mohammadtaghi pirbabaei

Problem statement:

 Archaeologically, a stepped structure is recorded from the E. hill of Rabʿ-e Rashidi. Firstly, such a structure is thought to be a remnant of an Ilkhanid mosque. Later it is hypothesized as the basement of a large complex, from the Rawza arena, Rabʿ-e Rashidi, 14th CE. Nevertheless, in accordance with the topographic features, plan, spatial design, and architectural materials of this stepped structure, it cannot be the remnant of a structure or the basement of the large building in the Rawza arena. So, two basic questions concerning this stepped structure are its function and relative dating.

The archeological and architectural recognition of the function and dating of the stepped structure at the Rabʿ-e Rashidi provides the required basis for its accurate and methodic restoration.

This research is based on the archeology of buildings, which uses archaeological findings, historical reports, and technical analysis of construction to understand the chronology, typology, stylistics, and function of ancient architectural remains.Firstly, the technical features and architectural materials of this stepped structure were well studied by the field archaeological methods, providing a plan and site surveying and aerial photography by a drone. Secondly, historical reports that provide information about the structures of Rabʿ-e Rashidi, from the 14th to the 17th CE (Al-Waqfiyya al-Rashidiyya & History of Öljeitu & ‘Ālam Ārā-yi ‘Abbāsi) were studied. This allows the authors to examine their hypotheses by matching the collected information from such sources with archeological materials and architectural remains.

Abductive reasoning, based on archaeology, history, and architecture, considers that the hypothesis of the large cistern of Rabʿ-e Rashidi is more likely to be justified. According to Al-Waqfiyya al-Rashidiyya, the relative dating of this staircase structure, as the cistern, goes back to the Ilkhanid period. This structure was repaired in the post-Ilkhanid period.

Introduction :

Although the concept of rent is considered a reprehensible phenomenon and contrary to justice and equality in the minds of the general public, today, due to the lack of accurate understanding of the issue of rent and rent-seeking, this phenomenon in urban issues is considered one of the main processes of development affairs. In recent years, it has attracted the attention of scientific circles, especially critical thinkers. According to many specialists in urban affairs in Iran, many of the mechanisms created in Iran’s urban planning system in the 14th century (H-S) were affected by capitalist practices. Despite the efforts made after the Islamic revolution to expand justice in Iran, Iran’s urban development system still has a quasi-capitalist image, and due to the macro-procedures of the capitalist system, the production and distribution of rent has become an irreplaceable part of it. Examining the research about rent in connection with urban issues shows that most of the researches deal with the issue of rent in the city as an example. Each of them analyzes one of the rent-generating processes in the cities from their perspective. It is necessary to carry out a fundamental analysis of the large rent-generating components in the urban planning system. Rent has always been condemned in Islamic thought, and among the opinions of scholars in the field of Islamic justice, Allameh Tabatabai’s theory of credit perceptions, with its methodical analytical method, has created a suitable field for the root analysis of the rent-seeking phenomenon. In this regard, the current research aims to present the criteria of the non-rental urban planning model based on Islamic thought and culture.

The current research, using qualitative research methods, seeks to gain a comprehensive understanding of the issue of rent-seeking in Iran’s urban development, based on a critical approach, and is considered a type of fundamental-developmental research. At first, by identifying the problem of rent generation as one of the basic foundations of urban planning systems affected by capitalist macro-procedures, which has a significant impact on the urban development of the present era, the present research tries to identify the main components of rent production in Iran’s urban planning system. Therefore, in this regard, the meta-analysis method was used and in the present research, after examining the sources that were somehow related to the issues in the field of rent generation in Iran’s urban planning system, 108 articles were examined and registered more than 2000 open codes on these articles. In the next stage of the current research, by converting open codes into basic themes, using the method of logical reasoning analysis, the main components of rent generation in Iran’s urban planning system were extracted and then, on this basis, using the opinions of thinkers, a critical approach, based on the method of exploratory research and the method of analyzing logical reasoning, by delving into reliable sources such as articles, books, documents, and plans, for a comprehensive understanding of the production of rant phenomenon, identified the macro-credits of the urban development system affected by capitalism. Then, to make a comparative comparison and provide alternative solutions, the present research plans the macro components of anti-rental urbanization derived from Islamic thought, based on Islamic culture, against the rent-generating urbanization system influenced by capitalism.

The basic themes and main credits related to the phenomenon of rent generation in Iran’s urban planning system can be investigated in three main urban planning sub-systems, including the cultural-social system of the city, the urban management system, and the urban planning and development system. Based on this, the main credits in the cultural-social system of the city are the impossibility of effective protest against the decisions of the city management, the weak civil society in the city, the security of the space, the lack of proper support of laws and structures to the people against rent-seeking, the public’s lack of knowledge about development plans and programs, the low participation of people in the process of preparing development plans and programs, the high dependence of development decisions on the personal taste of officials, top-down development in contrast to the popularization of development decisions and measures, little transparency in urban development decisions, little participation of cooperatives and people’s groups in the city development process and failure to address urban development issues to the main needs of the city’s people. Moreover, the main credits of the urban management system are: the influence of different groups with power and wealth in determining projects, support of development rules and structures from capitalists, difficulty in benefiting the deprived class from development loans and incentives, sale of urban development rules  to generate income for urban management, rent generation of development laws, plans and programs, the influence of development agents in the distribution of rent, incompetence of urban development officials, the effect of beneficiary groups on the distribution of urban development opportunities, the high impact of cumbersome bureaucracy on the arbitrary direction of urban resources, failure of urban management to seriously confront the request for sale of development laws, the impossibility of meeting the needs of the urban space by the people, the polar development of the city, the waste of resources in urban development and unnecessary expenses in the city, and the high control of people with power and wealth over the structure of urban management. Additionally, the main credits in the urban planning and development system are the capitalization of the land and housing market, small urban projects carried out in deprived urban areas, the unequal competition of different classes in the development of the city, the greater benefit of the capitalist classes from the advantages and opportunities of urban development, the lack of impact of urban development on the reduction of class differences in the city, the flow of capital towards good areas of the city, capital construction in the city and land and housing speculation, uncertain distribution of the proceeds of urban development projects, privatization of public urban assets, failure to consider appropriate tax laws to prevent speculation, and the high role of financial markets (banks, as an example) in the accumulation of capital in the city.

