فهرست مطالب mohammad hassan raznahan

The Constitutional Revolution shook the foundations of the authoritarian system and some traditional traditions of the society Traditions that have been preserved unchanged for centuries and have been nurtured by political and religious agents.According to the author, the constitutional period,1285-1357,entered the cultural and social arenas rather than changing political institutions.One of these changes was the departure of women from the home environment and the demand for equal rights based on new ideas.The formation of women's free press and their activism created a favorable environment for women's development.The ZabaneZanan magazine was one of the most prestigious,fanatical newspapers in the field of women,which played a prominent role in the awakening of women during the three periods of publication from the Qajar period to the second Pahlavi.The purpose of this article is analyze newspaper data in relation to the social and political status of women,such as the need for education,the evolution of social,political and economic participation and legal activities in this era.This study aims to categorize and analyze women's social and cultural demands among the articles and speeches of the Zabane zanan magazine through descriptive and analytical methods and library studies.Women's rights activists sought the right to equal education compared to men,presence in the political and economic arena,improving health conditions and providing a general model of the role and importance of the mother in the family.trying to express the achievements of women in other societies,they tried to make Iranian women aware of their position and make them aware of their rights.

One of the noteworthy issues of Western tourists who have been in Iran, is how Georgians become Muslim, especially during and after the Safavid era. Most of these tourists have described Georgians as unstable and weak in their religion and consider their converting to Islam to be expedient and for benefits. From the viewpoint of Western tourists, Georgians at that time longed for a return to Christianity. However, the results of this study show that Georgians living in Iran during the reign of Shah Abbas I, especially Georgians migrating to different regions such as Isfahan and Mazandaran, contrary to this claim, were mainly from the weak class of Georgia and were not happy with the Christianity as the religion of the upper class and the rulers of Georgia. They have chosen Islam at the right time and, contrary to the claims of some Western tourists, have been steadfast in their new religion and specifically the Shiite religion, and in the long run have been a source of valuable services. Although in some cases there has been a return to Islam (due to the class differences in Georgia), it has been mainly related to some of the elders and relatives of the Georgian rulers who were forced to stay in Iran for some reason and rarely changed their religion according to their interests.

In the Nasir Al-Din Shah era the Iranian government took an assertive role in relation to Bahrain issue and openly corresponded with the belligerent states and political campaigns while in secret other options and strategies were being mulled. This research is predicated upon a manuscript pertaining to 1852 the text of which is annexed to the article. The findings of this research suggest that some Nasiri agents had devised strategic and logistics plans to counter the crisis in Bahrain and other coterminous territories under Iran’s influence in the Persian Gulf. One of these strategies was the establishment of a powerful naval fleet and direct maritime encounter. However, the findings suggest that the dual policy pursued by Nasir Al-D in Shah on the one hand, and the dysfunctional bureaucracy, as a result of the demise of Amir Kabir on the other hand, and more importantly Iran’s military engagements on its eastern borders (modern day Afghanistan) drove the strategies proposed in the said text towards failure.

Dargazin was one of the politically and culturally significant regions of Iran in the past, and its historical monuments and mounds shows the importance of this area. Why was Dargazin important in the post-Islamic era and what was the role of the routes in the formation of settlements and the cultural development of this region? To answer these questions, the present article looks for the historical background of the routes, and its role in the expansion of the settlements, and the cultural growth of Dargazin in the post-Islamic era. The geographic location of Dargazin (being on the side of the main roads), having fertile and flat lands, and being at the skirts of the Kharaqan mountains (which is a geopolitical advantage), developed this area, as a transit point for commercial caravans and the residence of several groups of people. At the present time, Dargazin locates on the side of the roads to Zanjan, Markazi, and Qazvin provinces, and in the past, the two main branches of the Silk Road surrounded it from east and west. The study shows that most of the habitats of this area have been located along these routes.

