فهرست مطالب mohammadali gholami sefidkouhi

Studying air pollution distribution and factors is crucial for control. The research focused on analyzing air pollution distribution and its correlation with climatic variables in Mazandaran Province from 2018 to 2022 using Remote Sensing. Air pollution distribution analyzed with TROPOMI sensor in Google Earth Engine system. Air pollution change point analyzed with Petit's homogeneity test. Additionally, Pearson's correlation test was utilized to assess the correlation among variables. Spatial analysis of air pollution showed that the highest amount of air pollution in the period of 2018-2022 was in the east of Mazandaran and at altitudes of 0-500 m. The test results showed that the concentrations of CO, O3, and SO2 gases had a significant downward trend in some months. However, the average NO2 gas in October 2020 has been significant at the level of 5%. The seasonal air pollution concentration with NO2 gas is higher in winter and autumn. The highest concentration of O3 is in winter and spring. However, the highest concentration of SO2 is related to winter and autumn. The number of sunshine hours with a correlation coefficient between 0.5 and 0.8 has been the most effective climate component on air pollution. Meteorological factors impact temporal-spatial dispersion directly, indirectly.

This study aims to investigate the drivers and scenarios of urban environmental resilience in the cities of Kurdistan Province, Iran, employing the Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) approach in conjunction with Mic Mac and Scenario Wizard software tools. The research utilizes a descriptive-analytical technique, incorporating quantitative methodologies such as the snowball and Delphi approaches. A non-random targeted sampling method was employed to select a statistical sample of 60 experts with executive and academic expertise in urban environmental sustainability, whose opinions were gathered at various stages of the research. To ensure robust findings, the study assessed literacy levels, systemic perspectives, worldviews, and alternative metaphors related to environmental resilience within the study area. A 30x30 matrix was employed to evaluate different scenarios related to the research variables, using elite panels and supplementary questionnaires that included impact rating options (0 to P). The study identified key drivers and 16 influential descriptors, leading to the development of probable scenarios (-3 to +3) across four categories: desirable, acceptable, crisis, and disaster. Based on these findings, recommendations were formulated to enhance the environmental resilience of cities in Kurdistan Province. 

The Water Productivity (WP) of the Darbasti Irrigation System (DIS) was evaluated in Alfalfa cultivation in the Markazi Province. The evaluation included three patterns of sprinkler placement: 8x8 meter (SS-88), 8x10 meter (SS-810), and 8x12 meter (SS-812). The Distribution Uniformity (DU), Coefficient of Uniformity (CU), Application Efficiency of Low Quarter (AELQ), and WP were determined in the years 2018 and 2019, after the third (HA-3), fourth (HA-4), and fifth (HA-5) yield harvests. The results showed that the average CU in the SS-88 pattern was 84.76% in the first year and 86.34% in the second year. This pattern had the highest CU compared to the other two patterns. The DU in SS-88, SS-810, and SS-812 patterns in the first and second year was 77.3%, 79.31%, and 75.38%, 77.66%, and 70.11%, 70.88%, respectively. These results indicate very good, good, and relatively good performance in each of the patterns, respectively. Moreover, there was a significant difference at the one percent level in the AELQ between the first and second year for all three patterns. The results showed a significant difference at the level of one percent between the SS-812 model and the other two models. The WP of alfalfa was 1.84 kg/m3, 1.87 kg/m3, and 2.28 kg/m3 for SS-88, SS-810, and SS-812 patterns, respectively, in the first year. In the second year, this index was 2.43 kg/m3, 2.3 kg/m3, and 2.4 kg/m3 for the same patterns, respectively. Generally, the SS-810 pattern of sprinkler placement is a suitable choice based on performance indicators.

The increase in the human population and the growth in water consumption on one hand, and the rise in sewage production on the other hand, have led to the expansion of environmental pollution threats. The objectives of the present study include launching a pilot project for the localization of knowledge in the design of artificial wetlands in accordance with the quantitative and qualitative conditions of domestic sewage in Iran (specifically, the dormitory of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in Sari) and investigating the possibility of replacing wetland systems with conventional domestic sewage treatment systems in the country.

This study was conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in Sari, involving the construction of six artificial wetlands, each with a length of 3 meters, width of 2 meters, and a height of 1.5 meters, using reinforced concrete. One of the ponds was excluded from the system due to leakage. Inside the ponds, artificial filters at different depths (1 meter: d1 and 1 meter and 30 centimeters: d2) and plant filters (Phragmites australis: p1 and Arundo donax: p2) were filled and planted. D10 and the coefficient of unifo rmity (CU) of the substrate materials were obtained as 2 millimeters and 3.625, respectively, from the grain size analysis. The hydraulic conductivity and porosity of the substrate were 2.523 cm/s and 39.2%, respectively. The specific surface area (SSA) of the substrate materials was calculated as 1.336 m²/kg (2245 m²/m³ of substrate materials). The effluent from the septic tank of the dormitory's baffled septic tank was injected onto the beds after a settling and dilution stage using a pump. In the initial loading, the beds were submerged below the surface, and a three-day retention time was allowed for the first sampling. Quality parameters of the wastewater, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), fecal coliform (FC), and total coliform (TC), were monitored to assess the performance of the treatment system.