The results of the present research show that in a rent-oriented urban development system, which is affected by the macro-values of the capitalist system, the macro-value of consumerism versus the macro-value of justice-oriented (which itself includes necessities such as respecting the right, preventing oppression, and public benefit influenced by Islamic culture. In case consumerism is based in the city instead of justice in urban development, the market and competition are placed as the center of affairs and the process of commodification spreads in urban development and it leads to the capitalization of the land and housing market. The capitalization of the land and housing market leads to an increase in the price of land and housing, and it becomes difficult to solve the essential need of providing housing shelter, and land for employment, especially for the deprived and oppressed classes. The continuation of the process of consumerism and the lack of attention to the category of public benefit is associated with the withdrawal of productive circuits from the urban space and the increase of speculative activities in this market. In this way, speculative investments in this market have led to the transformation of land and housing as one of the main places of capital accumulation and will lead to the production of a capitalist atmosphere. Following this, although many of the weak sections of society are facing problems in meeting their shelter needs, the ratio of the number of empty houses has increased, especially in valuable urban areas, and luxury malls and commercial centers are expanding in the cities. On the other hand, in rentier urban development, the great value of maintaining the system of capital accumulation in the city by the disciplinary institution is opposed to the great value of urban governance based on Islamic thought and the disciplinary institution by pushing development projects towards the goals and desires of powerful groups, creates the ground for aristocracy and waste. Also, implementing non-privileged and rent-seeking projects distorts the preservation of human dignity as the main duty of the government. In the rent-oriented urban development, the domination of the public sphere in the cities with the spread of classism in the urban areas has caused the weak strata to leave the good urban areas, and this results in the gathering of people with high power and influence in one space, after that, it is possible to get more benefits of development in these areas. Finally, rentier urban development has led to the creation of a social gap in the space and leads to individualism and social decay in front of the social province in the city.

In order to conform to the tradition of life, the neighborhood units must have a range of culturally effective criteria and indicators. Attention to these criteria and indicators has a decisive role on the quality of neighborhood units. The aim of the present research is to identify the influential cultural criteria in the continuation of the tradition of living in the neighborhood unit and the extent of the impact and relationship of these criteria on each other, in selected samples from the city of Tabriz in the three decades of the 70s, 80s and 90s. The current research is quantitative and interview and observation tools were used to collect data. This research was selected and investigated in 2023 with the statistical population of 11 neighborhoods from each decade and a total of 33 neighborhoods. The data were analyzed by inferential statistics and Spearman's non-parametric correlation test, using smart pls software, with a significance level of 5%. Among the influential cultural criteria, physical-spatial criteria and perceptual-psychological criteria had a strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.575. In the 70s and 90s and the 80s and 90s, activity-behavioral-performance indicators had a significant relationship and a strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.521 with a level of 0.05 and a coefficient of 0.570 with a significance level of 0.01, respectively. In the examined samples, physical-spatial and perceptual-psychological indicators have the highest correlation and relationship. And there is no relationship between physical and perceptional criteria with activity-behavioral-performance criteria.

Problem statement: Utilizing knowledge as an inexhaustible source of wealth creation has drawn the attention of scholars to the concept of entrepreneurship in various disciplines to achieve the economic and social development of societies, adapt to changes, and commercialize knowledge. In this regard, architecture must also take steps to ensure its survival and presence, and to synchronize with this concept in a dynamic and up-to-date structure to solve problems, overcome challenges, and respond to the demands and needs of society. It must align its traditional mindset with an entrepreneurial mindset and utilize its skill potential. The main question of this study is: What is the concept of opportunity-based architectural entrepreneurship? What is its structure, mechanisms, results, and contributions? And what are the components of the entrepreneurial model of Iran’s architecture presently based on entrepreneurial opportunities?Research

This study, while addressing the necessity of attention to the emerging concept of architectural entrepreneurship, presents a conceptual model of opportunity-based architectural entrepreneurship and examines the formation process and details of the realization of this model in the context of today’s architecture in Iran.Research

The present study is applied-developmental using a mixed approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Data collection was exploratory and carried out in two steps; first, in the field of architecture, the meta-synthesis method was used to find the dimensions of problems, deficiencies, and challenges of today’s architecture in Iran, and in the second step, the Fuzzy Delphi technique was used to validate the extracted dimensions and components. The statistical population of the first step included 59 scientific research documents, and the second step included 39 architectural experts selected based on purposive sampling. Through the meta-synthesis method, 11 macro-level problems, deficiencies, and challenges of today’s architecture in Iran were identified as entrepreneurial opportunities in the Iranian architecture field. All macro-level problem dimensions and their associated components were validated and verified by experts using the fuzzy Delphi method owing to the necessity of attention to the emerging concept of architectural entrepreneurship, and the initial model of the opportunity-based architectural entrepreneurship process was outlined.

According to the obtained model, to realize start-ups in the field of architecture, the architectural entrepreneurship opportunities, a large portion of which stem from the problems, challenges, and weaknesses of contemporary Iranian architecture, must be examined so that the architectural entrepreneurship process can take shape through the interaction of architecture with entrepreneurial knowledge and its associated skills. In this way, one can leverage all the benefits and advantages of entrepreneurship in architecture and use them to address architectural problems and challenges, create employment and welfare, achieve sustainable development in various dimensions, and create and preserve the values of the Iranian architectural community.

Geometry is one of the important characteristics of architectural space, human is connected with architectural space and affects its creation. The field of architecture expresses a cultural category in which geometry is the tool for shaping space. The formation of architectural space is influenced by culture. The geometry of space is in a cultural framework and in the interaction between different dimensions and levels of space.
The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. The general strategy of the research is retroduction and the purpose of the research is the cultural explanation of the geometry of space in architecture. This strategy is dedicated to the process of building hypothetical models that reveal real structures and mechanisms and is characteristic of the realism approach.
With the approach of critical realism, in which it is possible to explain the phenomena in a general format and they can be investigated in a layered and comprehensive manner, the geometry of space based on culture is explained in architecture. In this approach, the reality of the phenomena can be examined in three levels: Empirical, Actual and Real. The real layer is at the last layer and is the causes and mechanisms of production of visible and invisible events that imply cultural affairs. Cultural geometry is not an absolutely real phenomenon or a completely represented relative one. In the analysis of the geometry of the space according to critical realism, three levels of geometry in the architectural space were identified: first; Formal-Physical that can be observed and measured based on logical and mathematical principles and rules, second; Behavioral-Functional that actually exists in the architectural space and causes environmental capabilities, but is not necessarily visible in an outward and explicit way, third; Perceptual-Conceptual that deals with the mechanisms of the formation of architectural space by relying on anthropological, sociological issues and a more comprehensive expression of cultural issues. These levels have different characteristics and although they can be examined independently, they are connected and influence each other in the architectural space.
Human creates architectural spaces based on social needs and necessities. In the creation of architectural space, geometry is validated and built, and as a result, geometry changes from a mental position to an objective position by receiving certain mechanisms and mechanisms, and the cultural geometry of the space is formed. At the perceptual-conceptual level, space includes spatial meaning, spatial interpretation and perception, and under the influence of effective layers at this level, which are made of cultural factors, environmental factors, and economic factors, it creates events and capabilities in the architectural space, which in Communication with humans can be analyzed at the behavioral-functional level. The architectural space is produced on a formal-physical level and can be observed and examined using the senses and experience. The cultural geometry of space, due to its creditable and constructed nature, is updated with changes and developments in temporal- local conditions and the creation of new needs, which can be achieved by identifying concepts and receiving them, to reach newer and more original layers of reality. This complex and continuous system is changing and multiplying in all aspects of human life. With human actions in the architectural space, new needs and developments arise in which cultural and social relations are produced and reproduced, and finally, the cultural geometry of the space is associated with change and updating.

