mohammadtaghi gilak hakimabadi

According to financial and monetary theories, the main role of banks in the economy is to create liquidity through cash deposits and provide them in the form of loans. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of shadow banking system on the volume of liquidity in Iran. For this purpose, Iranian quarterly data during the years 1397-1388 have been analyzed using structural vector autoregression and ordinary least squares. The results of  the SVAR model in the form of shadow banking shock and analysis of variance show that the shadow banking system affects the liquidity of the country in the period under review, so that the effect of shadow banking shock on supply Money and quasi-money reached their highest levels in the second year, about 29.70 and 28.40 percent, respectively, and then began to decline. Also, the results of the ordinary least squares method show that there is a positive relationship between shadow banking and money supply and quasi-money and the correlation coefficient of shadow banking with money supply and quasi-money is 0.502677 and 1.043699, respectively. Therefore, the activities of the shadow banking system increase the volume of liquidity by promoting the volume of money and quasi-money, which are the components of the volume of liquidity.

The purpose of this article is to redefine the concept of institution and introduce  the idea of transition duration in the process of institutional changes. One of the key features of  the  transition duration is the uncertainty it brings,  leading to the unpredictability in individual's behavior for each other. The concept of uncertainty and its implications were first  introduced in economic literature by John Maynard Keynes, who attributed its origin  to the “animal spirit” of man. In order to understand the reasons for the existence of the transition duration in institutional changes and its impact on policy-making, it is crucial to rethink the concept of uncertainty. However, in this research, the source of uncertainty is seen as intentional actions of human. In the 20th century, by accepting the Causal Closure of Classical Physics (CCCP), social science has evaded to study and discuss the first-person intentional actions and their effects on social phenomena. Practically, studying the effects of first-person intentional actions on economic and social phenomena requires departing from the CCCP. On the other hand, in recent years, the quantum decision-making  theory has emerged, which suggests that individual's behavior follows the laws of quantum physics. If human behavior follows the basic laws of quantum physics, then by applying idealistic interpretations of quantum theory, one can  redefine the individual's decision-making system in such a way to include the role of intentional actions and  the influence of the experimental background in  decision-making system. Therefore, this study  is purely theoretical in nature. The main presuppositions on which the arguments are based are: 1) Man is a social but utilitarian being who uses cost-benefit analysis in decision- making . 2) The model of  a person's decisions and their cost-benefit analysis has a quantum nature and does not follow the rules of classical physics.Applying the idealist  interpretation of the quantum theory, the present study intends to introduce a novel conceptual framework titled "The Quantum Holistic Phenomenological Approach" to analyze the nature of institutions and institutional changes based on its relationship with the first-person intentional actions, which stem from a quantum cost-benefit model. Based on this, first, a quantum model of the person's decision-making process has been introduced, in which the person's cognition is represented as a  the quantum wave function, and their intention as the cause of collapse, and their experience as  a  process of wave function collapse. This definition highlights two important features: Firstly, the impact of the individual's intentional actions and the experimental context on an individual’s decision-making process are taken into account. Secondly, a person's decisions are optimal from his(her) own point of view at that moment. But because of the dependence of the decision-making process on the intention of the individual and the experimental background, his(her) behavior has inherent uncertainty and is unpredictable for others. According to the nature of individual decision-making in the quantum model, which is accompanied by inherent uncertainty, institutions are the result of the intentional actions of individuals  sharing information with each other based on a cost-benefit model in a given empirical context. This is done to reduce the uncertainty of individual decisions for Others  and enable social coexistence. Also due to the dependency of the institutions on their practical base of formation, imitating the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in the quantum realm, experiences are categorized into two groups consistent and inconsistent. The consistent experiences are those with no external effects, which do not change the people's mental states and their information-sharing approach with others. Acceptation of the path dependency on the institution and some of their stability in our proposed model is due to the absence of the external effects of the consistent experiences. The inconsistent experiences are those with external effects, yielding changes in the information-sharing schemes between people. New and innovative experiences are considered inconsistent experiences because there is no record of them in the mind to share with others. From the perspective of the our theoretical approach, the institutional changes are stemmed from the external effects of pervasive inconsistent experiences that change the pattern of sharing information between people and as a result lead to disruption of the former institutions.The most important findings and achievements of the introduced theoretical framework compared to the new institutionalism are; the assumption of bounded rationality is rejected so that the foundation of the ubiquitous character of uncertainty in the world is not the individual's imperfect perception of reality, but it is the other's failure, as the third person, to find out individual's optimal choices. Institutions are established according to the intended individual's calculation of the cost-benefit, who decides to share how much of the information in their mind with others and to reduce his/her individuality to lowering the intrinsic uncertainty of their optimal decisions for others, making social coexistence possible. The institutions' function depends on their practical base of formation and individual's intention, especially the political leaders. The reason of institutional changes is the external effects of pervasive inconsistent experiences. Due to the external effects of those experiences, the former institutions become soft and do not work properly. Formation of the new institutions following the novel situation requires that the transition duration passes by. Governments need to engage directly in the rent distribution to form and stabilize the new institutions to reduce the time needed for the transition duration.According to new institutionalists, the best  institutions for leaving societies out of the trap of underdevelopment are those that restrict  the intentional actions of political leaders in distributing rent. In fact this  argument  is based on the assumption that individuals have an imperfect understanding of external reality. In such a world, what can lead to the gradual correction of the error of people's choices in conditions of uncertainty is the learning caused by competition in conditions of scarcity. However, the proposed  " Quantum Holistic Phenomenological Approach"  in this study reject the assumption of  imperfect understanding of reality by individuals. Our theoretical approach suggests a new perspective on  institutional changes, which aligns with the findings of the last two decades of studies about rent distribution  on the development process of countries. In fact  due to the political, social and economic consequences of the transition duration,  intentional actions of political leaders in the distribution of  rent is inevitable. Unlike the new institutionalists, our proposed theoretical framework does not make a general judgment about the limits and boundaries of these intentional actions or the most efficient form of institutions.  The optimality of leaders' intentional actions in allocating resources depends on the political, social and economic conditions in which institutions are formed, as well as the ideology of political leaders and the structure of the natural endowments of that society. Therefore, the focus should be on discussing the quality of these intentional actions, rather than limiting them.

