mohammad reza batavani

Despite careful control of environmental factors, there is a wide variety of interpersonal muscle-induced muscle damage. Genetic changes can also be important in determining susceptibility to injury. Weightlifting is one of the most successful Iranian sports teams in Olympics; so, the aim of this study was the investigation of the relationship between ACE I/D gene polymorphism rs4646994 and incidence and severity of sport injuries in Iranian male elite weightlifters.

The study was cross-sectional research that conducted in 2022. The statistical population consisted of male elite weightlifters from Isfahan consisting of 31 athletes who all were investigated as sample. A questionnaire was used to collect the injuries data. Saliva samples were taken from all subjects and DNA was extracted and genotyped by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real time-PCR). Chi-square and regression tests were used to analyze the data. Significance level was also considered at P < 0.05.

There was a significant difference in the incidence of injuries in different genotypes. ID genotype (59.4%) had the highest incidence of injury in compare with DD (23.2%) and II (17.4%) genotypes (χ2 = 21.47, P = 0.001). Also, there was a significant difference in the severity of injuries in different genotypes (χ2 =15.59, P = 0.049); but there was no relationship between genotype and incidence and the severity of sports injuries in selected Iranian elite male weightlifters (P = 0.715).

The results showed differences in the incidence and severity of sport injuries in different genotypes, hence it would be important in the prediction injury risk in weightlifters.

The α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene plays a key role in muscle signaling pathways and sarcomere contraction. Iranian weightlifters are among the most successful world and Olympic champions. Therefore, the present study was performed to compare the genetic profile of the single-nucleotide polymorphism of the ACTN3 gene in elite Iranian male weightlifters vs. non-athletes.

This cross-sectional study was of a qualitative-quantitative type. Subjects included 30 volunteer elite male weightlifters, including all of Iran’s premier league, members of the national team, Olympic, world, and Asian champions of Isfahan province, with a mean age of 21.77 ± 7.11, the height of 179.87 ± 6.98, and the weight of 96.87 ± 22.73 (Mean ± SD) versus 30 volunteers available healthy non-athletes who were the same in age, height, and weight as weightlifters. After completing the consent form and physical health measurement questionnaire, participants’ saliva samples were collected, and DNA was extracted accordingly. Genotypes were determined after performing the polymerase chain reaction via the Tetra-Arms method and electrophoresis. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 20) and the chi-square test (P < 0.05).

The prevalence of the RR genotype in selected weightlifters (56.7%) was significantly higher than that of other genotypes (χ2 = 13.40, P = 0.03). There was a significant difference in ACTN3 R/X genotype distribution (P = 0.039, χ2 = 6.48) between weightlifters and non-athletes.

A higher prevalence of the RR genotype of the ACTN3 gene in selected elite male weightlifters versus non-athletes can be likely considered for selecting genetically predisposed individuals.

One of the major energy systems for power performance in muscles is glycolysis that is regulated by the levels of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1), which acts as a transcription factor in response to hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to compare the HIF1 gene polymorphism (rs11549465) between elite and amateur power karate-kas versus non-athletes.

In this survey, the C/T polymorphism allelic and genotypic distribution of the “HIF1 rs11549465” gene was detected in 550 healthy Iranian persons who were divided into three groups: elite karate-kas (86 males and 86 females) and amateur karate-kas (100 males and 72 females) versus 206 non-athletes (100 males and 106 females).  5 cc blood was taken for DNA extraction and the HIF1 gene T/C polymorphism was determined by PCR from the extracted DNA. Also, RFLP analyses was exerted by electrophoresis separation. Statistical analyses included Chi-Square and multinomial regression tests and data with P < 0.05 were considered to be a significant amount.

The distribution of HIF1 C/T genotype in the groups was significantly different in all of subjects (TC: 25.6%; TT: 11.4% and CC: 63%) (χ2 = 99.889, P = 0.0001), but it was not different between the groups significantly (P > 0.05). Furthermore, multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the genotype of HIF1 was not related to the karate-ka's athletic status.

In Iranian population, the HIF1 gene C/T polymorphism is not related to the karate-ka athletic status.