Although the injected wastewater was diluted up to 25%, a significant removal efficiency of 51 to 55, 41 to 79, 74 to 89, 70 to 95.3, and 78 to 95 percent was achieved for BOD, COD, TSS, FC, and TC, respectively, in different treatments. Among the treatments, the weakest performance was associated with treatment P1D2, while the best purification performance was observed in treatment P2D1. This indicates the dominance of the physical characteristics of the systems at the beginning of the startup period on the purification performance. However, the initial performance of the treatment system was very promising and the removal of some parameters such as TSS and FC was at the average level of a full-fledged wetland treatment system.

This wastewater treatment technology is recommended for all managers and experts in the country's wastewater industry, especially in rural areas with inexpensive land and a population of fewer than 5000 people. These conditions encompass all towns, universities, military barracks, and military facilities as well.

Wildfires are one of the critical environmental issues that cause financial and human losses. This harmful phenomenon endangers the lives of humans and creatures and is one of the factors of global warming. Its quick detection is a key element in controlling such a phenomenon. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the trend of active vegetation fire spots and its relationship with climatic variables using satellite data in Mazandaran province. So, while checking the efficiency of remote sensing data, practical measures can be taken to control and monitor this destructive phenomenon in a precise location and time. Therefore, in this research, meteorological data with daily scale, Brightness temperature 31 (BRIGHT_T31), and Fire Radiative Power (FRP) of MODIS sensors were used in the period from 2001 to 2022. The results showed that the most occurrences of vegetation fires were in the east of Mazandaran in the altitude classes of 0-500 meters and the lowest frequency was related to the altitude classes of 2500-5600 meters. Most of the vegetation fire incidents occurred in the hot and dry months of the year in the eastern strip of Mazandaran. The Petit homogeneity test was used to check the change point of fire. The results of the Petit homogeneity test presented the trend change point in an upward direction in July 2011 for the BRIGHT_T31 profile at the 95% confidence level. Spearman's non-parametric test was used to investigate the correlation between climatic parameters and the number of fires. Correlation results showed a significant relationship between climate parameters with a daily scale (Temperature, Precipitation, Relative Humidity, Sunshine Hours) and FRP and BRIGHT_T31 profiles at the 90% confidence level. So, temperature has been the most effective meteorological component of forest fires. As a result, fire events are strongly related to weather conditions.

Considering the crisis of water resources and spatial distribution of fertile lands, in order to reduce water consumption and increase food security, it is necessary to use a suitable cultivation model. The purpose of this research is to achieve a suitable cultivation pattern using the method of determining virtual water exchanges in Kurdistan province. The data of this research during the 10-year statistical period (1389 to 1398) in Kurdistan province includes information on the cultivated area and yield of 22 garden crops, irrigation information, meteorological data, population, per capita consumption of food products and their prices, which are calculated in Microsoft Excel ( 2021) has been accepted. The indices related to water requirement values, total virtual water, green virtual water, blue virtual water and virtual water balance were calculated for all selected products. In addition, the lack of attention to the spatial distribution of horticultural crops increased the average virtual water by 26.75 cubic meters per kilogram in Kurdistan province. Virtual water includes 97.4% of the total virtual water for all products investigated in the province, which shows the dependence of the agricultural sector on irrigation in the region. In general, by adopting three indicators of total virtual water, unit value of water and the ratio of required water to available virtual water among the horticultural crops examined, the most suitable cultivation pattern for Kurdistan province in order of priorities is horticultural crops such as seed crops, cold-season crops It is dry, nucleated and grainy. Based on the results of this research, it is suggested to the provincial managers related to the issue that in order to reduce the pressure on the water resources of Kurdistan province and virtual water exchanges, instead of paying attention to the seeded and seeded

Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of fresh water worldwide. Therefore, finding a suitable alternative for the use of fresh water in agriculture can be a key solution to future water crisis issues. Application of saline water by using appropriate methods can be an option for irrigating salt-tolerant plants. One of these methods may be magnetizing irrigation water. In the present study, to investigate the effect of magnetized water on the fresh and dry weight, as well as the essential oil of the medicinal plant Maryam Goli (Salvia L.), a pot experiment was conducted in an open space using a factorial design and completely randomized layout with four replications. The experimental treatments included salinity of irrigation water prepared from different concentrations of Caspian Sea water (30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% mixing with well water) and a control treatment (well water), in both magnetic and non-magnetic conditions. Due to rainfall during the growth season, at the end of the experiment, the saturation extract salinity (EC) of the soil corresponding to the control treatment and the 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% water mixtures were 3.15 (I0), 3.65 (I1), 4.55 (I2), 4.75 (I3), and 5.06 (I4) dS/m, respectively. The results showed that, in the I4 treatment, both the dry and fresh weights of the plant decreased by 40% and 25%, respectively. However, regarding the effect of magnetized water, the results indicated that in saline treatments with soil EC less than 3.65 dS/m (I0 and I1), use of magnetized water prevented a significant decrease in the weight of Maryam Goli plant shoots. Furthermore, the research results demonstrated non-significant changes in the essential oil of Maryam Goli plant due to irrigation with different salinities as well as magnetic water. Based on the results, it is recommended that irrigation management of Maryam Goli plants using magnetized saline water be carried out in such a way that the saturation extract salinity of the soil does not exceed 3.65 dS/m during the growing season.