This study examines how socioeconomic and demographic factors influence labor force participation (LFP) in Iran. Data from the Iranian Household Income and Expenditure Survey applied the pseudo-panel data method used. The logit model estimations show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between age and the probability of LFP, with higher chances of entering the labor market at younger than at middle or old ages. Marital status also affects LFP, with respectively never-married and divorced people more likely to participate in the labor market than married people. Being a student reduces the likelihood of LFP while having a larger household size and a higher level of education increases it. Being the head of the household increases the probability of LFP by 39%. Demographic trends in Iran, such as the high proportion of young adults (25-44 years old) who want to join the labor force, the large number of young people in higher education, and the rising rates of divorce and singlehood, suggest that the economic participation rate will increase shortly. Therefore, this important issue should be considered in the macro-policy.

Pension systems in most developed countries are considered to be the largest non-banking financial institutions and can be an effective factor for economic growth and development in addition to ensuring social welfare, especially during old age. In Iran, the discussion of pension reforms for many years due to different reasons, major challenges caused by demographic changes, aging population, decrease in fertility rate, increase in life expectancy and fundamental changes in the labor market such as unemployment, decrease in the quality and quantity of jobs and the expansion of the informal economy are the major concerns of policy makers. This article analyzes and simulates Iran's social security system in the framework of general equilibrium by using the three-period overlapping generations model. The optimal consumption and saving behavior  and the level of people's utility are different during the lifetime under different pension systems. The simulation results show that the full savings system has a higher physical capital accumulation than the current payment pension system, which leads to higher national consumption and national production in the full savings system.

In recent decades, the relationship between environmental quality, the development level of societies, and health has been of great importance in most countries, and thus environmental management and movement toward its preservation and promotion have changed into an international concern. Therefore, any strategy and tool that can help countries in this regard can be considered as a general strategy. The green tax is one of the most efficient and least costly policies for achieving a green economy and transition from the current situation. This policy tool has significant advantages that, if properly used, can achieve both environmental economic and social goals. Accordingly, this study focused on evaluating the effect of green tax on pollutant emission (air pollution) and health index (life expectancy) during 1966-2018 in Iran using three-stage least squares econometrics and a simultaneous equation system. The results of the model estimate indicated that the imposition of a green tax reduces air pollution emissions while simultaneously increasing the health index