The genetic status of athletes plays a significant role in their success. Considering the importance of NRF2 gene polymorphism in aerobic capacity as one of the success factors of athletes, the purpose of this research Comparison of NRF2 gene polymorphism rs12594956 in elite and amateur karate-kas vs. non-athletes. Blood samples were collected in tubes, after DNA extraction, PCR for determining the type of A/C polymorphisms by preparation of primers, samples were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel using RFLP method via MfeI enzyme. To analyze the data, simple ANOVA, chi-square and logistic regression used in SPSS version 21 software. The significance level was also determined at p<0.05.

The results showed that there was significant within-group difference in distribution of A/C in amateur groups (χ2=8.667, P=0.013) and non-athletes (χ2=6.494, P=0.039). While this distribution did not show a significant difference between all 3 groups (χ2=3.121, P=0.528). Also, in elite athletes, compared to non-athletes, frequency of A/A is higher than C/C: with a coefficient of 1.049, and frequency of A/C is higher than C/C with a coefficient of 0.918 was less. In the case of amateur athletes, the frequency of A/A compared to C/C with a factor of 1.701 times that of non-athletes and the frequency of A/C compared to C/C with a factor of 1.312 times It was more in amateur athletes than non-athletes.

The results of the present research show the high previlance of genotypes related to the lower function of the NRF2 gene for the aerobic energy supply system.

Obesity is a condition known to disrupt the homeostasis of inflammatory markers. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of combined endurance-resistance training with garlic supplement on the serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-6 and IL-10 in inactive overweight boys.

This study was conducted on 46 healthy inactive volunteer male (mean age: 19.51±1.88 years, weight: 77.05±7.07 kg, height: (164.25 ± 6.53 cm) were randomly divided into 4 groups: training-placebo, supplement, training- supplement and placebo. The groups daily consumed 250 mg of garlic. The training groups also performed three sessions per week for 8 weeks. Serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured using ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using correlated t-test and ANCOVA. The significant level was set at P<0.05.

In the examination of the post-test between the groups, there was a significant difference between interleukin 10 levels (P=0.002, F=5.92), but no significant difference was found in the concentrations of interleukin-6 and hs-CRP (P=0/15, F=1.86; P=0.27, F=1.22). The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that interleukin 10 levels were significantly different in the training -placebo groups with placebo (P=0.023) and supplement with placebo (P=0.003). In examining the post-test levels between the 3 groups, no significant difference was found in any of the investigated variables (P= 0.078, F=2.72; P= 0.15, F=1.86; P=0.27, F=1.22) (IL-10, IL-6 and hs-CRP variables, respectively).

The improvement of hs-CRP, IL-6 and IL-10 by performing combined training alone or with the consumption of garlic probably indicates the necessity of performing trainings in interventions to improve selected inflammatory indicators.

Introduction:

 The aim of present study was the comparison and the investigation of the association of incidence and severity of exercise-induced injuries among various genotypes of ACTN3 in Iranian male elite weightlifters.

Materials and Methods:

 In this quasi-experimental study, 30 elite male weightlifters participated. Fuller et al. (2006) Sports Injury Registration Questionnaire was used for data collection. After DNA extraction via using saliva samples of individuals, to assess the genotypes, PCR, electrophoresis and finally Tetra ARMs were performed. Kruskal-Wallis test via SPSS version 21 was used to compare the incidence and severity of different injuries among different genotypes of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism rs1815739 (α=0.05).

Results:

 There is a significant difference among different genotypes in the severity of muscle spasm, rupture, and strain injuries in elite Iranian male weightlifters (P<0.05) (higher severity of injuries in CT and TT genotypes). In contrast, no significant difference was observed among different genotypes in the percentage of frequency of various sports injuries in different parts of the body and the severity of other sports injuries in elite Iranian male weightlifters(P>0.05).

Conclusion:

 Candidate weightlifters with the CC genotype of the ACTN3 gene may be more resistant to exercise-induced muscle injuries in strength and power sports such as weightlifting, which may increase their chances of success in these sports (in contrast to athletes with TT and CT genotype). These results can be useful in identifying people who are prone to success or providing more specific training programs for people prone to injury in sports such as weightlifting.