Climate changes caused by the progress and industrialization of human societies have caused changes in the intensity and frequency of heavy precipitation and floods, which have caused irreparable damages. In order to reduce these damages, it is necessary to identify the changes in the threshold values ​​of precipitation and factors affecting it each region. Quantile regression methods are able to examine the trends not only in the median, but also in different ranges of the data series. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the seasonal trend of different amounts of precipitation and also to investigate the relationship between the climatic parameters of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, maximum relative humidity and wind speed on different amounts of precipitation in different climates of Iran.

In the first step, the daily time series of climate data including precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, minimum and maximum relative humidity and wind speed for a period of 45 years in different seasons for 5 synoptic stations of Babolsar, Shiraz, Bandar Abbas, Khorram Abad and Torbat Heydarieh were formed. In the selection of study stations, we tried to select stations with different climates and with appropriate statistical period. Then, to investigate the trend of seasonal changes of different amounts of precipitation in different quantiles (quantiles 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99) was analyzed using the quantile regression method in all study stations. In the next step, the relationship between the climatic parameters on different amounts of precipitation (low to very high amounts of precipitation) in different seasons was investigated for each of the stations using the quantile regression method. Then the results were analyzed.

The results of examining the changes trend of daily precipitation are showed that the high amounts of precipitation in the spring season in Bandar Abbas, Shiraz, and Torbat Heydarieh stations were reduced significantly, but very high amounts of precipitation (0.95 and 0.99 troughs) in the station Babolsar and Khorramabad have increased. Also, very high daily precipitation amounts in summer have decreased in Bandar Abbas station but increased in Torbat Heydarieh and Khorram Abad stations, significantly. While in the winter season, different amounts of precipitation in all seasons have a decreasing trend and there was only a significant positive slope in very high amounts of precipitation (slope of 0.99) in Babolsar station. In the investigation of the parameters affecting the extreme precipitation, the results showed that the amount of impact on the occurrence of heavy rainfall was relatively higher than low to median rainfall. The parameters of minimum temperature, minimum humidity, maximum humidity and wind speed have a positive effect and the maximum temperature parameter has a negative effect on heavy rainfall in different seasons and stations.The highest positive effect coefficients were in spring for wind speed in Babolsar (1.8), in summer for wind speed in Babolsar (3.8), minimum and maximum temperature in Bandar Abbas (-4.03 and 1.53), in Autumn season for maximum humidity and wind speed in Babolsar (2.57 and 2.99) and wind speed in Khorram Abad (1.54) and in winter, for wind speed in Babolsar and Bandar Abbas (1.94 and 6. 2), and minimum temperature in Torbat Heydarieh (0.96). Also, the highest negative effect coefficients of maximum temperature were in autumn and winter seasons (-0.88 and -0.72) in Babolsar and autumn season (-0.63) in Shiraz.

The significant changes in increasing and decreasing precipitation are mostly related to the amounts of heavy precipitation, which are different in different seasons and climates. Also, the precipitation of the stations near the north and south coasts have been influenced by climatic parameters to a greater extent. In general, it can be said that flood precipitations are influenced by climatic parameters such as wind speed, humidity and temperature in order of importance and this effect is different depending on the location and time and the influence of different factors. Therefore, it is necessary to apply accurate planning for the correct use of received rainfall and optimal management in the target area using the results of such studies.

Due to the increase in population and the uncertainty of safe water supply, the use of rainwater harvesting systems has gained popularity in recent years. This research has evaluated the technical and financial feasibility of these systems in the production of packaged water at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. In the first step, daily rainfall was predicted for the period of 2022-2047 using the historical data of Dashtnaz weather station in Sari and those of the GFDL-CM3 climate model. The daily Water balance modeling and financial indicators (IRR, NPV, and B/C) were used to analyze the technical and financial aspects of the systems with catchment levels of 200, 850, and 1700 m2. Findings showed that aiming at supplying the daily requirement drinking water of the university, increasing the daily treatment capacity of this system has no effect on its performance in this area. According to the financial index, storage tanks with volumes of 8, 20, and 40 m3 are suitable for systems with catchment levels of 200, 850, and 1700 square meters, respectivel The financial indicators (IRR, NPV and B/C) were respectively 45%, 917 million Rials and 1.2 for the catchment area of 200 m2, 103%, 4768 million Rials and 1.31 for the catchment area of 850 m2, and 117%, 8918 million Rials and 1.33 for the catchment area of 1700 m2