Identity is one of the most critical issues facing developing societies and one of the ideals that most Islamic countries have focused on more than ever so that cultural studies in recent years have focused more than ever on the revival of Culture and identity. One of the most common theories in the analysis of social issues has been Antony Giddens' theory of "Structuration", which has proposed the combined relationship between structure and agent in order to combine micro and macro theories. In this regard, it has many similarities with most cultural studies, focus on the concept of "action." Culture finds its identity manifested in social acts and actions, so social actions and forms crystallize a collective culture. Giddens observed that in social analysis, the term of the structure generally referred to "rules and resources" and, more specifically to "the structuring properties allowing the 'binding' of time-space in social systems like architecture." These properties make it possible for similar social practices to exist across time and space, lending them a "systemic" form. In this regard, it seems that it is possible to analyze social actions in residential spaces by relying on Giddens construction theory, which has not been done in previous studies.
This research approach is qualitative, and the strategy of logical reasoning and the method of collecting information is library studies. Therefore, the central question of the research is what the dimensions of architectural construction in residential spaces with a cultural approach are? The general purpose of this study is to explain the cultural aspects of residential architecture and the data collection method based on library studies. The research findings indicate that in the cultural approach, the architecture of residential spaces as a system is a reproduction of the culture of the family institution and has rules and resources that should be studied. The elements and components of residential spaces are the reproduction of family culture and influenced by family culture and structure, so the rules and resources governing the continuation or transformation of the family institution as the structure of residential spaces lead to the reproduction of its architectural system. This reproduction in the form of architectural patterns in time and space creates the identity of residential spaces. As a result, it can be said that in the cultural approach, the rules and resources that form the family as a social structure should be analyzed. This analysis is searchable in four dimensions of "jurisprudential rulings and traditions governing the actions of the inhabitants of residential spaces", "environment, and technical and welfare facilities in constuction of residential spaces", "Norms, concepts and ethical values of housing and inhabitants" and "rules and regulations governing the actions of family members and the architecture of residential spaces" in three axes of individual, social and human tendencies to nature.  So the study of the dimensions and components extracted from this research in the developments of residential spaces is recommended for future research in structuration of Residential spaces.

Urban planning of pilgrimage cities has always been associated with challenges due to their unique characteristics and under the influence holy places present there. The main goal of the current research is to explain the indicators influencing the texture pattern of pilgrimage cities, considering the tourism capacity there. This research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and has been conducted with the descriptive-analytical method. Also, in order to collect data, the method of document-library studies has been used. The results show that in the planning related to change and development in the context of pilgrimage cities, effective indicators should be explained and taken into consideration by decision-makers and planners, and interventions should be made with comprehensive evaluations, appropriate to the genome of such cities and considering the rights of pilgrims and neighbors. In the current research, 19 indicators affecting the texture pattern of pilgrimage cities include privacy and domain, centrality, enclosure, hierarchy, desirable landscape, appropriateness of religious spaces, cultural-entertainment spaces, residential spaces, service-infrastructure, access network, the context around the holy place, environmental resilience, Islamic lifestyle, religious identity, spirituality, safety and security, education, and social interactions were identified. Then, the important rules and considerations in the planning and development of pilgrimage cities were presented based on the explained indicators.

The theory of public life developed by Jan Gehl is one of the theories in the field of urban space planning and design that has been successfully implemented in Western countries. As a result, it has been evaluated in various countries, including Iran, and his outstanding works have been translated and published. Implementing Jan Gehl’s theory of public life can have positive effects on the quality of urban life, such as enhancing vitality, security, health, and sustainability; however, due to the economic, political, social, cultural, and ideological differences between Western countries and Iran, its applicability and localization appear to be extremely important. This study therefore aims to critique this theory by emphasizing the cultural dimension and using Islamic concepts. This is accomplished with a focus on the ideas of Allameh Tabatabai, who is one of the most prominent contemporary Islamic philosophers and has a valuable theory of credit perception. According to Allameh Tabatabai’s theory of credit perceptions, the concepts of the social world are creditable and malleable. This theory formed the basis for the development of the research method. Therefore, in order to analyze the validity, the ontology and anthropology that form these concepts must be identified and analyzed to elucidate the reasons for their emergence and efficacy. The findings of the study indicate that the core beliefs of Gehl’s theory of common life are incompatible with Islamic thought. However, by considering the modified credits based on Islamic thought in order to modify the existing theory, it is possible to eliminate its negative cultural effects and utilize this theory to meet the material and spiritual requirements of the citizens.

Trying to find the best approach and solution for the restoration of historical tissues and localities has provoked many challenges, especially In line with this trend, the current research has investigated the role of culture as one of the important components that has been much considered and used in recent years in various urban areas, including the restoration and recreation of historical textures. 

In this regard; In this regard, firstly, by using the descriptive-analytical method, SWOT, and by using library studies and field impressions, the literature and the concept of culture and urban culture were investigated, and then the course of evolution and its application in the regeneration process was expressed. After that, the cultural neighborhood approach was specifically studied with an emphasis on attracting tourists as the latest approach in this field. an important role. plays in revitalizing identity and meaning.

The results of the research showed that The perspective of Khaqani Street, which is drawn in the direction of the desired image with the attitude of cultural artistic components, a passage that is based on its past roots and history, but with culture and the modern world along with cultural artistic components, causes a deeper and more tangible connection between today's residents and their historical past. It is designed using new spaces.