The search to identify genetic differences affecting athletic performance has become a challenge recently. Iranian weightlifters and karate-kas are the champions of Olympics. Therefore, the aim of study was the comparison of ACE gene single nucleotide polymorphism (rs4646994) profile in Iranian elite karate-kas and weightlifters.

The current analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on elite weightlifters (30 people), karateka (47 people) and non-athletes (43 people). After completing the demographic form and checking the health condition and signing the written consent form by the participants, 5 ml of saliva samples were collected from the participants. ACE genotypes were determined using PCR technique and electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel. The data analyses were done with statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance and Chi-square. In all comparisons, a significance level was considered less than 0.05.

The results of our study showed that the percentage of prevalence of D allele in the groups of weightlifters, karate practitioners and non-athletes is 58.3, 73.4 and 65.1, respectively. It was also found that the ID genotype was significantly more common in the elite weightlifting and non-athlete groups and the DD genotype was significantly more common in the elite karate group (P>0.05). In the comparison between karate and weightlifting groups, it was also found that there is a significant difference in the distribution of genotypes (χ2 = 7.471, P = 0.024).

In the study of ACE I / D gene, ID genotype was the most common in the weightlifting group and DD genotype was the most common in the karate group, which is probably a helpful result for those interested in sports talent to choose and participate in one of these two disciplines.

Genetic factors affect physical performance, exercise response, as well as elite athletic status; Therefore, the aim of the present study was the investigation of the Frequency and association of SNP rs 8111989 in CKMM A/G gene in weightlifting men with non-athlete men.

In this descriptive study, the subjects were include of all (n=30) elite male weightlifters (league champions, members of national team, and the champions of Asian, world and Olympics) from Isfahan province, age: 21.77±7.11; Height: 179.87±6.98 and weight: 96.87±22.73 (mean±standard deviation) Which compared with 44 non-athletes with similar anthropometric (age, height and weight) characteristics. 4 cc saliva samples were collected from each subject and After DNA extraction, the allelic and genotypic prevalence of CKMM A/G gene was determined by PCR via RFLP and electrophoresis. Independent t-test, chi-square and logistic regression were used to analyze the data via the SPSS software version 20. Also the significance level was considered at P<0.05.

The results showed that the prevalence of AG genotype was significantly higher than AA and GG genotypes in weightlifting, non-athlete and total population groups (P <0.05). Also, there was no significant relationship between CKMM A/G genotype and weightlifting status and there was no significant difference between weightlifters and non-athletes (P >0.05).

The results showed that the selected Iranian weightlifter, which belongs to the Caucasian race group, has potential genetics in endurance abilities as well as strength / power, likely.

In addiction field, there is more attention on men than women, while women are more vulnerable to addiction. Because of the importance of women in the family foundation, we decided to investigate this subject.

This study aims at the effect of 8-weeks of combined training with methadone on cardiovascular inflammatory markers fibrinogen and CRP on addicted women.

This study accomplished as a semi-experimental research. 24 addicted women were randomly selected as samples from Zahedan Mohabbat addiction Camp that divided in two groups of methadone (N= 11) and methadone/ exercise (N= 13) by the same variables such as age, BMI, type and duration of drug withdrawal. The protocol of combined exercise was included of aerobic added to strength training; also methadone was taken according to the camp instructions, too. Blood sampling, pre and post 8 weeks exercise were directly collected from anterior veins of samples and the levels of plasma fibrinogen and CRP were measured in lab. To compares of the pre and post tests means for each group as well as both groups, paired and independent t-test via SPSS software version 24 were used, respectively. Statistical significant level was considered P<0.05.

The results showed that CRP values in both groups decreased significantly (methadone: P<0.05, T=-2.21 and methadone/ exercise P<0.05, T=-2.63). Also, plasma fibrinogen values in both groups increased significantly (methadone: P<0.05, T=5.03 and methadone/ exercise: P<0.05, T=4.21). Also, there were no significant difference between post-test’s levels of CRP and fibrinogen between methods (P>0.05).

It has suggested that the method of methadone/ exercise might be used as such as methadone method by the same results on plasma fibrinogen levels and CRP for withdrawal addiction women

Vaspin is an adipokine secreted from fatty tissues that has serious effects on adipose tissues, muscles, liver, and inflammation.