Short-term prediction of daily plant evapotranspiration (ET) is of great importance in precision agriculture and irrigation management. In this paper, a method for short-term prediction of daily ET maps of rice is presented using satellite images and machine learning algorithms. After merging the bands of Landsat-8 and MODIS images using the STARFM method, daily ET images were produced using the METRIC algorithm and used to predict the ET maps of the following days as input to the relation vector machine (RVM) and long short-term memory (LSTM). Two scenarios were considered for prediction. In the first scenario, model is trained using image of nth day of the growth period as input, and the n+6th day's image as target. Using this configuration, the model can predict ET images at a six-day timestep. In the second scenario, the forecast was made for consecutive days up to six days.The correlation coefficient between the values obtained by RVM and the values calculated by METRIC for the first and second scenario were 0.89 and 0.84, respectively, which indicates the acceptable accuracy of these two scenarios in predicting ET. In the first scenario, R2 values for RVM and LSTM methods were 0.8 and 0.59, respectively, which shows that RVM is more accurate for evapotranspiration prediction compared to LSTM. The values of RMSE for RVM in the first and second scenarios were 0.56 and 0.82, respectively, and the values of MAE were 0.43 and 0.66, respectively, which indicates a lower error in the configuration of the first scenario.

Environmental quality and health safety assessment often require prediction of solute transport in rivers. The process of moving suspended sediment in rivers acts like contamination. In this study, the transient storage model (TSM) was used to simulate the contamination transport in dense flow conditions (with suspended sediments). OTIS-P numerical model and Temporal Moment analysis (TM) were used to solve the transient storage model (TSM) and the breakthrough curves (BTCs) were simulated. Grain material with an average diameter (D50) of 11.85 mm and the porosity (n) of 0.28 were used to create a sedimentary bed. Experiments of tracer material (NaCl) were performed in a flume with a length of 12 m, a width of 0.5 m and a height of 0.7 m applying three different flow discharges (10, 12.5 and 15 l/s). In order to create dense flow conditions, suspended sediments with initial concentrations of 187500 ppm (SC1) and 375000 ppm (SC2) were injected. Experimental results showed that the existence of suspended sediment in the stream (dense flow conditions) increased the medium residence time (MRT) of contamination in the main stream. The results of numerical solution showed that storage zone exchange coefficient (α) in dense flow conditions was 1 to 3.2 times the storage zone exchange coefficient (α) compared to clear flow conditions. The results of numerical solution showed that the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (Dx) in dense flow conditions was 2 to 7 times the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (Dx) compared to clear flow conditions. The BTCs simulated by the OTIS-P numerical model and the temporal moment analysis (TM) were highly agreement with the laboratory BTCs with the Nash-Sutcliffe index between 0.89 to 0.97 and 0.89 to 0.95.In natural rivers with high concentrations of suspended sediment, hyporheic exchanges have an important role in the transport of contamination. Therefore, the use the transient storage model (TSM) is recommended instead of the analytical solution of the advection-dispersion equation (ADE).

Roof rainwater harvesting is considered an important alternative source where contaminated surface and groundwater resources are limited or not readily available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantity and quality of water extracted from rainwater harvesting systems for drinking water production at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. To investigate the potential for rainwater harvesting within the university, one of the student dormitory buildings with a roof area of 850 m2 and a capacity of 300 students was considered. Daily rainfall data of Dasht-e Naz station in Sari in the period 2000 to 2018 were used as inputs of the water balance model to determine the appropriate volume of the rainwater storage tank. Also, in order to evaluate the quality of water collected from the roof, sampling from the roof outlet and some important physical, chemical and microbial parameters were measured. According to the results, the volume of the storage tank of 30 m3 in the dormitory with Volumetric and time reliability of 29 and 29.5 percent, respectively, was considered appropriate. The results showed that at the implementation of this system, about 309 m3 of town water consumption will be saved annually. The results also show that the direct use of collected water for drinking purposes is limited. Accordingly, according to the amount of water produced annually, it is recommended to use a UV system for disinfection and microbial purification while using a sand tank to improve physical parameters (turbidity).

Earth monitoring satellites and vegetation indices are very useful to study the plant greenness at different stages of growth. Widely paddy fields in the north of the Iran has provided the opportunity for research related to rice crops by new technologies, but cloudy sky in plant growth periods leads to remote sensing information in humid areas is less welcomed. The existence of spatial-temporal fusion algorithms has provided the opportunity and rebuilding satellite images in cloudy periods to use remote sensing data in the period of plant growth. In this study, spatial-temporal fusion algorithm were used to rebuilding the images of Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 satellites during the growing season of rice to estimate the leaf area index as a representative of vegetation health and development at different stages of growth.

To achieve the objectives of this study, images of Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 satellites were used. In the cloud period, with the help of STARFM algorithm, two satellite images were rebuilt and used to extract Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Rice Growth Vegetation Index (RGVI) and Soil Adjustment Vegetation Index (SAVI).To estimate leaf area index by satellite images, a suitable relationship was obtained between vegetation indices and rice leaf area index at different stages of growth.

Due to the cloudiness in July and the peak of greenery of the rice plant, using the STARFM algorithm to rebuild the images was very efficient. With the help of 15 images in the whole rice growth period (90 days), four linear relationships were established between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Rice Growth Vegetation Index (RGVI) and Soil Adjustment Vegetation Index (SAVI) for four stages of growth with leaf area index. The highest and lowest correlation coefficients were observed between vegetation indices and leaf area index of 0.96 for NDVI index in transplanting and maturing stage and 0.75 for RGVI index in transplanting stage, respectively. Also, the map of changes in leaf area index for both satellites during the crop growth period showed well the changes in the greenness of rice cover.

