فهرست مطالب mohsen doustkam

Conflicts between individuals are a common and unavoidable issue. One of the most important reasons for couples seeking counseling is their decision to divorce (1). An unhealthy family environment caused by conflicts, hypocrisy, and arguments between spouses can lead to negative consequences for the children's lives, which may manifest as defiance and disobedience to social norms in the future (3). Empathy is a crucial factor in creating or preventing marital intimacy, as it can reduce the emotional distance between spouses. Studies show that awareness of emotions and the impact of this awareness on interpersonal relationships in married life is effective (12). Couples who possess a certain level of self-awareness can maintain their individuality and independence while also having strong, genuine, and non-threatening emotional intimacy (13). Expressing emotions is related to some marital processes, including marital satisfaction; competent individuals in terms of emotions can identify and understand their feelings, recognize the underlying meanings of those feelings, and express their emotional states more effectively to others (17). Marital therapy is an important component of healthcare services, and research has shown that therapy based on acceptance and commitment is a type of effective treatment for reducing marital conflicts (19). The healing cycle is a combined treatment that integrates cognitive-behavioral therapy, object relations theory, psychodrama therapy, and attachment theory into a systematic treatment model (22). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether marital therapy based on acceptance and commitment and the healing cycle can have a significant impact on improving emotional empathy, emotional expression, and self-awareness in couples with marital distress.

In this study, a semi-experimental design was used. The research design was of the applied type and semi-experimental (with a pre-test and post-test with a control group) and was approved by the university's Ethics Committee with the code IR.IAU.BOJNOURD.REC.1401.016 in the ethics system. The statistical population consisted of all couples who sought treatment at the Astane Mehr Center in Mashhad in the spring of 1401. From this population, 30 couples were selected using convenience sampling. They were randomly assigned to three groups: commitment-based therapy and acceptance (15 couples), healing cycle therapy (15 couples), and the control group (15 couples). The inclusion criteria included being between the ages of 25 and 45, having no signs of primary depression or anxiety disorders, and no mental or sexual disorders, which were identified through a screening interview conducted by the researcher and a trained assistant in clinical psychology.Additionally, participants had to score above the cutoff point of the marital distress scale (the cutoff point for this scale is 84), and couples had to have at least 5 years of cohabitation. Participants had to have a minimum of a diploma and no substance dependence. The exclusion criteria included seeking other treatments or counseling services simultaneously or having more than three consecutive absent sessions and participants not wanting to continue treatment. In this study, the following instruments were used: the Couples Burnout Measurement, Emotional Expression Questionnaire, Self-Awareness Questionnaire, and Emotional Awareness Questionnaire.

The findings showed that the mean differences in the research variables (emotional expression, self-awareness, and emotional empathy) in the two measurement stages were statistically significant (P<0.01). The interaction between the repeated measure and the experimental variable (acceptance-based and commitment therapy and healing cycle therapy): The mean differences between the research variables in the experimental and control groups in the three measurement stages were statistically significant (P<0.01). The experimental variable (acceptance-based and commitment therapy and healing cycle therapy): The mean differences of the research variables in the experimental and control groups were statistically significant (P<0.01). The purpose of presenting the above hypothesis was to examine the impact of the experimental variables. Since the calculated F value for acceptance-based and commitment therapy and healing cycle therapy is greater than the critical F value at a degree of freedom of 2 and 57 and a significant level of P<0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected. Based on the rejection of the null hypothesis, it can be concluded that acceptance-based and commitment therapy and healing cycle therapy had a more significant impact on improving the research variables (emotional expression, self-awareness, and emotional empathy) in the married couples of the experimental groups compared to the control group.

The results showed that the mean scores of emotional empathy, emotional expression, and self-awareness in the members of the experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the control group in the post-test. Additionally, the effect size indicated that providing acceptance-based and commitment therapy and healing cycle therapy had a significant impact on improving the levels of emotional empathy, emotional expression, and self-awareness in the married couples of the experimental groups.In conclusion, the provided therapies were able to have a meaningful impact on improving the levels of emotional empathy, emotional expression, and self-awareness in the members of the experimental groups, and it was determined that there was no significant difference in the impact of acceptance-based and commitment therapy and healing cycle therapy on the research variables among the members of the experimental groups.