The study aimed at determining the effects of 8 weeks of combined training (resistance and endurance) on the serum vaspin level in obese girls.

The examinees consisted of 25 obese female students (BMI> 30) from Sistan-Baluchestan University in 2016-17 academic years who voluntarily participated in the research. Samples were divided randomly into two groups: Training (n = 13) and Control (n = 12). Combined training group had both resistance training (5 stations of foot press, Lat pulldown, biceps curl, knee flexion and knee extension for 75-70 minutes) and; endurance was running on the treadmill; in the 2 first weeks, with 60% HRmax for 25 minutes, in the 3-6 th weeks with 75-65% HRmax for 35 minutes, and in the 6-8 th weeks with 75 -85% HRmax for 40 minutes, continuously, for 3sessions each week. Also 10 minutes at the beginning and at the end of the training were warm up and cool down for athletes. It should be noted that during this period the control group did not participate in any kind of sports activities. After receiving the consent forms, the examinees were given enough information regarding the research procedure and their blood samples were obtained in a standard position, collected in pipes containing EDTA, and centrifuged 24 and 48 hours before and after the first and last training sessions, respectively. The obtained plasmas were kept at -80 °C and their serum vaspin concentrations were measured by ELISA method using the special Human Vaspin kit. To analyze the data, the paired and independent t-test and SPSS-21 Software were performed; the meaningfulness level p was considered to be less than 0.05 (p < 0.05).

Results showed that after 8 weeks of combined training, the vaspin levels, weight, BMI, WHR, and %BF decreased meaningfully in the training Group compared to the control Group (P <0.05).

considering the meaningful vaspin reduction in this study, it seems that combined training (resistance and endurance) is beneficial to obese and overweighed people.

Human athletic performance is an enormously complex multifactorial phenomenon, and is affected by numerous intrinsic (genetics) and extrinsic factors (e.g., training, nutrition). Total genotype score is a new model that was developed as a favorable polygenic profile in the elite athlete group, so the aim of this survey was the comparison of total genotype score of power/ strength responsible ACE, HIF1α and IGF1 polymorphisms of elite, amateur karate-kas vs. non-athletes.

 This survey was done on 252 healthy Isfahanian subjects aged 27.2 ± 7.4 years including 124 males and 128 females sub-divided into elite (N= 80); amateur (N= 86) vs. non-athlete (N= 86 people with the same anthropometric characteristic by elite and amateur corps) groups. The amount of 5cc blood from brachiocephalic vein was taken in tubes including EDTA, then DNA was extracted using a modified salting-out method; polymorphisms were determined by PCR; and the restriction fragment lengths of the products were analyzed by electrophoretic separation, so TGS was calculated finally. Non–parametric Chi-Square and one-way ANOVA by using the SPSS software were used to assess the statistical differences. The level of significance was considered at P <0.05.

Genotyping analyses indicated that in elite karate-ka, an increase in DD frequency was observed (63.0%) compared to non-athlete (41.0%) and amateur Karate-ka groups, significantly (14.7%) (χ2=14.430; P=0.011); but genotype distribution of HIF1α (χ2=2.746, P=0.60) and IGF1 (χ2=1.549, P=0.81) weren’t significantly different.  In addition, the mean of TGS of elite karate-kas (69.85) was higher than amateur Karate-kas (64.40) and non-athlete (63.37), but it wasn’t significant (F=1.66, P=0.08). 

Results have proved that the ACE is a sensitive polymorphism tool to differentiate elite from amateur karate-kas. Additionally, the use of TGS hadn’t been revealed in survey because karate has the multifactorial demands to for success likely; so, the genetic talent needs to be checked by a variety of polymorphisms in different geographical zones, too.

Trampoline rebound is one of the recent interesting exercises. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of trampoline rebound exercises on cardiovascular indices, body mass index, and lipid profile of obese and overweight women.