In general, it seems that by using satellite data and image rebuilding on cloudy days, it is possible to achieve the leaf area index with high accuracy and extract various information such as age and growth stage for the rice plant

Today, efficient management and optimal use of wastewater resources in agriculture play an important role in reducing environmental hazards and surface water resources. In this study, in order to Evaluation of Treated Wastewater Irrigation Effect on yield components and yield of maize (single cross 704), an experiment carry out in factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with treatments included; Water source factor (Wastewater (A1), Well water(A2)), Irrigation (subsurface method (I1) and (drip method (I2)) with three replication in 2018-2019 under lysimetric conditions, at the Sari Agriculture and Natural Resources University (SANRU). Based on the results, the effect of irrigation water source on grain yield, biological yield, biomass yield, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per row and harvest index was very significant (P≤ 0.01). So that the average of the mentioned traits in irrigation with treated wastewater was higher than well water with the values of 918.66 kg/ha, 1319.55 kg/ha, 4421.02 kg/ ha, 302.13 g, 13.66 and 81, respectively. Also, the effect of irrigation method on grain yield, biological yield, biomass yield and number of grains per row of corn was very significant (P≤ 0.01). Based on the results, the subsurface irrigation method showed Superior results than the drip irrigation method. Irrigation with wastewater provides more nutrients especially nitrogen to the plant, compared to well water, which will increase the growth of plant organs. Therefore, plant yield increases with increasing the efficiency of the plant photosynthetic system. Finally, according to the findings, the increase in yield and yield components can be attributed to the superiority of using the wastewater source in the subsurface method compared to the well water source in both irrigation methods (subsurface and drop bar tape), and recommended it as a suitable alternative in irrigation of crops, especially corn.

The crisis of water scarcity is the main reason for the reduction of crops and the lack of human food needs in the countries located in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the methods used to increase the yield and water productivity is the use of low irrigation and magnetized water technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation with magnetized water on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The present research was performed on a farm located in Aghuzbon Village, Mazandaran Province, Iran. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The control treatment included full irrigation (FI) at all stages of the plant growth with normal water (non-magnetized). The main factor included non-magnetized water (W1) and magnetized water (W2), and the sub-factor included irrigation levels (I1=100%, I2=80%, and I3= 60% of crop water requirement). For irrigation, the trickle irrigation system with tape pipes was used. The results showed that the effect of irrigation water type and irrigation level as well as their interaction on parameters of pod per plant, seed per pod, grain yield, and water use efficiency were significant (p<1%). The highest pods per plant, seed per pod and grain yield in W2I1 treatment were 13.2, 7.5, and 8.472 t. ha-1, respectively, and the highest water use efficiency was observed in the W2I3 as 3.7 kg.m-3. On average, irrigation with the magnetized water increased grain yield and water productivity by 8.6% and 8.7%, respectively, compared to the non-magnetized water treatment. Also, the effect of type of irrigation water and irrigation level on oil, oil yield, protein, protein yield and germination time had a significant effect at 1% probability level, but had no significant effect on the ripening time. Also, 20% increase in irrigation level from I3 to I2 and from I2 to I1 in non-magnetized water treatment caused increase of the grain yield by 14.5% and 18%, respectively, while in magnetized water treatment, yield increased by 14.2% and 13.6%, respectively. The fastest germination time was related to W2I2 with 10.3 days after planting. In general, it can be concluded that irrigation with magnetized water can be a good way to increase yield, improve quality characteristics, and increase water use efficiency of green pea plant.

Climate change is one of the most important issues that have affected various parts of human life in recent decades. Undoubtedly, this phenomenon will change the water resources of each basin. Therefore, estimating and predicting the future of river discharge is of great importance due to its harmful effects on the environment, economy and society. This research is aimed at checking and predicting the discharge of the river Gelevard Dam under different climatic conditions.

To this end, the HadGEM2-EM model was used under three scenarios RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Also, the IHACRES model was used to simulate surface flow for the intended periods.

The results of the annual changes in the meteorological parameters under the RCP 2.6 climate change scenario showed that the maximum increase in minimum and maximum temperatures would occur during the period 2061-2080. The greatest change in precipitation will occur during the period 2021-2040. Regarding the results of modeling using IHACRES, it was found that the correlation coefficient of the model in the calibration stage is 0.61 and in the verification stage it is 0.79. The results showed that the average river flow rate decreased by 4, 8.7, 13 and 5 percent, respectively, in the four study periods (2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080, 2081-2100).

Due to the declining trend of Neka River discharge in the coming decades, the projected targets for the Gelevard Dam for drinking water, agriculture, industry, etc. will face significant shortages.