The microfinance movement began in Bangladesh in the early 1970s in the face of the market failure phenomenon as well as the government's failure to provide credit to the poor and low-income people in the early 1970s. Microfinance, also known as microfinance or microfinance, is a means of providing credit, usually in the form of small unsecured loans, to non-traditional borrowers, such as the poor in rural or underdeveloped areas. A review of the literature on micro-financing goals as one of the tools and methods of economic development for the lower strata of society indicates that the four goals of economic development, poverty reduction, prevention of social unrest and profitability in the form of micro-businesses for microfinance are pursued. The experience of countries shows that microcredit is used in different ways to reduce poverty and therefore, it has different effects and consequences in the target society. Of course, in some countries, banks, as an economic enterprise that aims to maximize profits, do not do so for various reasons, such as the small amount of loans, which reduces their profits through the entry and identification of poor people. Second, paying a loan to this group of customers is associated with a lot of risk. Another issue related to banks not entering into micro-credit allocation is incomplete information that leads to maladaptive selection and ethical risks. According to the Barakat Foundation's approach to job creation and the unemployment rate of 12.7% in Yazd province in 1397, the Barakat Foundation's planning for job creation in some cities of the province, including Abarkooh, Mehriz and Bahabad, began in 1398. However, two years after the implementation of these job creation plans, examining their performance on social welfare selected from the Legatum Social Welfare Index can be effective in continuing the process.

The research method used is descriptive and survey in terms of user purpose. The data collection tool is a questionnaire made by a researcher. In this regard, the five main components of social welfare including investment environment, economic quality, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom and individual safety were identified by experts and specialists based on Delphi and integrated methods and classified into 31 items. Then the validity of the questionnaire It was confirmed by elites and experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to confirm the research model, the structural equation model was used and to analyze the data, 24 AMOS and 20 SPSS software were used. Using structural equations and first and second order confirmatory factor analysis, the validity of the original model and the questions were tested.

First, social welfare components were calculated based on the average response scores and used for statistical ranking. Economic quality has been an indicator that most respondents have been satisfied with and health index is an indicator that respondents' satisfaction is in the last rank. Second, the general view of the respondents towards the items of social welfare component was examined statistically, in which the item "the degree of attention to the lack of monopoly formation in projects" in the investment environment, the item "the rate of increasing women's labor force participation" in quality Economic, the degree of opportunity to communicate with others in social capital, the amount of "prevention of high-risk factors such as suicide" in health, and the amount of "reduction of strictness and increase of women's physical health" are in the first place in individual freedom and safety. Third, the effect of each component was examined through t-test and the results indicate the positive effect of microcredit allocation in Barakat Foundation employment models on each of the components of social welfare index, namely investment environment, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom. And has been individual safety. Fourth, the validity of the questionnaire questions was examined and confirmed by the first-order confirmatory factor analysis technique. Fifth, when a large structure itself consists of several latent variables, second-order confirmatory factor analysis is used. The results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the social welfare variable show that its measurement model is appropriate and all numbers and parameters of the model are significant.

The results of the study on the validity of the scale structure, using the second-order confirmatory factor analysis, showed a high correlation between the hidden variables. Also, based on t-test, the effect of microcredit on each of the components of social welfare such as investment environment, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom and personal safety was confirmed.

The importance of employment from the economic, political and social dimensions, especially in rural areas, has caused policymakers to pay more attention to the provision of facilities and human capital in order to develop entrepreneurship in economic activities, with an emphasis on raising the income of the low- and middle-income classes, in paragraph one of the resistance economy policies. to be placed Based on this, the Barkat Foundation started microcredits necessary for the establishment of employment and its development in rural areas in order to increase welfare since 2017. The research method of the current study is descriptive-analytical, and in order to answer the question, has microcredit had an effect on social welfare in rural areas? has been compiled. In this regard, the five main components of social welfare, including investment environment, economic quality, social capital, health and personal freedom and safety, were identified by experts and specialists based on the Delphi and consolidated methods and categorized into 30 items. Then the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by elites and experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to verify the research model, the structural equation model was used. By using the structural equation model and with the help of first and second order confirmatory factor analysis, the validity of the main model and the research questions were tested. The research results indicate that the fit of the model was good and acceptable. Also, based on the t-test, the effectiveness of microcredits on each of the components of social welfare was confirmed.