Curriculum as the backbone of the educational system is one of the important factors in creating fundamental changes in the higher education system; The purpose of this research is to explain the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education model from the Islamic point of view and  the Leader, so that it can be used to examine the curriculum of architecture education in terms of the realization of entrepreneurship components in students. The method of the current research is a mixed exploratory one, which in the qualitative part, by examining the views of the Leader in his articles, books and speeches, descriptive propositions of his thought regarding the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education were extracted with the implication research method. In the quantitative part, the data was analyzed using structural equation method and using SPSS20 and smart PLS software. The findings showed that the model of entrepreneurship from the Leader'spoint of view can be divided into four main pillars: vision, knowledge, skill and business. And each of these main pillars overlaps with the model of effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in architecture curriculum. In this way, architecture higher education centers can, in addition to creating entrepreneurship curricula in the field of architecture, by identifying the potentials in the curricula of this field, strengthen the strengths and eliminate the weaknesses in them. This model, while providing the conditions for the realization of entrepreneurship education in academic fields, provides the context for the implementation of a local model in the light of Islamic orders.

Educational effectiveness is one of the most important factors in the field of educational planning. Explaining the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education by accepting its effectiveness in realizing entrepreneurial components in people adds to the importance of paying attention to it; This is while the lack of indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education makes it difficult. The purpose of this article is to explain the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education based on Kirkpatrick's evaluation model, as the most important learning evaluation model, on the realization of entrepreneurial components. The model is evaluated in the field of architecture to determine how it works. The research method is descriptive, analytical and case study. The statistical population was architecture professors all over the country. To collect data, researcher-made questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale were used and analyzed by structural equation modeling in SPSS and SMART PLS software. The findings indicate the classification of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education on the four dimensions of insight, knowledge, skill and business; And entrepreneurial components are in four components of opportunism, creativity, innovation, and value creation. Based on the obtained results, entrepreneurship education does not work in the same way in terms of effectiveness and realization of entrepreneurial components in people. Therefore, by creating a specific understanding of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, the research model helps educational planning policy makers to achieve their educational goals.

During recent decades, fair urban planning has always been considered by urban thinkers, and urban development without justice has been discussed as a source of inequality and class differences. In this regard, one of the basic roots of the emergence of injustice in cities is considered to be the production and distribution of rent, rent seeking and rent generation of urban planning systems. In Iran, the existence of rent as one of the main factors causing inequality has been considered by urban experts. Although there have been many researches about rent in connection with urban issues in Iran, these researches have partially dealt with the issue of rent in cities and there is a need for a research to achieve a macro view in relation to rent in the urban planning system of Iran. Therefore, the present research has dealt with the qualitative meta-analysis of articles related to rent in Iran's urban planning system.

 The current research has analyzed the content of the rent issue in general by using qualitative research methods. In the present research, at first, by using documentary and library reviews and by using the meta-analysis method, it was tried to investigate the researches about rent in the urban planning system of Iran. To determine how much research has been done on rent and how it appears in the urban planning system of Iran, and also to determine what deficiencies and issues exist in this connection. To determine how much research has been done on rent and how it appears in the urban planning system of Iran, and also to determine what deficiencies and issues exist in this connection.In this regard, first, all the content of the articles was carefully read and coded in MAXQDA software with open coding method, which resulted in the extraction of more than 1300 codes related to rent in the urban planning system of Iran. Then, all thecodes were labeled and analyzed in relation to the urban planning system of Iran. Then, DPSIR method was used to analyze the codes and obtain the macro-components and mechanisms of rent-generating activities and the effects and consequences of rent-generating in Iran's urban planning system. In this regard, the open codes extracted in the first stage were analyzed with the axial coding method. Then, selective coding was done using MAXmap in MAXQDA software, and driving forces causing rents, pressures and currents arising from driving forces, situations created in rents and consequences affected by the situation were identified.

Examining the frequent codes of the studied articles shows that the most frequent codes are: The weakness of the tax system, the rentier government, the destruction of the incentive to produce, the sale of density, the class differences in the city, the sale of urban standards, land and housing speculation, injustice, rent in budgeting and legislation, effortless income, abundant natural resources, lack of Appropriate sources of income, distribution of government rent, weak institutional infrastructure, licensing of rent, government authoritarianism, weakening of civil society, weakening of democracy.The existence of the weakness of the tax system, along with issues such as the sale of density and urban regulations and lack of suitable sources of income, among the most frequent codes, shows that the weakness of institutional financing in Iran's urban planning system plays an important role in relation to rent. On the other hand, the existence of other frequent codes such as eliminating production motivation, land and housing speculation, effortless income, and increasing tendency to rent-seeking, indicates that the weakness of public financing also has an important effect on the rent generation of the urban development system. Also, the presence of frequent codes such as the authoritarianism of the government and the rentier government against the weakening of civil society and the weakening of democracy is also interesting.

The results of the present research show that the continuation of the production and distribution of rent in the society leads to the reduction of healthy competition in the society and increases the spirit of rent-seeking in the society, causes the weakening of democracy and spreads injustice. It also leads to the weakening of economic and political structures and leads to deviation in the allocation of resources. Also, the decrease in the quality of public institutions and the lack of formation of a proper tax system are other consequences of the continued production and distribution of rent in the country.

The hedonic valuation method has been considered in various fields by researchers in order to estimate the value of a commodity or the demand for exploitation of a commodity for many years. Besides, the hedonic method has been widely used to identify ‘value’ indicators in the housing market. The need for indicators as the key tool for housing planning is related to the need to prioritize planning. Indicators are also critical to understanding housing characteristics. This article tries to develop a "conceptual model" of value by meta-analyzing the existing theoretical literature regarding the valuing indicators in the hedonic model, which has been done by the meta-analysis method, uses MAXQDA software and open and axial coding to analyze the texts in order to compile and classify the features that explain the value of housing. The research findings, which are taken from 335 highly cited articles between 2009 and 2019, show that despite the long period of application and theoretical development of the model, there is no theoretical consensus on the explanatory indicators of housing value. So, 7 main categories can be identified in the form of 350 concepts and 5883 codes (including frequency), which can show the range of housing value dimensions, in addition to summarizing the issue. Also, the share of basic structural-physical and peripheral categories, with 53.5 and 25.5 percent, respectively, has the most application in the hedonic housing valuation model. In the two-mentioned categories, the share of variables affecting the residential unit, the building of the property, and access to services and land uses with relative shares of 23.6, 19.2, and 16.5%, is more than other variables. The results show that while the concepts of many explanatory indicators of value are the same, a suitable range of explanatory indicators of housing value can be used in the hedonic model according to the goals and the target community, and this can lead to the formation of indigenous and specific values of a society.