Due to the key role of rice crops in food security and employment in Iran, access to on-time information of productivity and water productivity in paddy fields can provide important strategies for planning activities such as harvesting, storage, marketing, and management of resources and inputs. This study aimed to estimate the yield and determine water productivity of paddy fields in the north of Sari city using Landsat 8 satellite data and N type lysimeter. For this purpose, NDVI, SAVI, and RGVI indices were extracted from the images. Using these indices, a suitable regression relationship was created with rice yield. With continuous monitoring of paddy fields and installation of type N lysimeter, water consumption and evapotranspiration of rice data were measured. Finally, the study area's rice water productivity map was obtained by incorporating remote sensing data (yield) and field data (water consumption and evapotranspiration). The results showed that plant indices in the tillering stage have the highest correlation with rice crop yield, and if yield estimation using remote sensing data is considered, plant indices in tillering stage should be used. Among the plant indices, the SAVI index had the best correlation (r=0.94) with yield, and the yield map obtained from this plant index was used to prepare a water productivity map based on water consumption and rice evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration-based water productivity map provided more realistic data than water consumption-based productivity map, so the SAVI index average productivity was 0.63 kg/m3, and the average measured productivity was 0.68 kg/m3. Findings showed that remote sensing provides useful information for mapping crop yield and water productivity in paddy fields and has good potential for precision and smart agriculture.

The industrialization of human societies is one of the factors in increasing the injection of pollution into surface waters. Contamination in the river is maintained both in the water stream and in the sediment bed of the river. The hyporheic zone is the saturation zone of the riverbed, which has a very important function in the transmission of pollution. River bed-form is one of the effective factors in creating hyporheic exchanges between surface flow and sediment bed. Transient Storage Model (TSM) is one of the suitable methods in the analysis of advection and dispersion of pollution in rivers with hyporheic zone. The efficiency of the Transient Storage Model (TSM) depends on accurate estimation of the four parameters of the model (Dx, As, A and α). Previous studies have investigated the effect of bed-form on hyporheic exchanges, but the effect of these exchanges on contamination transmission has not been investigated. On the other hand, previous studies have not investigated the effect of hyporheic exchanges caused by the formation of the bed-form on the four parameters of the transient storage model (TSM). In this study, the effect of dune bed-form on the transmission of pollution was investigated. Also, the effect of dune formation on the four parameters of the transient storage model (TSM) with a numerical model (OTIS and OTIS-P) and the temporal moment approach (TM) was discussed.

Experiments of tracer material (NaCl) were performed in a flume with a length of 12 m, a width of 0.5 m and a height of 0.7 m applying four different flow discharges (5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 l/s). The experiments were performed in the range of average flow velocity (U) from 0.087 to 0.361 and in the range of Froude number (Fr) from 0.069 to 0.290. An ultrasonic flow-meter was used to measure the flow discharge in all experiments. Grain material with an average diameter (D50) of 11.85 mm and the porosity (n) of 0.28 were used to create a sedimentary bed. The first bed (WF1) with a thickness of 32 cm, a width of 0.5 m and a length of 10 m was created in the Flume. In order to investigate the effect of sediment bed thickness on contamination transmission, a second bed (WF2) with a thickness of 8 cm, a width of 0.5 m and a length of 10 m was also created. In this study, the effect of dune bed-form on the transmission of contamination was investigated by creating three dune bed-forms (D1, D2 and D3) with different wavelengths (λ) and different amplitudes (∆) in the second bed (WF2). The length of the flume was divided into three equal reaches. Two sensors were placed to measure the electrical conductivity (ec) of water in each reach aiming to monitor the concentration of contamination. A Pitot tube and an ultrasonic depth-gauge were used to measure the velocity (U) and depth (d) of water flow at each reach, respectively. The laboratory results were simulated by the OTIS-P numerical model and the four parameters of the Transient Storage Model (TSM) were estimated. OTIS-P numerical model estimates the four parameters of the Transient Storage Model (TSM) using the Nonlinear Least Squares (NLS) optimization algorithm and then simulates the breakthrough curves using the Crank-Nicolson implicit finite difference method. The parameters of the transient storage model (TSM) were estimated by optimizing the temporal moment approach (TM) relations using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method and the breakthrough curves were reproduced using these parameters in OTIS software.

The results showed that increase the thickness of the sediment bed (from 8 cm (WF2) to 32 cm (WF1)) reduces the (Dx). Hyporheic exchanges decrease with increasing d_b/d, so the amount of hyporheic exchanges in WF2 bed is more than WF1 bed. Increasing hyporheic exchanges in the WF2 bed-form reduces the amount of contamination concentration in the main flow area, so the amount of (Dx) in this bed-form increases. The results showed that increasing Froude number (Fr) increases the (Dx) in both cases of bed thickness. The results showed that the storage zone exchange coefficient (α) in WF2 bed was higher than WF1 bed. Decreasing d_b/d increases the hyporheic exchanges at the time scale (t_f^*), so the residence time of contamination in the sediment bed increases. Since the storage zone exchange coefficient (α) indicates the amount of time exchanges of contamination in hyporheic zone, so reducing the bed thickness (db) increases this parameter. The results showed that the formation of the dune bed-form does not cause an absolute increase or an absolute decrease in the longitudinal dispersion coefficients (Dx). The main channel area (A) considering the D2 bed-form case was estimated more than that in the D1 bed-form case. Therefore, increasing the wavelength of the bed-form (λ) increases the share of the main flow region area (A) in the contamination transmission. On the other hand, in the case of less exchanges of contamination with the storage zone, the share of the storage zone area (As) decreases with increasing wavelength of the bed-form (λ). The results showed that the effect of dune bed-form on changes in TSM parameters was in the range of Fr