The statistical population of the present quasi-experimental study consisted of 20 obese and overweight women in Zahedan ( (BMI) ≤27.5 kg/m2), and randomly assigned to two groups of exercise (n=10) and control (n=10). The subjects participated in four 90-min sessions of rebound trampoline exercises for six weeks using a trampoline mat. Physiological, BMI, and lipid parameters were measured in two stages of pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using independent and dependent t-test, as well as an ANCOVA test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The results demonstrated a significant decrease in post-test values ​​of LDL (from 92.90±1.52 to 73.10±3.81), cholesterol (from 182.10±1.96 to 166.30±6.32), triglyceride (from 108.30±1.33 to 95.30±5.35), and body mass index (29.44±1.07 to 27.38±1.02), as well as a significant increase in HDL (from 59.60±2.75 to 77.00± 3.09) and Vo2max (from 45.50±1.31 to 57.80±1.31) in posttest of the training group, compared to their pre-test (P<0.05). Furthermore, there were the same changes in these parameters in the exercise group, compared to the post-test values ​​of the control group (P<0.05).

As evidenced by the results of this study, six weeks of trampoline rebound training had beneficial effects on controlling lipid profile, cardiovascular indices, and body mass index of obese and overweight women. This training protocol is suggested to improve these indicators in the same groups with obesity and overweight, especially for the variety of exercises.

Imbalance is one of the common problems in overweight people; disproportionate exercise may increase the risk of injury in these people. Trampoline exercises are one of the highly safe exercises; therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of six weeks of trampoline training on balance and leg muscle strength in obese and overweight women.

For this semi-experimental pre-post study the target population were all 16-23 years old inactive, obese or overweight women (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2) living in Zahedan city in 1401 among which 20 volunteers met inclusion criteria and were divided into equal experimental and control groups.They were evaluated by static, and dynamic balance and quadriceps strength tests. The experimental group took part in trampoline exercises for 6 weeks, 4 sessions per week. 1.5 hours per session; 48 hours after the last exercise session, a post-test was taken from both groups in the same conditions as the pre-test stage. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t tests, independent t tests and ANCOVA tests at significance level 0.05.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the pre- and post-test results of the experimental group in static balance (P = 0.12), although dynamic balance (P=0.04) and quadriceps muscle strength (P = 0.03) significantly improved. Also, between-group comparison revealed no significant difference in static balance (P = 0.10); the experimental group showed significantly better  values of dynamic balance (P = 0.03) and quadriceps muscle strength (P = 0.04) v.s. the control group.

it seems that trampoline exercises increased dynamic balance and strength of quadriceps muscles in obese and overweight women.

The ACE gene encodes the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is characterized by the presence of allele I or the absence of allele D of a 287-bp fragment. The D allele is associated with higher ACE activity and increased angiotensin II levels and performance in strength-oriented exercise tasks. This study aimed to compare the genetic profile of rs4646994 single nucleotide polymorphism of the ACE gene in the elite male weightlifters and non-athletes.

In total, 30 elite male weightlifters (league, country, national team, Asian, world, and Olympic champions) living in Isfahan province along with 43 healthy non-athlete volunteers who were matched in age, height, and weight to the elite group formed the subjects of the study. After completing the consent form, saliva samples were collected from the participants, and after DNA extraction, ACE genotypes were determined using PCR-RLFP and electrophoresis techniques. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test, chi-square, and logistic regression in SPSS software (version 20).
(Ethic code: 7993)

The results showed that the prevalence of D allele in elite weightlifters and non-athletes was significantly higher than allele I in their groups (P<0.05). Moreover, in the genotyping distribution, D/I was most common both in the study population (7.50%), as well as weightlifters (7.56%) and non-athletes (5.46%). However, there was no significant difference in the elite weightlifters and non-athletes regarding the distribution of D/I ACE genotyping (χ2=0/31).

The study showed a positive relationship between Iranian elite weightlifters and the ACE D allele, which probably distinguishes it as one of the effective genetic factors in creating a strength phenotype of Iranian weightlifters.

The fibroblast growth factor 21 is a protein that is involved in regulating glucose and fat metabolism. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 and insulin resistance in overweight young men.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 overweight young men (BMI<25 kg /m2) were purposefully selected and randomly divided to control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups. The experimental group performed ten repetitions of one-minute aerobic exercise (treadmill, elliptical trainer, or stationary bike) with an intensity of 80-75% of the target heart rate with one-minute active intermittent rest periods with an intensity of 35-40% of the heart rate for 8 weeks, 4 sessions per week. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and insulin resistance were measured 24 hours before starting the program and 48 hours after the last training session. Intragroup and Intergroup changes were analyzed using dependent and independent t-test, respectively.

Serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 indicated a significant increase (t=6.94, P= 0.031) compared to that of the control group after 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training, but insulin resistance significantly decreased (t=5.81, P=0.008).

High-intensity interval training for 8 weeks can be prescribed as an optimal exercise protocol to increase serum fibroblast growth factor 21 and reduce insulin resistance in overweight young men.

Karate is one of the most popular contact martial arts with the a high risk of physiological injuries. Hence, the aim of this study was the comparison of the immune system parameters in elite and amateur karate-ka versus non-athletes.

This study comprised of a descriptive survey employing 387 healthy volunteers in Isfahan aged 27.2 ± 7.4 years (mean ± sd). According to the athletic qualification and weekly training sessions, subjects were divided into the elite group include of the world or international karate champions (men: N=65; women: N=64); and the amateur group includes of black belt karate-ka without transnational champions (men: N=75; women: N=54). Non-athletes were chosen with the same anthropometric characteristics but without any regular exercises (men: N=71; women: N=58). For ethical considerations, participants were informed about the processes of the survey. After receiving their written consent and completing a biographical questionnaire, all volunteers were instructed to fast at a given time and the amount of 5cc blood samples from the brachiocephalic vein was received in tubes containing anticoagulants of EDTA. The blood samples were analyzed for CBC tests for the incidence of leukocytes via the NBT method by Sysmex. One-way ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests were used to analyses the data by the SPSS software version 22 and the significant level was considered at P <0.05.

The results showed that there were no significant statistical differences between the parameters of immune system (neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and white blood cells) in elite and amateur groups (P >0.05). However, these parameters belonging to elite group as well as amateur group (excluding white blood cells) were significantly lower non-athletes (P <0.05).

The results showed that the immune system of athletes who were active in karate-ka competitions, may be impaired, therefore the proper interventions for preventing them from viral and infectious diseases are recommended

In addiction field, there is more attention on men than women, while women are more vulnerable to addiction. Because of the importance of women in the family foundation, we decided to investigate this subject.

This study aims at the effect of 8-weeks of combined training with methadone on cardiovascular inflammatory markers fibrinogen and CRP on addicted women.

This study accomplished as a semi-experimental research. 24 addicted women were randomly selected as samples from Zahedan Mohabbat addiction Camp that divided in two groups of methadone (N= 11) and methadone/ exercise (N= 13) by the same variables such as age, BMI, type and duration of drug withdrawal. The protocol of combined exercise was included of aerobic added to strength training; also methadone was taken according to the camp instructions, too. Blood sampling, pre and post 8 weeks exercise were directly collected from anterior veins of samples and the levels of plasma fibrinogen and CRP were measured in lab. To compares of the pre and post tests means for each group as well as both groups, paired and independent t-test via SPSS software version 24 were used, respectively. Statistical significant level was considered .

The results showed that CRP values in both groups decreased significantly (methadone: P<0.05, T=-2.21 and methadone/ exercise P<0.05, T=-2.63). Also, plasma fibrinogen values in both groups increased significantly (methadone: P<0.05, T=5.03 and methadone/ exercise: P<0.05, T=4.21). Also, there were no significant difference between post-test’s levels of CRP and fibrinogen between methods (P>0.05).

It has suggested that the method of methadone/ exercise might be used as such as methadone method by the same results on plasma fibrinogen levels and CRP for withdrawal addiction women.