Media has always been a platform for activities related to the human intellect. It has become an integral part of human life in various forms and contexts by the supporting role of technology. On the other hand, many thinkers and theorists have introduced architecture as a physical media that can be perceived and analyzed at different theoretical levels. Despite these interpretations that recognize buildings with intrinsic mediating factors, a clear theoretical framework of such relationships and the interaction between architecture and media has not yet been identified. This study seeks to answer two main questions: what indicators affect the procedure in which architecture turns into a media? And, how can a model of the affecting factors and categories be identified to explain the connection between architecture and media clearly? Therefore, this study aims to identify and prioritize the effective factors for mediating the quality of architecture. Finally, it tries to present a model for recognizing architecture as media based on a case study, the historical building of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at Tabriz Islamic Art University, as an example of adaptive reuse in historic buildings.

This research is fundamental-experimental in terms of purpose, and descriptive survey in terms of entity and method, using a case study. According to the related literature, 12 faculty members of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at Tabriz Islamic Art University constituted the Delphi panel of experts. All the panel members were among the recognized experts in specific fields of architecture. In the first round of Delphi, indicators and brainstorming were conceptualized through semi-structured interviews with panel members in person and virtually. After analyzing the content of the interviews, by combining the factors obtained from the literature and the achieved indicators from experts’ opinions, 34 indicators effective in improving the mediating quality of architecture were extracted in four categories. In the second round of Delphi, the validity and reliability of the research tools were approved by the faculty members and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Then, the experts scored the factors in close-ended questionnaires and 5-point Likert scale, and the data were analyzed using TOPSIS technique. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was used to assess the consensus among the experts, and the prioritized factors were also introduced along with the descriptive statistics components such as the average indices presented in tables and plots. Finally, by comparing the results of the TOPSIS technique with the results extracted from the descriptive statistics, the accuracy of the results and their validity were ensured.

The ratings and findings obtained from the average index differed slightly from the results extracted from the TOPSIS technique. The reason can be stated in the higher accuracy of this technique in prioritizing and presenting rankings and closeness indeces of each factor in the research. The factors of “Indicator of the art of technology and crafting in time” with the closeness index of 0.610652, “Reflector of the culture of people in the society” with the closeness index of 0.579874, “Creator of new sensory perceptions” with the closeness index of 0.561471, “Being a benchmark in the city context” with the closeness index of 0.560705, and “Represents the evolution of history” with the closeness index of 0.558936 were among the highest priorities in the factors affecting the mediating quality in architecture. Also, the factors of “A communicator” with the closeness index of 0.436028, and “The presence of a power in creating the message” with the closeness index of 0.457395 were recognized as the minor priorities. By calculating the averages of closeness indeces in each category, the most effective categories in improving the mediating quality in architecture are “Factors relating to the application of media”, “Factors relating to the impacts of media”, “Factors relating to the message”, and “Factors relating to the intrinsic characteristics of media”, that were introduced with the mean averages of 0.544508, 0.503928, 0.495541 and 0.491413, respectively.

The final model of architecture as a media and factors affecting the enhancement of mediating quality were presented as the research conclusion. Hence, if architecture is not considered a  physical media and does not have a mediating role, it can no longer be called architecture and will no longer differentiate its nature from a structure. Architecture continuously transmits its character, ideas, thoughts, mindsets, approaches, history, time, and specifically its message to the future and performs as a meta-media concept. Also, the body and audience of architecture change its media nature, and its mediating quality causes various spatial reproductions in the minds of the people and a wide range of users.

Today, the meaning of environment is one of the most important issues in urbanism and contemporary schools of thought have always sought to theorize the "nature of meaning and the process of its development" in urban spaces.Despite their strengths, they seem to have shortcomings due to the lack of capacity to benefit from the initiatives of other scientific fields and the single-level view of meaning. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of urbanism, it seems necessary to use related sciences to the cognitive and perceptual structures of the individual to explain the process of meaning development in urban.

In response to the question, " What is the cognitive-cultural process of meaning formation in urban space and what are its achievements in comparison with other developmental approaches to meaning?", the purpose of this paper is to generalize the application of cognitive science concepts related to cognition of human and environment to the field of environmental studies, including urbanism and reduce the gap in the interdisciplinary theoretical studies of these two fields.

The research method in this article is a comparative- analytical method that is done by explaining the position of cognitive-cultural approach in comparison with post-positivist and post-structuralist approaches in the field of urban studies.

The cognitive-cultural approach is distinguished from post-positivist and poststructuralist approaches in terms of epistemology and factors of meaning development in urban spaces. Epistemologically, in the cognitive-cultural approach, meaning is reproduced simultaneously at two pervasive levels with cultural mentality and at a specific level with cultural practices. Cognitive-cultural affordances of urban space, cognitive-cultural experience of the individual from urban space and how to be available/accessible in a particular situation are the factors of meaning development in the cognitive-cultural approach. In other words, this approach examines the traces of culture both in the environment and in humans.

The proposed cognitive-cultural approach of the research with a multilevel and situational view of meaning, covers the shortcomings of previous approaches in urban studies such as a single-level view of meaning and introduces urbanism as situational cultural knowledge.

Complexity and order, while having extensive concepts in themselves, create patterns in relation to each other that have been considered by various theorists in the field of architecture, behavioral sciences, and aesthetics in recent centuries. With the influence of new scientific and philosophical theories on architecture, attitudes toward order have changed and the role of complexity in explaining relationships and processes has increased more. This research was qualitative type and is analyzed by descriptive-analytical method, information obtained from library studies and documentary sources, and then evaluated by Grounded theory method based on the concept of complexity and order in architecture. With explaining the relationship between order and complexity, three patterns of ordered complex, disordered complex and organized complex found in Geometry of architecture can be examined: 1- In this view, the universe and phenomena have order, and order has levels. Order extends from simplicity to complexity. The pattern that can be suggested of complexity and order is the ordered complex. 2- Order is mental and has no external existence. Everything is in the disorder and chaos, and the order is the particular moment of this disorder. In relation to complexity, complexity is versus order and is sometimes equated with disorder. 3- Order and disorder are together and in one whole dynamically and interact with each other. In every order, there is disorder, and every disorder is accompanied by order. This view is the organized complex pattern. These patterns can provide theoretical insights into the process and product of architecture.