In the present study, the efficiency of the advection-dispersion equation in simulation of the pollution transport through the Gravel-Bed Rivers with Riffle-Pool bed-form was investigated. Experiments of tracer material (NaCl) were performed in a flume with a length of 11 m, width of 0.5 m and height of 0.7 m and with a longitudinal slope of 0.006 in three flow discharges (7.5, 10 and 12.5 lit/s). Four bed-forms of Riffle-Pool with different heights and wavelengths were considered to simulate hyporheic exchanges. The laboratory results were also simulated by the OTIS numerical model. The laboratory results showed that in bedless-form flow, increasing the flow rate increases the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. The opposite of this trend was observed at the presence of bed-form due to hyporheic exchanges. Increasing the height of the bed-form increases the Reynolds number in the hyporheic zone and consequently hyporheic exchanges increase and the longitudinal dispersion coefficient increases. Simultaneous increase of flow rate and the bed-form height causes excessive increase of hyporheic exchanges. Therefore, the residence time of the pollution in the sedimentary bed area is reduced and as a result, the pollution returns to the main flow area with less temporary storage in the storage zones. Therefore, increasing the longitudinal dispersion coefficient with increasing the bed-form height in the range of high flow rates is not significant. Increasing the wavelength of the bed-form also increases the residence time of contamination in the hyporheic zone, which increases the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Increasing the flow rate reduces the role of hyporheic exchanges so that the main volume of pollution is transferred to the main flow area. Therefore, the effect of increasing the wavelength of the bed-form on the longitudinal dispersion coefficient decreases with increasing the flow rate. The comparison of laboratory results with numerical solution of OTIS model shows the high accuracy of this model in predicting the transmission of contamination.

Measuring the actual evapotranspiration rate of rice is too much important, in terms of appropriate and optimal water management of the Northern provinces in Iran. The present study aims to measure the actual evapotranspiration rate for two Shiroudi & Hashemi cultivars of rice, in Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources University’s paddy fields. For this propose, six drainage lysimeters were designed and constructed. After cultivating rice inside the designed lysimeters, the amount of precipitation, water content and deep percolation, were measured during 5-days periods. Investigation of the lysimeter results, shows difference between water requirement and also deep percolation of the two studied cultivars, in growth period (seeding to harvest steps); so that in these phases, water requirement rates was 350.81 & 396.67 millimeters and the deep percolation was 47.81 & 97.11, for the cultivars Shiroudi and Hashemi, respectively. Also the crop coefficient was obtained from the adaption of the lysimeter’s actual evapotranspiration and 14 indirect methods of reference evapotranspiration estimation, for the both cultivars. Considering the cultivar and estimating method, the crop coefficients are reported as the ranges 0.73-1.12 for the initial stage, 0.83-1.41 for the middle stage and 0.64-1.15 for the final stage. Also, the average estimation Error Percentage (PE) of the resulted crop coefficients compared to the recommended coefficients of FAO-Penmann56 method, is 11, 11 & 8 for Hashemi cultivar and 15, 23 & 16 for Shiroudi cultivar, in initial, middle and final stages respectively; which shows the necessity of extracting crop coefficients, for different cultivars under different local conditions. The obtained coefficients of the current study can be useful to calculate the water requirements of Hashemi and Shiroudi cultivars based on indirect estimation methods, for designing water projects, water delivery planning and also the irrigation and drainage networks in the research area.

Population growth, climate change and improper management, have caused a water shortage crisis in the world and especially in Iran. So it is necessary to change attitudes in irrigation management from the emphasis on production per unit area to maximize production per unit of water consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the effect of localized irrigation tape (TIP) on water productivity (CPD) and water economic productivity (NBPD) in paddy fields. The experiment was carried out as a split plot design with three replications in 2019-2020 crop year. In this experiment, the main factor was irrigation method including flood irrigation (FI) and three levels of deficit irrigation; 25, 50 and 100 cm tape space (TP25, TP50, TP100) and the sub-factor was two rice cultivars; Amir and Fajr. Results showed that the highest values ​​of CPD of water consumption and water delivery and NBPD were corresponded to TP25 irrigation treatment for both cultivars. The highest CPD of water consumption was 0.66 and 0.94 kg/m3 in Amir and Fajr cultivars, respectively, and the highest CPD of irrigation water was 0.74 and 1.07 kg/m3 in Amir and Fajr cultivars, respectively. Also, the highest NBPD in Amir and Fajr cultivars were 32107 and 40852 Rials per cubic meter, respectively. The TP25 irrigation treatment increased NBPD in Amir and Fajr cultivars 36 and 63%, respectively. Also, in average about 4500 cubic meters per hectare of water will be saved annually. Therefore, this irrigation treatment increases water productivity of water consumption and water delivery and also economic benefits in both cultivars.