The banking sector is an important sector in the economy; Because the financial needs of other sectors are met by the banking system. Thus, macroeconomic performance depends on the performance of the banking sector. The purpose of this paper is to test the symmetry of the effect of monetary policy on the performance of commercial banks (profitability with return on assets and net profit margins and efficiency with cost-to-income ratio) as well as GDP, volume of facilities granted by state and non-state banks in countries. (MENA) has been reviewed. For this purpose, the threshold vector autoregression method (TVAR) and quarterly data for 2013-2018 were used. Based on the results, the effects of positive and negative monetary and credit shocks on asset returns, net profit margin, cost-to-income ratio, GDP, volume of facilities granted by state and non-state banks in terms of direction and intensity The effectiveness of these two regimes is different. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effect of monetary policy and inflation on the above variables is asymmetric in both high and low production regimes.

One of the goals of government intervention in the economy, which is done by tax instruments, is to create economic stability. Now the question arises whether taxes have been used as a tool for economic stabilization? For this purpose, the effect of direct and indirect taxes on the fluctuations of Iran's economic cycles has been studied. To estimate the models of this research, Vector Auto Regression method by quarterly data from q1-1372 to q3-1397. The interesting results of this study are that, unlike empirical studies conducted in some other countries, direct taxes have not had a significant effect on reducing fluctuations in economic cycles. Also, the effect of indirect taxes on economic cycles is faster than direct taxes. The policy proposal of this research is to use more of the country's tax capacity to better perform the government's stabilizing task in the economy, especially the reform of tax bases.

One of the stylized facts of economics is the spread of the financial crisis to various sectors and the ensuing downturn. Thus, observing the financial sector and predicting its crises is an attractive topic among economists, policymakers and investors. For this purpose, financial condition indexes are used. In this regard, the present study develops a new index for the financial condition by using the principal component analysis (PCA) and combining eight financial variables. Then, using the constructed index and applying Markov Switching approach, the financial sector is divided into three situations of crisis, stability and boom over the period 1990:2 - 2017:1. Then, the probability of exposure to these situations in financial sector is calculated. The results show that the critical situation in the financial sector has a relatively low stability, so, with probability 0.93, the financial sector becomes stable in the next period. According to calculations, it is impossible to move from critical and volatile situation to boom. The boom in the financial sector has low stability as well. If the financial sector is in boom at period t, it will remain in the same position with probability 0.27 in the next period. With probability 0.59, the financial sector will experience stability, and with probability 0.14, it will be in crisis condition.

The study aimed at showing how to create and release cryptocurrency, based on which one can introduce a new generation of this money that can continue its life in the quantum computers space and study whether cryptocurrency could be controlled or the rules should be rewritten in line with new technology. Regarding this, we showed the evolution of money and its uses in economic relations. According to the theoretical basics, the concepts, principles and rules of quantum theory in the physics economics were distributed and the use of modern money by simplified electrodynamic patterns of Richard Feynman was shown. The result showed that the subject could be tested through the physics if the system is closed, and due to the limited nature of the creation of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, with such conditions, this currency can supply the borderless economics with a new approach with infinite probabilities in the quantum paradigm. Furthermore, given the structure of cryptocurrencies, one cannot control them completely controlled and it is better to rewrite the rules for the creation, release and uses of cryptocurrencies

Fiscal illusion is one of the effective factors on government’s budget status. Fiscal illusion refers to misinterpretation of financial parameters and overestimation and underestimation of expenditure and tax liabilities that leads to bias in budgetary decision at all levels of the government. Therefore, fiscal illusion in taxpayers confronts the politicians and the decision makers with a structure of motivations that prompts the adoption of public spending (expenditure) plans and increases the size of the government and its expenditure.The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of fiscal illusion on budgetary policy in selected developing countries between 2000 and 2014. For this purpose, we used dynamic panel data and a System Generalized Method of Moments GMM estimator. The results showed that fiscal illusion had a positive effect on budget deficit. So that the effect of fiscal illusion on budget deficit in the oil exporting countries it is higher than other countries; in the countries with high budget deficit is higher than in the countries with low budget deficit; in the countries with high fiscal illusion is higher than in the countries with low fiscal illusion, and in the high income countries is higher than other countries. Inflation has a positive effect and exchange rate as well as the degree of trade openness has negative effect on budget deficit.