Urban housing planners, following the presentation of a suitable and desirable model of urban housing, have not considered a  model outside the category of consumer values and housing suppliers. They have always sought to identify values reflected in the consumer and producer preferences in the purchase and sale of a residential unit in an interactive way to take a more objective view of values by taking measures to use it in urban housing planning and design. The concept of ‘value’ in urban housing planning is a construct that, together with the essence of the society, can pave the way for the interaction of the benefits of the urban housing development model with the interests of their beneficiaries. As urbanization and urban planning issues have become more acute and studies have been conducted on urban housing development policies, aspects of their inefficiency such as creating price gaps between different types of housing in the city, non-compliance with ecological and climatic requirements, non-compliance with religious considerations, and religion (such as the discussion of aristocracy and respect for compatibility, proximity, neighborhoods, etc.), spatial separation of cities, social justice, etc. have become apparent. In Tabriz metropolis, with the increasing growth in the last decade, we are witnessing the development of various urban housing development programs and the growth of different types of residential neighborhoods, which in a similar way, has caused a high-value gap between different areas and neighborhoods of the city. The average house price in the metropolis of Tabriz is estimated to be very high and almost on par with the capital. In other words, the concept of value in housing planning in Tabriz has various features and a hidden market that can not reflect the pattern of an Islamic city. This has led to various different housing prices in the process of supply and demand.  

The present study aimed to assess the concept of value in housing planning in the city of Tabriz based on Islamic culture and perspective as well as Islamic realism using Allameh Tabatabai's value theory and the research strategy of post-mining. Since many of the features explaining the value of urban housing are not directly traded in the market, the basics of the Hedonic model have been used to quantify values. The explanatory model in the City of Tabriz (using three samples: Rushdie, Ashkan, and Chamran housing complexes) was tested and analyzed by correlation and regression (linear and quasi-logarithmic) models. Given that the data of the study are both quantitative and qualitative, the analysis model is covariance analysis or ANCOVA. In order to perform correlation analysis, the Spearman coefficient was used for ranking data and the Pearson coefficient was used for distance data. To identify the variables regarding value urban housing, multivariate linear regression was used. Rushdie town was a well-planned example that covered both villas and apartments. Chamran complex was also a manifestation of the planned apartment complex. Ashkan neighborhood was considered as a guided neighbor (according to the detailed and comprehensive plan of cities).   

The findings of the research showed that structural-physical and environmental categories related to the ‘access to land uses’ were most significant in explaining the variable ‘value of urban housing’ in Tabriz.  Furthermore, in well-planned ones, such as in the Rushdie complex, many of the criteria were not met. It should be noted that although the same variables were included in the model in all three samples, due to different responses and inhomogeneous housing conditions in the samples, different results were obtained in the samples, but the structure of the variables was the same. In fact, the observations can be explained by a common structure. It should be noted that   each sample, in terms of significant variables, by itself can not conceptually expand the structure of consumer and producer housing preferences. Allameh similarly believes that values have a fixed structure (innate tendency towards good and true Goodness and escape from wickedness) but they can accept different examples and the goodness of such examples is not absolute and definite. In line with the results, it should be added that the physical and structural features of a building and its environmental and local location are included in the calculations as ‘variable’. The results depend on the type of the selected house (apartment/villa), the type of selected area, etc., which could also be affected by the time period and spatial scale. However, these variables are pre-designed and their repetition and frequency do not necessarily indicate their superior preference. For example, some previous policies of urban housing planners and city managers have created values ​​in cities that are not necessarily considered good. The value in the identified model does not necessarily have a positive semantic burden that should be considered as a credit structure in the housing planning process from now on. But these values, in fact, in a way summarize the cause-and-effect relationship in the city system. It is the urbanization and identification of existing disciplines that, as mentioned, are not necessarily considered valuable. The repetition of values ​​and obtaining the coefficient in the developed Hedonic model show that these variables play a role in the existing structure of Tabriz housing planning and have formed some patterns.  

Value is a cultural category and the housing planning derived from values is in fact linking urban housing development programs and policies with the culture that governs our society. From this perspective, in the process of housing planning, it is necessary to do more research reflection on the issue of its value and meaning in the society and from the perspective of expectations and preferences of individuals and beneficiarieswhich could  lead to more achievable policies. Considering that the housing development model is context- and value-driven in a given society and that value is a cultural phenomenon, it is necessary to identify community values first and the plan for urban housing using the values as a guide.  Islamic cities can become representatives of Islamic culture. According to the findings, in the city of Tabriz, it can be concluded that despite many similarities in the content of values, in terms of the value system, differences according to economic, environmental, social conditions, heterogeneous tendencies, and expectations of residents  exist. Therefore, a single version cannot be developed to explain the concept of value in cities. People are more likely to choose areas that are closer to their expectations. However, it depends on  their purchasing power; therefore,  customer's preferences for housing characteristics (values) could  be reflected in the spatial pattern of price and value of urban housing. The most important suggestion of studies based on the totality of what was discussed is that in the process of urban housing planning, before planning and formulating any urban development plan, a proper understanding of the values ​​governing the society should be reflected on and the values ​​should be more tangible. In this way, urban housing planning is looked at something more than   mere housing development; instead,  housing and its surroundings, along with the expectations and values ​​of residents, are seen as an interactive set.  

Ardabil was one of the important and noteworthy cities of Iran in Safavid era. Due to presence of Sheikh Safi al-Din tomb, this city -as Dar-al-aman- had a certain political, social and cultural state in Safavid era which caused Ardabil to be developed and built as a commercial, religious and service center leading to its expansion and growth. However, up to present time, no comprehensive study has been conducted based on analytical evidences and documents. One of the remaining historical documents from this city is a map drawn by Adam Olearius who was a German scholar, mathematician, geographer and librarian. Olearius had made a travel to Iran in Shah Abbas time. On his own traveling, while writing his itinerary, he came to draw some maps from his visited cities based on the components of the physical and spatial structure of cities. In these maps, urban elements have been his main focus. One of the existing historical documents of the city of Ardabil in this period is the map drawn by Adam Olearius in his itinerary. Re-reading this map to reconstruct the structure of Ardabil city during the Safavid era can reveal the structure of this city in that period from different dimensions. Matching Olearius’ drawing map with historical sources and written texts and documents available, including different travelogues and Adam Olearius’ maps will help us to identify good information about the form, physical and spatial organization of the city, according to which understandable drawings of the city can be presented. The research method of this article is interpretive –historic research with an emphasis on content analysis and review of historical documents. According to the only available readable image document from this period, mental maps were processed. The results show that Olearius had an abstract view of cities and presented maps of different cities by comparative study of maps of other cities in unique way. Moreover, it should be noted that he had certain principles and methods in drawing maps as he gave each town a special place and point in which all the dimensions of the city were defined. This particular place could be the most important building of the city, such as the square, the tomb, the emam-zadeh, or even the castle and the minaret. Based on the guide map of Olearius, the city of Ardabil was divided into urban characteristics during the Safavid era. By placing the Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili complex in the center of the map and important elements in the structuring of other parts of the city, Olerious has shown the importance of the issue. The city of Ardabil had largely preserved its spatial structure during the Safavid era, in a way that the tomb of Sheikh Safi as the government component of the city, bazaar as the economic component and the Jame’ Mosque as the religious component were of special importance and the main square of the city connected these elements all of which could conceptualize the city in relation to each other.