In this study, the effects of climate change on runoff and SPI drought index in the Neka River basin in Mazandaran province were investigated. For this purpose, the data of the weather stations of Barikola, Pajim, Sefidchah, Glevard and Tirtash were used. Historical data of the Neka river discharge was obtained from Glevard hydrometeor Station. For this purpose, during the upcoming period (2018-2081), temperature and precipitation were simulated under three RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios for the Neka river basin. To determine the mean value of climatic parameters of rainfall and temperature, the Thiessen interpolation method was used between meteorological stations. Then drought and runoff values were calculated. The IHACRES model was used to simulate runoff. The results showed that in all three climate scenarios, drought events will increase during the upcoming periods and wet and normal periods will decrease compared to the base period. Based on the findings, during the upcoming periods, the average annual flow of the Neka River under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios decrease between 17 and 44 percent. Thus, the average annual runoff volume of the Naka River at the Glevard dam will be reduced from 95 MCM in 2014 to 53 to 78 MCM. Therefore, in order to reducing the negative effects of the drought period and also reducing the flow of the Neka River, it is necessary to planning more accurate to avoid social, environmental, economic and cultural tensions.

Greenhouse gas emissions cause warming and impacting climate components and consequently affecting water demand in agricultural sector. This study aimed to identify the impact of climate change on reference evapotranspiration in Mazandaran province. For this purpose, climatic data of Gharakheil, Babolsar, Noshahr, and Ramsar weather stations were used during 1985-2005. Meteorological data for a future period (2006-2081) were estimated using the CanEMS2 model under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios and the reference evapotranspiration was calculated using climatic data for future periods. The SVM model was used for downscaling the climatic parameters. The results showed that the maximum and minimum temperatures would increase over the coming period and the annual maximum temperatures in the selected meteorological stations under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios will be increased by 1.5, 2, and 3° C, respectively. Minimum temperatures in the selected stations under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios will be increased by 3.8, 5.7, and 5.7° C, respectively. Precipitation will also be reduced between 8 to 29 percent over the selected weather stations. The results show that the reference evapotranspiration will be increased or decrease in some months in all meteorological stations compared with the base period. The highest increase in maximum temperature under different climatic scenarios will be occured in March between 1.4 to 6.4° C at Babolsar Meteorological Station, and the highest increase in minimum temperature under different climatic scenarios will be occured between 3.8 to 5.7° C in February at the Gharakheil Meteorological Station. The results showed that the highest and lowest percentages of reference evapotranspiration changes would occur in October and March, respectively. Evaluation of the reference evapotranspiration at the selected stations shows that the percentage of evapotranspiration variations in different months varies between -16.1 to 25.7% and the highest increase and decrease in reference evapotranspiration will occur in Ramsar and Gharakheil stations, respectively.

Nitrate is a major contaminant that is extensively found in water resources in many countries, leading to environmental problems. In this study, a batch system was used to study the removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions by micro and nanoparticles of beech leaves. After the preparation and modification of adsorbents, the effect of soluble pH, contact time, and dosage of adsorbent on nitrate adsorption were investigated. Kinetic and isotherm adsorption models were used to study the adsorption process. The results showed that the optimum pH and adsorbent dosage for nitrate removal by micro and nanoadsorbent of beech leaves were 3 and 10 g/L, respectively. Equilibrium time for micro and nanoadsorbent beech leaves was obtained 120 and 90 minutes, respectively. Among the kinetic models, Ho ̓s pseudo-second-order for the micro adsorbent and the Lagergren ̓s pseudo-first-order kinetic model for the nanoadsorbent had the best fit to the experimental data. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity for nanoadsorbent beech leaves (16.69 mg/l) was higher than the micro adsorbent beech leaves (10.68 mg/l). The results showed that the nanoadsorbent of beech leaves are more capable for nitrate removal from aqueous solutions than the microadsorbrnt.

Distribution of required water for irrigation purposes in agricultural farms is one of the main objectives of irrigation networks construction. In this research, a PID controller was used to improve the operational capability of the main canal of Alborz Irrigation Network. For this purpose, a PID controller was developed in upstream and downstream directions in FORTRAN language and was combined with a ICSS hydrodynamic model designed in order to simulate the hydraulic and hydrological conditions and to operate water transfer systems. The PID controller can minimize errors between the actual and target depths. The operation option was considered in order to investigate the ability of the controller in keeping the level of the water constant at the time of the simultaneous decrease and increase of water flow entering the canal and the need of pond canals. Two scenarios were used to compare the mentioned controllers. Results indicated that the water surface error in downstream controller was lower than that in upstream controller. In downstream controller, the water level error at the beginning of opeartion, compared to the status quo, was 87.5%, 87%, and 87% for each structure, and within 18 hours, 97%, 99.5%, and 99.7% improvement rates were obtained. Furthermore, in upstream controller, the water level error, compared to the status quo, gained some improvement the rate of which differed according to the time; in other words, at the beginning of simulation, it was 75%, 93%, and 92%, within 12 hours was 27%, 97%, and 96%, and within 18 hours was 77%, 94%, and 98% Moreover, the system response time in the upstream controller was less than that in downstream controller. A comparison of existing conditions results with those of application of controllers proved acceptable ability of the controller designed to control the water level.