exposure. Thermal sensation and thermal comfort votes were measured using ISO 10551 standard. Sensitivity to noise was also measured using ISO15666 standard scales for noise annoyance.

Within the range of the studied temperature and noise, the effect size of reducing air temperature on physiological responses was higher than the effect size of increasing noise (P <0.05). By reducing air temperature, noise annoyance reported worse and also the thermal perceptions were affected by increasing noise at cold air temperature (P <0.05). The mean changes of galvanic skin response, respiration rate, heart rate, and noise annoyance when exposed to irrelevant speech have increased as compared with the fan noise and these changes were statistically significant (P <0.05).

The finding of this study showed that the decrease in air temperature compared with the increase of noise led to a more increasing in subjects' physiological responses. Moreover, temperature affected the score of noise annoyance and thermal perceptions were influenced by noise. Also, exposure to irrelevant speech in offices is very effective for employees' comfort.

Violence among adolescents is a global public health concern. There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of anti-bullying interventions in Iran. Weaimed to examine the effectiveness of social cognitive theory (SCT)-based intervention on reducing bullying and victimization in elementary school students. Study design: A randomized controlled trial.

Eight elementary schools (consisted of 280 students in 5th and 6th grade) from deprived and semi-deprived areas of Kermanshah (west of Iran) were randomly assigned to intervention and control group from 2018 to 2019. Anti-bullying training content appropriate for SCT and sociocultural characteristics were provided to the intervention group including students, parents, teachers and school staff. The measures included SCT constructs, bullying, victimization, and social competence of students.

At baseline participants of two groups were homogenous in terms of demographic factors except for the type of living with the parent (P=0.040) and outcome variables including SCT constructs and bullying behaviors. The interventions significantly improved SCT constructs, reduced bullying and victimization and increased social competence in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.001). The difference between outcome expectations in both groups was not significant (P=0.137).

Interventions based on sociocultural characteristics and focuses on SCT theory reduce bullying and victimization behavior. Given the effectiveness and feasibility of these interventions, this theory can be effective to break the bullying cycle and improve social competence.

Environmental factors are interrelated, and human comfort is a complex state that is under the influence of all these factors perceived by a person. We aimed to investigate the effects of noise on human cognitive performance and thermal perception under different air temperatures. Study design: An experimental study.

This study was conducted on 24 volunteers (12 males and 12 females) aged 18-30 yr old. All the experiments were carried out in a climate chamber located in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The subjects were exposed to ten different conditions set by a combination of three different air temperatures (14, 18, and 22 °C), three different noise levels (55, 65 and 75 dBA), and one irrelevant speech level in the climate chamber. The n-back, CPT, and PVT tests were employed to evaluate different aspects of cognitive performance. Thermal comfort and thermal sensation were measured with subjective questionnaires.

With increasing noise under different air temperatures, working memory (P=0.001), sustained attention (P=0.001), and simple reaction time (P=0.001) were significantly disturbed. The combined effects of noise and low air temperature on working memory, sustained attention, and reaction time were higher than the effect of each of them individually. As compared with air temperature, noise has a larger effect on working memory, sustained attention, and reaction time in the test configurations.

The cognitive performance effects from noise has one veto power over these effects from low air temperature. Speech sound had more negative effects on subjects’ cognitive functions than the typical noise caused by office equipment. The subjective thermal perceptions were also influenced by noise at lower air temperatures.

With respect to this fact that trust in supervisor could result in positive organizational consequences, the goal of this research was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital, perceived interactional justice and supervisor support with trust in supervisor.

The study design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical sample (250) was all nurses that work in Hamadan hospitals and selected by simple random sampling. The research tools included psychological capital questionnaire, interactional justice questionnaire, supervisor support and trust in supervisor questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS v.19 with significance set at p ≤0.05.

The results showed that there is significant positive relationship between psychological capital and perceived interactional justice with trust to supervisor (p=0.01), but there is not significant relationship between supervisor support and trust to supervisor (p>0.05).

The results indicate that the dimensions of psychological capital, perception of justice, and supervisor support can build trust in the supervisor. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to the variables mentioned in order to build trust in the supervisor.

Aggression is the most significant psychopathological risk factor. It is a multifaceted construct and can affect students’ social, mental and physical health. The present study was conducted to investigate factors associated with aggression among elementary school girls and boys using the theoretical framework of Social Cognitive Theory in Kermanshah city, Iran. The cross-sectional study was conducted on 900 students, including 445 girls and 455 boys, 563 parents and 104 elementary school teachers in the fourth, fifth and sixth educational grades in Kermanshah city in 2018. The proportionate stratified random sampling was used. The Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument (APRI) was used to measure aggression. To measure the variables of social cognitive theory, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. Data
analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics via the SPSS software. It was showed that 29% and 10% of the students had moderate and high levels of aggression, respectively. Also, 30.6% of them were moderate victims and 45.6% were intense victims. Self-efficacy (p less than 0.001), perceived social norms (p=0.011), observational learning (p less than 0.001), outcome expectations (p=0.027), outcome expectancies (p=0.028) and perceived situational (p less than 0.001) were reported as the significant predictors of aggressive behaviors in the students based on the Social Cognitive Theory constructs. In total, they explained for 37.3% of changes in aggressive behaviors. Parents’ knowledge (p=0.005), parents’ attitude (p=0.012), teachers’ attitude (p less than 0.001), and teachers’ self-efficacy (p=0.021) had statistically significant relationships with aggression in the students. Aggression among children and adolescents is getting alarmingly prevalent. The Social Cognitive Theory is the appropriate framework for the prediction of aggression behaviors in children and adolescents. Therefore, designing and implementing educational interventions based on this theory can help with the management of aggression in children and adolescents.