The 2007 global financial crisis showed that financial cycles is one of the reasons for the fluctuations of macroeconomics and could create business cycles. If there is such a relationship, adopting an active policy response to smooth financial cycles seems necessary. The present study investigates the dynamics of the relationship between financial cycles with business cycles and the inflation gap in Iran's economy during 1990:1 – 2016:4. To accomplish this, first, a financial condition index for Iran's economy has been created. In addition, the causality test has been conducted in the frequency domain and available frequencies have been determined to predict economic growth whit the index. Then, in order to investigate the purpose of the research and analysis in the frequency domain and time-frequency domain, the new Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform and Continuous Wavelet Transform tools are used. The results show the relationship between financial cycle and the business cycle in the short run and long run is bilateral and extremely unstable. In the medium run, the business cycle is a leading variable, but the phase difference between the two variables in the 1990s is different from those of the 2000s. In the medium run, the financial cycles have kept inflation away from its long run trend. But in the long run and after 2007, this relationship has been reversed. According to the results of the research, it is recommended that monetary policy makers, in addition to smoothing output and inflation around their long run trends, should also consider this for the financial sector so that the two objectives above can be achieved with lower error in different frequencies.

The damaging effect of financial corruption has led to the identification and control strategies that are of interest to researchers. The paper attempts to make an impact on womens employment in public sector corruption to be investigated. For this purpose, using data from 45 selected countries including Iran in the period 2002 to 2013 the relative share of female employment in total employment impact of the public sector along with other influential variables including the rul of low, openness and GDP per capita on the dependent variable studied is corruotion.
The results of the estimated model using panel data econometrics reflects an increase in the relative share of female employment in total employment reduced public sector corruption. That means approved the research hypothesis. Therefor, it is suggested to tackle and control corruption in the public sector to increase womens contribution. The results show that the impact on GDP per capita and the rul of low and reduce corruption index is positive and significant corruption is involved. Also similar to other empirical studies of corruption increasing degree of openness.

This paper has examined the effect of corruption on the allocation of talent in Iran's economy during the period of 1984-2014 and for discovering the effect of unobservable factors as well as political, social and economic structural changes, the structural time series model approach has been used. The results of the research indicate that increasing in corruption, financial development, growth of consumption government size and the share of value added of services sector in the GDP have distorted the allocation of talent in Iran during the period of 1984-2014

This study investigates the impact of seigniorage volatility as a source of income on underground economy in Iran using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models .The first step is to estimate tax revenues from seigniorage and inflation in Iran. Then determine the size of underground economy in Iran. In addition, by considering the variables of the model, two scenarios were examined. The government relies on tax revenues and revenues from the inflation tax or seigniorage revenues by 10 percent. In this scenario, followed by shock of seigniorage income, a decrease in the production of tradable sector, strengthening the non-traded sector, reduce swelling tradable sector, rising inflation and falling real exchange rate in the non-traded sector. In the second scenario assuming 30 percent government revenue from seigniorage. Impulse response functions derived from seigniorage state of shock results in this case show that the tradable sector production decreased while production of non-traded sector will increase. Inflation and domestic production of tradable goods in response to the decline in production in this sector has increased. In money demand elasticity then the seigniorage income-maximizing rate of inflation is 8.6 percent and the money growth rate is 10.8. The results showed that the growth rate of seigniorage and inflation tax increase above the rate of inflation leads to lower tax revenues.

Instability reduces the opportunity costs of crime against property by reducing opportunities in the legal sector. Instability causes that the wage which criminal can earn by working instead of committing a crime would be uncertain. Therefore illegal activities would be less risky rather than what they would be without instability. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of macroeconomic instability on crime in the Iranian economy during the period 1984-2011. Macroeconomic instability in two methods- Glezakos, and Hodrick-Prescott filter- was calculated. Then the effect of macroeconomic instability on financial crimes, in case of two scenarios, has been estimated by econometrics of time series (cointegration and error correction model).
Results show that macroeconomic instability in the short-run and long-run has positive and significant effect on financial crimes. Also the control variables such as ratio of urbanization, economic growth and unemployment rate have positive effect and the Gini coefficient has negative effect on financial crimes. The coefficient of error correction term indicates that 50 (in first scenario) and 60 percent (in second scenario) deviation of financial crimes from it’s long-run amount is being corrected in each period.