The prerequisite for the development of any organization is to have healthy and efficient human resources. Numerous factors are effective in creating the physical and mental health of employees of an organization as well as their efficiency, the most important of which is the cause of burnout. Burnout typically begins with abnormal reactions to conflict, failure, and job stress, and finally, it impairs individual performance. Jobs that have more stress and responsibilities are more exposed to it. Due to the fundamental and decisive role of Legal Medicine in appeal court cases, and also in dealing with annoying issues and crime scenes, Legal Medicine employees face a lot of stress in their careers. The organizational consequences of job burnout include reduced productivity and increased health costs.According to the mentioned materials and considering the importance of the subject of burnout in Legal Medical workers and the injuries affected by it, the need for further investigation and research was observed to reduce its harmful and destructive effects. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy and metacognitive therapy on job burnout of Legal Medicine employees.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group of Mashhad Legal Medicine employees in 1399. Using the available sampling method after initial evaluation and fulfillment of research conditions, 45 people were selected and were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group received behavioral activation therapy the second group received metacognitive therapy and the third group was placed on the waiting list as a control group. To collect information, Meslach burn was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by the method of Cronbach's alpha, and its value was obtained above 0.7 for all three items of the questionnaire. Likewise, content validity was used to test the validity of the questionnaire, for which the questionnaires were approved by the relevant expert.

Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. According to the F calculated at the level of 0.05, both treatments were effective in the index of job burnout. The results showed that behavioral activation therapy and metacognitive therapy led to changes in job burnout and its subscales, and in subscales of exhaustion emotional and personal accomplishment decrease, metacognitive therapy had better results than behavioral activation therapy.

The results indicate that behavioral activation therapy and metacognitive therapy are significantly effective in the field of mental health of Legal Medicine employees and the importance of psychological care in the workplace becomes more apparent.

Having a healthy and efficient human resources is one of the requirements for the development of any organization. This study aims to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on meta-emotional dimensions, stress tolerance, and burnout of forensic staff.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and follow-up test with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all forensic staff in Mashhad. The statistical sample of this study including 30 employees by available were selected via sampling method and after initial evaluation were randomly replaced in two groups (15 people). The experimental group received metacognitive training and the control group was placed on a waiting list. Metacognitive training of Adrian Wells protocol (2015) was performed in 8 sessions of 90 min. Metacognition and Behavior and Monte Aha positive metacognition questionnaires, Simmons and Kaher (2005) distress tolerance questionnaire and Mezlach burnout were used to collect the data. For data collection, SPSS 22 software and repeated measures analysis of variance were utilized.

The findings showed that metacognitive training can be effective on the domain of happiness, stress tolerance, and burnout (P<0.05).

Findings indicate that metacognitive intervention has been associated with the increased distress tolerance and meta-emotional dimensions and reduced burnout. Given that the most essential ability relevant to emotional intelligence is the awareness of people of their emotions and meta-emotions and the metacognitive training increases this awareness, metacognitive intervention can help improve people's performance.

Psoriasis has a wide range of mental health effects due to its clinical features and physical presentations. Psoriasis is associated with depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and negative body image. Body image includes a person's feelings about the characteristics and structure of the body. A negative body image is formed when a person experiences a negative evaluation or is ridiculed by others. High anxiety scores are always seen in patients with psoriasis. Depression is the most common mental disorder worldwide and is one of the major causes of disability. Psoriasis and depression reinforce each other. Many researchers have suggested a broader role for psychiatric and psychotherapeutic interventions to reduce the symptoms and severity of skin diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy and metacognitive therapy on body image concern, anxiety, and depression in psoriasis patients.