In studying the evolution of urban spaces in the Islamic world, especially in Middle Eastern societies, we see different spatial patterns compared to European cities.  Most of the political systems governing these societies lacked mechanisms for managing, planning and developing urban spaces. The culture of waqf in most of these cities has played a role as this mechanism and has created urban systems based on religious teachings. This institution has played an important role in the construction of Islamic cities and the reproduction of urban spaces, and its permanence throughout history has led to the continuity of these spaces. The tradition of waqf, which is reproduced according to the principles and norms of Islam, includes elements such as waqf, waqf letter, competitions, trustees, religious scholars and mujtahids who have the task of writing and certifying its authenticity. In the absence of formal mechanisms for the management, planning and spatial development of cities in the political systems of the Middle East and Iran, Waqf institution has civil-social functions and has played an important role in the development, meaning and continuity of Islamic culture in these cities. The urban complexes of Naghsh Jahan in Isfahan, Ganjali Khan in Kerman and Sheikh Safi al-Din in Ardabili in the Safavid period are among those that were formed with the culture of waqf and now constitute the main structure of those cities. The purpose of studying and evaluating this issue is to reach the principles and framework that, with the origin of thought and thinking of a comprehensive worldview, indicates a model that is referred to urban designers and planners in creating and sustaining the structural, civic and spiritual life of the city. In the meantime, what can be considered as an issue is the existence of Waqf and the undeniable impact it has had on the creation of spatial and structural organization and the continuation of urban civic life, and the need to organize it as a purposeful structural system in the structure of the Islamic city. In the process of formation and development of cities in the Islamic world, we simultaneously witness the development and adaptation of the culture of Waqf to local requirements and local laws, along with attention to the regional and indigenous needs of communities living in newly established or occupied cities. Meanwhile, the attention of governments and government agents to the issue of Waqf and its use as a tool for the development and continuity of Islamic concepts and values, has had a significant impact on the importance of this Islamic institution in the process of planning and spatial development of the Islamic cities. In the present article, the role of Waqf culture in the development of these urban complexes has been explained based on Giddenschr('39') constitution theory and interpretive-historical method. Findings show that Waqf institution is the deepest layer of actions and properties that make up and produce the above urban systems. Regarding their historical continuity, these religious, social and political conditions and relations have prevailed causing the reproduction of urban spaces in different periods by continuing or changing the rules and sources of Waqf. Meanwhile, the ulema and mujtahids, as the confirmers and legitimists of Waqf, have indirectly continued the Islamic culture in the city by monitoring, controlling and rethinking. In the structure of the social system, achieving real and comprehensive happiness is not possible except in the light of social cooperation. As one of the examples of social participation, the endowment institution plays an important and influential role in the structural quality and planning of society.

Over the past few decades, scholars have studied the contemporary city and its mechanisms through a variety of approaches. Despite the variations in research orientations, what all these scholars agree on, is the widespread, profound and rapid transition of the contemporary city compared to its earlier sample which can be defined as development of consumerism in the contemporary city. This is an extreme change because the productive role of cities has always prevailed over their other features since the Industrial Revolution. Especially over the last 50 years, a wide variety of theories (from various disciplines) have explored contemporary society from this perspective. Understanding and analyzing this vast array of studies could be tricky for urban researchers, which highlights the need for a typological study in this area.

The current paper aims to characterize the set of urban consumption theories.

A qualitative research strategy is used to provide a clear framework for the classification of consumption theories that have been proposed in different sciences.

Results suggests that urban consumption theories could be classified into three macros and forty-three micro types.

Macro-types of urban consumption theories are the economical category of consumption, sociology of consumption and hybrid approach. These classifications can be very useful for researchers who intend to theorize or enter such studies—theories directly applied to urban science are more elaborated.

With the implementation of the "Mehr Housing" policy, in order to provide housing for the low-income groups, structural-physical and socio-economic problems emerged; Feelings of social inequality and spatial segregation (due to dependence on the neighboring metropolis) of residents are among the issues that have been less researched despite their importance. This study aims to identify the relationship between the physical structure of Mehr housing complex and its socio-economic structure, and explores the relevant responses of residents.

The research was performed by comparative method in two independent samples with a volume of 50 (Mehr housing in the new city of Sahand Tabriz and Golbahar city of Mashhad) by cluster method in different phases of the project. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS.20 software. First, to test the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used and the test results confirmed that the data were normal. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research was tested by t-test.

According to the findings, there is a direct and significant relationship between spatial structure of Mehr housing development (25 main items) and its social structure (14 main items) (Pearson coefficient 0.68). The study of the samples with t-test shows that despite the significant difference in data in social and environmental dimensions (with more mean in Golbahar-sample) and service and economic dimensions (with higher mean in Sahand sample), but physical dimensions has a relatively similar condition in the samples. Also, in general, according to the computational averages of t-test, there was no significant difference between the components of "physical-spatial " and "socio-economic" structures, and despite the average to low computational score in both groups, in the Golbahar sample with a small difference, a higher score was estimated.

Based on the results, significant discrimination in providing services and access to urban facilities, along with spatial remoteness, has played an important role in the formation and intensification of feelings of social inequality and spatial separation of these complexes. Thus, by modifying the identified differences between the two samples studied and trying to obtain the satisfaction of residents in providing the services they need, we can take a step forward in the development of this type of housing pattern. Undoubtedly, since this housing model is commensurate with the income level of the households living in it, by providing ancillary services and especially meeting the easier transportation context, it is possible to provide the satisfaction of the residents of the complexes. Also, accuracy in terms of local requirements of each city and attention to the design of appropriate housing can be very important because as mentioned, it is not possible to implement a fixed pattern in different urban areas of the country and the need to localize the model always will be raised.