Lending is a principal business activity for most commercial banks. The loan portfolio is typically the largest asset and the predominant source of revenue. As a result, it is one of the greatest sources of risk to a bank’s safety and soundness.
Credit risk is the risk of loss due to a debtor's non-payment of a loan or other line of credit (either the principal or interest (coupon) or both). Defaulting occurs when a debtor has not fulfilled his or her legal obligations according to the debt contract, or has violated a loan covenant (condition) of the debt contract, which might occur with all debt obligations including bonds, mortgages, loans, and promissory notes. Since financial innovation and derivatives grow rapidly in competitive financial industry, credit risk measurement and management become essentially important.
Credit risk is the primary financial risk in the banking system and exists in virtually all income-producing activities. How a bank selects and manages its credit risk is critically important to its performance over time; indeed, capital depletion through loan losses has been the proximate cause of most institution failures. Identifying and rating credit risk is the essential first step in managing it effectively.
Well-managed credit risk rating systems promote bank safety and soundness by facilitating informed decision making. Rating systems measure credit risk and differentiate individual credits and groups of credits by the risk they pose. This allows bank management and examiners to monitor changes and trends in risk levels. The process also allows bank management to manage risk to optimize returns.
The consistent use of analytic credit risk has many advantages. It improves an institution’s risk assessment time, speed, accuracy, consistency, bad debt reduction and prioritization of collections. Using analytic credit scoring, an institution can review its entire receivable portfolios in the same time as it would take to review just one account by traditional methods. Analytic credit risk assures accuracy since the review process is mostly free of human error. It offers consistency, by using the same set of rules and weighted variables over the entire portfolio. Scoring permits regular reviews of the entire account base, thereby, quickly and efficiently identifying accounts that require immediate attention, and isolating customers who warrant human intervention. The net effect is a substantial reduction in risk assessment time and a more systematic approach to collection.This paper examines the factors affecting the credit risk of real customers of Tejarat bank of Neka.The data that is used in this paper was extracted from 2545 loan files of real customers of Tejarat Bank of Neka who had got credit facilities during the years 1381 to 1390, and logistic regression was used to evaluate the data.
In this study, first we introduced the factors affecting credit risk of real customers of Tejarat bank and then defined the risk and presented the methods that can measure the risk. Then we extracted the data and used the Eviews software to estimate our model and finally analyzed the results.
The statistical techniques used in this research are a logit method to estimate the probability functions. Logit model is one of the easiest statistical modelsthat is based on the analysis logit model (logistic), the financial ratios and other quantitative and qualitative variables for predicting the risk of non-repayment of loans are used. In this model, the probability of failure is showed in normal distribution: This function is ideal for all levels of Z values between zero and one.
Variables include the dependent variable (including 2 cases: will the real customers pay or not pay their loan) and independent variables (including 6 variables that have an impact on the repayment).One of these independent variables is the period of repayment of loans or facilities and another one is the amount of loans that customers have got and also the rate of interest of loans and also collateral types that is got for thoes loans and two final variabels are mandatory or non-mandatory loans variable and loan types variable.We can see all these results in table below:
The result of this study shows that loans repayment period, interest rates of loans, and collateral types have significant effect on the probability of default; but mandatory or non-mandatory loans and loan amount do not have significant effect on the probability of default. Despite the significance of the coefficients, according to the sign of the coefficients, as expected, we found that the probability of default is reduced by increasing the loan repayment period and with a decrease in interest rates getting banking deposits as collateral for loans have the greatest negative impact on loan default regarding the loan types, Gharz-ol- Hasaneh and Mosharekat loans have the highest and lowest impacts on default possibility.

The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of government effectiveness on reducing tax evasion in selected countries during the period 2000-2010. By using panel data econometric, tax evasion as a percent of GDP is used as a dependent variable and tax burden, tax morale, government effectiveness, GDP per capita, openness, the share of value added of industry and services in GDP and the ratio of urban population to total population are considered as independent variables. The results from estimated model suggest that the government effectiveness is the most important determinant of tax evasion in the selected countries. The results also indicate that the effects of GDP per capita, tax morale, openness and the relative share of industry and services sectors in GDP are negative and significant. Tax burden and urbanization have positive and significant effect on tax evasion.