This research was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The study's statistical population include all psoriasis patient referring to dermatology clinics in Razavi and Emam Reza (PBUH) hospitals in Mashhad City, Iran, in 2019. Of whom, 45 patients who obtained a higher score than the cut–off point in Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) (Littleton et al., 2005), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM–A) (Hamilton, 1959), and Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II) (Beck et al., 1996) were selected with available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 in behavioral activation therapy, 15 in metacognitive therapy) and one control group. The inclusion criteria were as follows: providing informed consent to receive psychological treatment, having psoriasis, being between 15 and 45 years old, and obtaining a score higher than the cut–off point in the mentioned measurement scales. The exclusion criteria were the patient's lack of consent to receive psychological treatment, absence of more than two sessions, and not answering the questionnaires completely. The experimental groups underwent behavioral activation and metacognitive therapy in 8 sessions during 2 months, while the control group received no intervention. The participants completed Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) (Littleton et al., 2005), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM–A) (Hamilton, 1959), and Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II) (Beck et al., 1996). Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test) were used to analyze the research data. Data were analyzed in SPSS software version 26 at a significance level of less than 0.05.

After controlling the effect of the pretest, findings showed significant differences between the experimental groups and control group in body image concern (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001), and depression (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between the behavioral activation and metacognitive therapy groups in depression (p=0.821) and anxiety (p=0.192). Still, there was a significant difference between behavioral activation and metacognitive therapy in body image concern (p=0.047). Behavioral activation was more effective in body image concern.

According to the result, behavioral activation therapy and metacognitive therapy have a significant effect on reducing body image concern, anxiety, and depression in psoriasis patients. The use of these therapies by therapists seems essential. Also, the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy in reducing body image concerns is more than metacognitive therapy.

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that has many effects on patients' mental health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on body image concern, anxiety and depression in psoriasis patients.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group. Thirty people with psoriasis in Mashhad (Iran) selected by available sampling method and the randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions to metacognitive therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The participants completed Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Data were analyzed by SPSS software, using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The findings showed that there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups in body image concern, anxiety and depression scores (P< 0.05).

The results suggested that metacognitive therapy has a significant effect on reducing body image concern, anxiety and depression in psoriasis patients. Therefore, therapist can use this method to reduce body image concern, anxiety and depression in these patients.

Rumination and dysfunction in emotional regulation are the most important problems in people with generalized anxiety disorder. The aim of present study was to comparison of effectiveness of transdiagnostic and emotion regulation therapy in the rumination and emotional regulation on people with generalized anxiety disorder.

Four patients with generalized anxiety disorder who had complete symptoms of this disorder based on multidimensional evaluation (generalized anxiety questionnaire and clinical interview) were selected by purposeful sampling. Multiple baseline experimental single case study was used as the method of the present study. The Transdiagnostic protocol and emotion regulation therapy were administered in two phases: baseline, 15 and 16 sessions, and two months follow-up. Subjects responded to Rumination and emotional regulation questionnaire. Data were analyzed using visuals inspection, effect size index and improvement percentage.

Barlow’s transdiagnostic and mennin & fresco’s emotion regulation therapy are effective in reducing rumination and improving emotional regulation in people with generalized anxiety disorder.

 Stuttering is a communication disorder that includes primary and secondary behaviors. One of the problems in generalizing and consolidating the treatment of people with stuttering disorder is the inappropriate attitudes that have been created toward these people. This study was conducted with the aim to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and integrated cognitive-speech approach on distress tolerance and negative emotions in people with stuttering disorder.

 This quasi-experimental study was performed with a pretest-posttest design, follow-up, and a control group. The statistical population included all people with stuttering disorder of 18 to 30 years of age who referred to speech therapy clinics in Sabzevar, Iran, in 2019. The hidden part of stuttering, which includes emotions, feelings, fears, and worries arises in the minds of stutterers with age. Accordingly, in this study, adult stutterers of 18-30 years of age were considered. The statistical sample included 30 people with stuttering disorder who were selected using convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (10 people in each group). The first experimental group received schema therapy in 12 sessions of 60 minutes and the second experimental group received integrated cognitive-speech therapy in 12 sessions of 60 minutes, while the control group did not receive any treatment. The research instruments were‎ the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) designed by‎ Watson and Tellegen‎ (1985) and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) developed by ‎Simmons and Gaher (2005). Data collection was conducted in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test in SPSS software.