Due to the increase in the rate of addiction among women; and the importance of the role of parenting and managing for women at home, the importance of health is felt in this stratum by the community and one of the most affecting factors on health is regular exercise. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the 8-weeks combined exercise with methadone on liver enzymes (including: ALT, AST, ALP) in withdrawal addiction females. This semi-experimental study was done at Zahedan addiction Camp on 43 available addicted women divided two groups of methadone (N: 20) and methadone with exercise (N: 23), randomly by the same variables such as age, type and duration of drug withdrawal and body mass index. Levels of liver enzymes were assessed by blood sampling before and after 8-weeks. To compares the means between two groups on the same continuous, independent t-test and to compare two means were from same group (pre test vs. post test) paired t-test via SPSS software version 24 were used. Statistical significant level P was taken to be less than 0.05 (P<0.05). Results showed that the levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) in both groups decreased; which one except ALP in methadone with combined exercise group (T=-1.701, P=0.117) all of them were significant (P<0.05). Also, independent t-test showed no significant difference between post-test’s levels of AST, ALT, ALP enzymes between methods (P>0.05). This was a good pilot study upon which it might want to use a more robust study by the bigger sample size to detect more and various findings and from the new technological aspects it suggests that combination exercise (aerobic + strength training) could be a new useful way to use with consuming methadone at withdrawal addiction females probably, too.

Vaspin is an adipokine secreted from fatty tissues that has serious effects on adipose tissues, muscles, liver, and inflammation.

The study aimed at determining the effects of 8 weeks of combined training (resistance and endurance) on the serum vaspin level in obese girls.

The examinees consisted of 25 obese female students (BMI> 30) from Sistan-Baluchestan University in 2016-17 academic years who voluntarily participated in the research. Samples were divided randomly into two groups: Training (n = 13) and Control (n = 12). Combined training group had both resistance training (5 stations of foot press, Lat pulldown, biceps curl, knee flexion and knee extension for 75-70 minutes) and; endurance was running on the treadmill; in the 2 first weeks, with 60% HRmax for 25 minutes, in the 3-6 th weeks with 75-65% HRmax for 35 minutes, and in the 6-8 th weeks with 75 -85% HRmax for 40 minutes, continuously, for 3sessions each week. Also 10 minutes at the beginning and at the end of the training were warm up and cool down for athletes. It should be noted that during this period the control group did not participate in any kind of sports activities. After receiving the consent forms, the examinees were given enough information regarding the research procedure and their blood samples were obtained in a standard position, collected in pipes containing EDTA, and centrifuged 24 and 48 hours before and after the first and last training sessions, respectively. The obtained plasmas were kept at -80 °C and their serum vaspin concentrations were measured by ELISA method using the special Human Vaspin kit. To analyze the data, the paired and independent t-test and SPSS-21 Software were performed; the meaningfulness level p was considered to be less than 0.05 (p < 0.05).

Results showed that after 8 weeks of combined training, the vaspin levels, weight, BMI, WHR, and %BF decreased meaningfully in the training Group compared to the control Group (P <0.05).

considering the meaningful vaspin reduction in this study, it seems that combined training (resistance and endurance) is beneficial to obese and overweighed people.

Genetic variation between individuals may include single nucleotide polymorphisms. These individual differences could change human phenotypes (such as skeletal structure, heart and lung size). Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a critical factor in growth and exercise-associated muscle development. In this study we analyzed the frequency of IGF-I rs35767 polymorphism in karate-Kas athletes to find whether there is a difference among professional, amateur athletes and non- Karate-Kas.  

Two hundred and fifty-four athletes (95 professional Karate-Kas, and 159 amateur Karate-Kas) and 159 non-athletic healthy individuals participated in the current study. Following provision of informed consent, 2 mL of blood samples were taken. After DNA isolation, the genotyping frequencies of the IGF-I gene C/T polymorphism was assessed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Statistical analyses carried out using SPSS software (version 20) and data with P<0.05 were considered to be significant.

Frequency of T/T and C/T genotypes in comparison to C/C genotype was increased in professional Karate-Kas and amateur Karate-Kas versus to control volunteer (odd ratio > 1) however, was not significant. Odd ratios of T/T and T/C genotypes compared to C/C in professional group versus controls were 1.125 (95%CI: 0.556 - 2.275) and 1.034 (0.538 - 1.984), respectively. Also, odd ratio of T/T and T/C in amateur group versus controls were 1.002 (0.535 - 1.876) and 1.256 (0.715 - 2.205), respectively.

The IGF-I gene C/T polymorphism is not significantly associated with the physical performance´s levels of karate-kas athletes in Iranian population.