Maelstroms are powerful and violent whirlpools in the sea, sucking in objects such as ships within a given radius. Not only most of the geographers mentioned the maelstroms, but also cartographers mapped them, to protect sailors from being drawn into them. One of the most recognized maelstroms in the Persian Gulf is Fam al-asad or Kām-e šīr, which means the mouth of lion. Kām-e šīr or Dahān-e šīr, which is used frequently in ancient poetry and prose, is sometimes referred to as Fam al-asad. It seems that merely the surface meaning of "Kām-e šīr" (the mouth of lion) is focused on in interpretations; hence, the accurate understanding of these expressions can alter the interpretation of the texts and maps. The present paper describes the name of Fam al-asad or Kām-e šīr and other maelstroms in the old texts, and analyses the history of them with the help of some instances.

During Fath-Ali Shah Qajardynasty, a city called Sultan Abad was established by Yusef Khan Gorgi in Ajam of Iraq. Given its strategic, military, and economic significance, the city began to flourish and turned into one of the significant cities. Sultan Abad was established in the course of time when there was political and military rivalry between the royal dynasties and families claiming the throne (Zand and Qajar); with the aim of maintaining security of the capital and extending central power and domination to regions under the influence of tribes and nomads of Iraq. Nonetheless, the factor which led to the expansion and prosperity of the city was the attention of the central government and foreign companies to this city which turned it to one of the economic centers of the region. The present study through reviewing main sources and references—particularly travel-writing manuscripts—seeks to clarify the role of Qajar Kings’ policies in the growth and improvement of urbanism in Arak, the reasons why foreign companies paid attention to it, and the subsequent outcomes.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of the religious factors in Iran’s Safavid military efficiency. The findings of this study suggest that the military efficiency was positively affected by some religious figures like “Sadr” and “judge” as well as clergy men even in some informal activities. Safavid religious concerns in war and peace had a great impact on military efficiency. The effective use of religious symbols in wars as well as the participation of clergies and leading the battles by religious scholars was among the religious efficiency factors in military. Whenever Safavid were aware of this powerful potential and put it forward, the military morale was in the zenith. Otherwise in case of negligence or underestimating the religious figures, they were doomed to the failure.

The main goal of this paper is to study and analyze the contexts and reasons of the Khans of Khwarezm and Marv to give asylum to the Safavid Government and to analyze the impacts of these asylums on the relations of the Safavid Government with the Uzbeks. The findings of this research showes that in this period, some Khans of Khwarezm and Marv as the result of the expansionist policy of the Uzbek sultans, worried about their lives and with the hope of finding ally and regain their power, turned to the court of Iran. Shāh, Abbās I took the advantage of this opportunity and by intervention in the internal conflicts of Uzbek rulers, succeeded to restore the sovereignty and influence of Iran in the eastern borders and Khorasan. This policy of Shāh ‘Abbās to use the opportunities for the establishment of friendly relationship with Arabshahi Uzbek Emirs of Khwarezm region played an significant role in reducing the next Shaybanid Uzbeks invasions of Iran.

The Ottoman Emirate, one of the several emirates in Anatolia, underwent dramatic developments in the course of change into an Islamic empire and consolidated and maintained its power. This course of change was influenced by two factors. One of the important factors of consolidating and preserving Ottoman Sultan's power was the special attention given to dervishes and Sufi orders, especially Baktashid order, and their use of power. Baktashid order, which is attributed to Hajj Baktash Wali, is one of the important and influential orders in the history of the Ottoman Empire and its origin traces back to the Asia Minor in the seventh century. This order which came to existence on the basis of Babaiyyeh movement influenced the Ottoman Sultans through building relations with Janissary military organization and played a key role in the political and religious developments of the Ottoman Empire over several centuries. Therefore, the present paper tries to study the reasons behind the special attention given by Ottoman Sultan's to Sufi orders, especially Baktashid order, the origin of its formation, and how it entered into and effected the political and religious relations of the Ottoman Empire.