 The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean pretest, posttest, and follow-up scores of distress tolerance and negative emotions in the two experimental groups and control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the significance of the interaction between the stages and the experimental groups in the mentioned variables indicates that, in the posttest and follow-up stages, the mean of the experimental groups differed significantly from that of the control group (F = 4.67, P = 0.016; F = 7.658, P = 0.002; F = 8.87, P = 0.001; F = 11.56, P = 0.001; P < 0.05).

 The results showed that the two interventions of schema therapy and integrated cognitive-speech approach could greatly reduce negative emotions and increase distress tolerance and be used in the treatment of patients with stuttering disorder, but only the integrated cognitive-speech approach was effective on the distress tolerance index.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of Modular Cognitive-‎Behavioral Therapy on facial expression bias and fear of negative evaluation in paranoid ‎students. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test with control group.‎‏ ‏The research community was composed of all students referring to the counseling center of kashmar University of Medical Sciences in the year 2017-16, who were diagnosed according to ‎Multidimensional Clinical Questionnaire-3 and DSM-‎‏5‏‎ criteria with paranoid attribution disorder ‎‎(According to statistics obtained from the center 60 people)‎‏.‏‎ Of these, 20 students with paranoid ‎characteristics were selected through purposeful sampling and were randomly assigned to ‎experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 16 sessions of Modular ‎Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (HRT), Chuppita and did not receive interventional ‎control.Multidimensional Clinical Questionnaire and Objective Fear Scale , were completed ‎before and after the intervention by both groups. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS-22 ‎software and inferential statistics of covariance analysis. The results of analysis of covariance ‎showed that by eliminating the effect of pre-test scores on facial expression bias and fear of ‎negative evaluation as a scattering variable, the main effect of Modular cognitive-behavioral ‎therapy on facial expression bias and fear of negative evaluation in post-test is significant ‎‎(P‎‏>‏‎0/05). Therefore, Modular cognitive behavioral therapy can be used as an effective method to ‎reduce interpretation bias and fear of negative evaluation of people with paranoid traits.‎

Numerous approaches, including schema therapy, and an integrated cognitive-speech approach, have been suggested to reduce emotions and increase distress tolerance in people with stuttering. The present study aimed to make a comparison between the effectiveness of schema therapy and integrated cognitive-speech approach in emotional regulation and distress tolerance of individuals suffering from stuttering.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pre-test, post-test design, and a follow-up test with a control group. The statistical population included all individuals aged 18-30 who suffered from stuttering in Sabzevar city. The sample consisted of 30 people who were selected via convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (n=10 in each group). The experimental schema therapy group underwent treatment in 12 90-minute sessions, the integrated cognitive-speech approach group received 12 60-minute sessions of treatment, and the control group received no treatments. The instruments of the research were Gross and John (2003) Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, and Simons and Gaher (2005) Distress Tolerance Questionnaire. These instruments were conducted on three groups in all phases of pre-testing and post-testing and follow-up. The one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

As evidenced by the obtained results, the schema therapy and integrated cognitive-speech approach had a significant effect on emotional regulation and distress tolerance of individuals suffering from stuttering(P<0.05).

The results of the present study indicated that none of the treatments outperformed the other ones; nonetheless, the integrated cognitive-speech approach was more effective in distress tolerance index.

The progress of any organization depends on having a healthy and efficient human resources. The aim of this study was to relationship between  job burnout , Distress  Tolerance and Dimensions  of  meta-emotion  in  Forensic  Medicine   employee .

in this  cross-sectional study ,  the  sample size consisted of 45 employees in  legal medicine  in Mashhad (1399) which were  selected by  available sampling  . Data was collected by “Demographic Data” and “Maslach Burnout Inventory” (MBI) questionnaires and Simmon and Gahers Distress Tolerance Questionnaire  and  The Positive Metacognitions and Positive Meta-Emotions Questionnaire (PMCEQ) of Beer and Moneta. After distributing and collecting the questionnaires, the data were analyzed in SPSS-21 software. The Kolomograph-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the data. The significance level of all tests was considered( 0.05) .  