The culture of a city is the pattern that at once repre sents the city as a whole and the semantic atmos phere or context in which it develops and evolves. In this respect, a city’s culture is nothing other than its system of meanings – of meaningful symbols or sym bolic meanings – and their formal/physical patterns. An essential strategy to identify an urban culture is to take account of the various types or forms of urban spaces as well as their meanings and concepts. Therefore, it seems necessary to gain a comprehen sive understanding of the stages of develop ment/evolution of urban spaces as well as the relation between representations of meaning and culture in a given period. With a cultural approach to the research subject and an exploration of the city from a cultural point of view, we aim to categorize the effects of cul ture on the formation of urban structures and forms. By analyzing the meanings and concepts of structural urban elements, we intend to present a reading of the formal/physical concepts and meanings of the case, i.e., the city of Ardabil. Urban spaces are thought of as influential cultural environments that may be effec tive in shaping community infrastructure. Throughout history, there have been many cities across the world that used to be important for short or long periods due to political, social or cultural reasons, thus, rank ing high among cities. One of them is Ardabil, which used to be of special importance for its political and cultural status and reached its culmination in the Sa favid era. Ardabil was deemed a sacred place by the Safavid Dynasty.  Because of Sheikh Safi al-Din’s Shrine, the religious status of the city was multiplied. It should be noted that Ardabil acquired a new and quite unprecedented significance in the Safavid era. The present research addresses the conceptual posi tion of the city of Ardabil during the Safavid era, which is considered by many Iranians as the era of the resurgence of Shiite Islam. The main question is: How did culture manifest itself in the formation and devel opment of the city of Ardabil in the Safavid era? To answer this question, we represent the meanings of culture in three major urban spaces of Ardabil, in cluding Sheikh Safi al-Din’s Shrine, the Bazaar and Jom’e (Jame’) Mosque. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the meanings of prominent spaces in Ardabil city from a cultural perspective, in particu lar, through representing the meanings and concepts of the city’s culture in the Safavid era. The study uses an exploratory method and literature review proce dures to present an analysis based on Stuart Hall’s “Circuit of Culture” for representations of meanings. The findings indicate that the holy concept of Sheikh Safial-Din’s shrine as Safavid governance origin; ba zaar as a main part of urban life and city magnificent; and Jom'e mosque as a religious center conceptually consolidating urban spaces represent the meaning of urban spaces. Representation of spatial meanings in the Safavid-era Ardabil was closely linked to power relations and, thus, the city’s culture reflected the re ligious system, which was based on the legitimacy of the Shiite Safavid rule.

Landscape biography is a historical and interdisciplinary approach about the interaction between the audience and their environment. This approach assesses the nature which is changed by the human using a phenomenological perspective, and it is less known in Iran. According to the enriched history of Iran, knowing and using this approach in the historical landscape planning, which consists of a huge part of this country seems to be essential. The analysis of the philosophical roots of the landscape biography approach is useful for a better understanding of this concept. This approach first emerged as a result of the confrontation with the objective and subjective separation in the landscape using the concepts of phenomenology. Husserl’s perspectives as the father of phenomenology about the world-life, and Heidegger, who brought phenomenology at the level of ontology and linked it to hermeneutics, and also Gadamer, who expanded the philosophical hermeneutics, are the ones whose perspectives have been used in the landscape biography.

The main goal of this study is to have a better understanding of the modern history roots as the main criterion of this approach. History in the landscape biography is not defined as the consistency of the past, now and future, but it is considered nonlinearly.

The main question of this study is to find the nonlinear and dynamic roots of landscape biography. The main subjective concepts of this approach in phenomenology and hermeneutics have been assessed using descriptive analytics techniques, and these roots have been compared to historical criteria of the landscape biography using adaptive approach.

Finally, the deep effects of time philosophy from the perspective of hermeneutics on the modern historical perspectives in this approach were demonstrated. Similar to the time, landscape history has been for Dasein and it is always along with it, because according to Heidegger, it is not the past that is valuable but the originality with the future. Therefore, the historical landscape planning is valuable by the maintenance of the past phenomena and its integration with present.

The urgent need of today's housing planning is not only the newest theories and techniques but also the localization of the above approaches in order to develop favorable housing in Iranian society. The "Hedonic" valuation method associated with identifying the housing value, has been used for numerous reasons. This paper, which is based on a comparative research strategy and logical reasoning method, is to examine the value concept of a Western-style housing "hedonic" model, compared to the "Allamah Tabatabai's" Value Regards. Tabataba'i, among the Islamic thinkers, with the Mental Understandings idea and the particular opinions that he provides about Mental Understandings and Practical Reason, has made it possible to achieve the concept of value in an Islamic society. Research findings shows the individual-based look in the "hedonic" model has led to the fact that value is actually the result of individual preferences, which are the most frequent, and a feature with more important coefficient, should be considered as a public interest; what, according to Allama's view, can't necessarily guarantee the perfection and ultimate Prosperity of Man. similarly, some of the values identified in the model are physical and environmental characteristics that have become popular in our cities as a model. In Allamah's value regards, the identification of the value in urban housing planning of Islamic societies, combined with thoughts derived from Islamic philosophy and the ethics, besides collective values governing the community and affecting the structure, can be a key factor in refining, supplementing, and adapting the "Hedonic" value model to the prevailing Islamic ideology.

Public spaces witness three different relations between gender and space, these relationships are (1) relation between men and space, (2) relation between women and space, and (3) relation between men/women and space. These spatial relationships are based on the three different spaces which are masculine, feminine, and mixed. The main problem of the research is how to make justification in them. Space Gender refers to some feature of the place which is emphasized in cultural studies and makes an independent personality. Spatial Gendered culture planning highlights the effects of planning on males and females, as well as the impacts of men and women on planning itself. The case study of the research is Tabriz's Tarbiat walkway and the methodology is combination of the quantitative method which is questionnaire and qualitative method which is based on observation. The main aim of doing the research is checking out the effect of Material Space, Representations of Space, and Spaces of Representation on Gender Culture of Space. The structural model of the research evaluates the Partial Least Squares through Smart PLS software. The result of t-value shows that significant levels are more than the standard 1.96 for all the routs by confidence level of 95%. At last, it shows that the most optimal choice of men is Sense of Power through (3.51) average point, then the Thrill (3.44) and Ownership (3.41) are second and third from their point of view. Women choose Memories as the most optimal indexes by (3.89) average point. After that Inspiration (3.78) and Feelings (3.66) are two other priorities of them. The significant tip is that these indexes are from Spaces of Representation subset too. Also, it can be mentioned that the Spaces of Representation has more effect on the Gender Culture of Space that the other variables.