Religion as system of values and norms can have a profound impact on human social life. Regarding that religious beliefs and attitudes are encouraging of social cooperation and collaboration; religious peoples’ behaviors are expected to be more social. Since religion as set of values، beliefs and norms has special program and education system، it is likely to support community participation. This research was focused on this question that whether experimental observations verify the positive impact of religion on behavior. It has implemented a repetitive 5 stage Public Good Game with measuring religiosity of players. It was to examine the relationship between religion and cooperation behavior. The backward regression results show that religious people with higher scores of morality have more participation in the first stage of production of public goods. Changes in the Index of morality could explain 25% of the variation in the cooperative decision makings after the controlling of personality and demographic variables. High scores on neurosis index was an effective element for reducing participation in the next steps of the game. Individual positive reactions to community participation and the increase in the explanatory power of reactive variables at each step of the game and neutralizing the religious، psychological، and the demographic variables are other conclusions of this investigation. These results support the impact of the subtitle indices of religiosity on economic behavior.

Eliminating of poverty and reducing of inequality are main functions of a government. Providing public services such as education، a government could change economic condition of its people and play important role in reducing poverty and inequality. This study evaluates the distribution of public spending in education sector in Iran in 2007. The benefit incidence analysis method is used in this research. In order to examine the hypothesis، concentration curve، income Lorenz curve and Gini and the Suits coefficients have been used. The results show that the distribution of primary level education spending is increasing. It means that the share of lower deciles is greater than top deciles of the population. In secondary & tertiary level، this distribution is decreasing، meaning that the upper deciles share of the education spending is greater than lower deciles. Overall، Distribution of public spending in education sector in Iran is decreasing. It is suggested to increase educational services accessibility for low income people all barriers should be identified and eliminated.

Decreasing and eliminating poverty has been emphasized in religions specially Islam. Improper distribution of opportunities and resources are known as the instances of injustice and oppression. Islam has sought to achieve a decent life for humans with its program on fair distribution. In this century، after a period of relative neglect of the important role of distribution particularly inequality، again، this important issue has been placed at the center of attention in academic circles and policy making institutions. In this paper the theoretical origins of the effect of inequality on poverty in conventional economics and Islamic economics have been investigated and then in selected countries and in different income groups from 1986 to 2010 using data from World Bank and unbalanced panel data approach it was tested for practical purposes. Based on this study، inequality has had a significant and positive effect on poverty; however، the increases in per capita income led to the reduction of poverty in the countries have been studied. Also the impact of inequality on poverty in high-income countries was more than the low income countries. In general، it is recommended that policymakers take reducing inequality index (Gini coefficient) as a guide to action.

Governments provide tax support for charitable donations, aim at strengthening national cohesion, reducing its responsibilities and financial burdens in providing public goods especially for those in need, and also attracting people support for them. The experiences of the leading countries indicate that all governments use two common methods i.e. tax deductions and tax credit but their related laws and regulations, rates and the level of this kind of supports differs. The most important criteria in selecting these methods and their evaluations are the efficiency of treasury and social efficiency on one hand and equity and justice from the other hand. Reviewing the best practices of the leading countries in respect of laws, type of support, performance and evaluation of these methods, this paper provide necessary grounds for comparative study of support. Finally it suggests different solutions for enriching fiscal support for charitable contributions in Iran.

The main purpose of the current paper is to introduce a model to rate credit risk indeveloping countries. Since there is no comprehensive theory for evaluation ofcountry credit risk and no complete transparency on the process of rating credit riskby involved institutions then the first aim of the research is to find variables whichhave most impact on country risk. To gain this purpose, twenty eight financial andeconomical variables having most impact on rating country risk, based on relevanttheories and previous researches, will be selected. Then by applying "IndependentComponent Analysis (ICA)" we could find nine variables out of twenty eight onesthat have most influence on rating country risk between 2002-2006. Results showsthat ratio of gross fixed investment to the GDP and percentage of total external debtto the export have positive and negative effect on countries rating. Finally estimationof the model shows this model has the ability to justify 96% of the variance incountry credit rating (based on the results provided by Fitch and S&P institutes).

Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon. Scientists have studied its different aspects. Governments and global societies have considered taking steps to remove or reduce the poverty in the life of the dispossessed. Poverty line is a basic factor for designing the poverty indexes. Effective factors in standard of living such as education, health, and social security are studied in the period of 1363-1384, in this research. The poverty line was estimated through dynamic linear expenditures system by ISUR approach, and then poverty indexes were calculated. The results indicate that 48% of the province population is under poverty line, and for filling this gap the government ought to pay 44% of poverty line to every person. The trend of the headcount and poverty gap indexes was decreasing in the period.