The mean score of emotional exhaustion was (2.67±1.55), depersonalization (1.52±1.59) and the personality depersonalization respectively ( 2.92±1.19) Which indicated moderate burnout in emotional exhaustion  and high burnout in lack of personal accomplishment  . There was a significant relationship between Dimensions of meta-emotion and Distress Tolerance variables and job burnout variable and its dimensions

Conclusion

Considering the effect of burnout on job, family and individual performance and its relationship with stress tolerance and dimensions of meta-emotion, the importance of reducing environmental stressors by organizing job factors as well as psychological skills training should be considered.

 Personality characteristics can be used to predict a person's behavior in various life situations, including marriage. This study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of psychosomatic symptoms in the relationship between personality characteristics and marital conflicts.

 The present descriptive correlational study was performed on all conflicting couples referring to the counseling centers in Mashhad, Iran, in 2018. The sample included 200 conflicting couples referring to the thought and behavior counseling centers in Mashhad selected using convenience sampling method. Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire, Takata and Sakata’s Psychosomatic Complaints Scale, and the Marital Conflict Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis in SPSS and LISREL software.

 The results showed that personality characteristics can be used to predict a person's behavior in various life situations including marriage, and that there was a significant relationship between personality characteristics and marital conflicts (P < 0.01).

 It can be concluded that psychosomatic symptoms have a mediating role in the relationship between personality characteristics and marital conflicts.

Attention of new treatments is important to reduce the problems of people with generalized anxiety disorder. Accordingly, the aim of present study was to comparison of effectiveness of barlow's transdiagnostic, and Menin and Fresco’s emotion regulation therapy in the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

 Four patients with generalized anxiety disorder who had complete symptoms of this disorder based on multidimensional evaluation (generalized anxiety questionnaire and clinical interview) were selected by purposeful sampling. This study was a case report. The Transdiagnostic protocol and emotion regulation therapy were administered in two phases: baseline, 15 and 16 sessions, and two months follow-up. Subjects responded to general anxiety disorder questionnaire, clinical global impressions, clinical satisfaction questionnaire, and working alliance inventory. Data were analyzed using visuals inspection, effect size index and improvement percentage.

The results showed that transdiagnostic and emotion regulation therapy have positive efficient on treatment's target. However, transdiagnostic therapy was more effective in relieving symptoms of generalized anxiety than in emotion regulation therapy.

Transdiagnostic therapy and emotion regulation therapy are effective in reducing symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and the effectiveness of Transdiagnostic therapy is greater than emotion regulation therapy.

According to the social cognitive theories, information processing biases can play an important role in social perception, interpretation of interpersonal relationships, and social interactions. These theories along with cognitive theories emphasize on information processing i.e. the way in which people perceive and interpret external stimuli in different ways. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate interpretation bias towards vague faces in individuals with paranoid personality traits.
In this causal-comparative study (2012-13), 40 individuals with paranoid personality disorder traits and 40 normal individuals referred to the Counseling Center affiliated with Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in Iran were selected by using simple randomized sampling. The participants completed Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III; 1994) and vague facial images for perceptive bias (2012). Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test.
The results showed that there was significant difference between individuals with paranoid personality disorder traits and normal individuals in terms of interpretation of vague faces (P=0.0001).
Individuals with paranoid personality traits have more biases than normal individuals in terms of interpreting vague faces. The results of this study indicated the importance of attention to cognitive biases among individuals with paranoid personality traits or paranoid personality disorder because such biases can significantly influence behavioral patterns in individuals, and consequently degrade their functioning. Also, bias towards the processing of negative signs appears to be the most important cognitive element is involved in interpersonal relationships.

The main propose of current research  was studying the effectiveness of mindfulness based stress reduction training on mental health and perceived stress in mothers of ADHD children in Ahwaz. This study was semi-experimental with pretest-post test and control group. The sample included 32 mothers having a child with ADHD and were divided to experimental and control group randomly. Each group members fulfilled Mental Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hiller, 1992) and Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, 1983) before intervention. Then, the experimental group participated in 8 mindfulness based stress reduction sessions during 2 months. After terminating intervention, both groups had the post test. Based on results from ANCOVA (P> 0/001), two groups were significantly different; mentioning that mindfulness based stress reduction training resulted the increasing of mental health and decreasing the perceived stress in mothers with ADHD children.