فهرست مطالب mokhtar dashadi

One of the principles of sustainable agriculture is the implementation of conservation agriculture, which includes the three principles of minimum tillage, permanent soil cover with plant residues and crop rotation with the aim of reducing the negative effects of conventional agricultural activities. In fact, it is a solution to increase sustainable productivity along with preserving the environment.

To investigate the applications of mycorrhiza in no-till and minimum-till systems, an experiment was conducted on chickpea (Mansour cultivar) as a split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the research farm of the Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute during 2020-2022 cropping seasons. Cultivation system no-till and minimum tillage were in the main plots and five treatments of mycorrhiza application, mycorrhiza + half of the recommended amount of phosphorus, mycorrhiza + full amount of recommended phosphorus, full amount of recommended phosphorus and control were as the sub-plots.

The results showed that the interaction between tillage and phosphorus fertilizer was significant on yield, yield components, harvest index and plant height. The highest grain yield, biological yield and straw yield were 552, 1022 and 470 kg per hectare, respectively and the number of pods per plant (14 pods), the number of seeds per plant (12 seeds) and the 100-grains weight (37 grams) were obtained under direct seeding and combined application of mycorrhiza and half of the recommended amount of phosphorus fertilizer at the time of planting. Grain yield had a positive and significant correlation with the number of pods per plant, the number of grains per pod, and the 100-kernel weight. In general, the results showed that in the no-till system and the application of mycorrhiza along with half of the recommended amount of phosphorus fertilizer, i.e. 15 kg per hectare, the grain yield, biological yield and yield components of chickpea had the highest average. It is very important to implement no-till cultivation by increasing beneficial soil microorganisms and maintaining soil moisture in drylands.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers at different phenological stages on the yield and quality of white bean seed (Almas cultivar)an experiment was carried out in twoconsecutive years (2016-2017). The experiment was done as arandomized complete block design with 16 treatments andthree replications in the Agriculture Research, Education and Natural Resources Campus of Boroujerd. Treatments included control(c), pre-flowering(G1), flowering(G2), pod stage(G3) , seed hardening stage(G4),) G1+ G2),) G1+ G3), (G1+ G4),( G2+ G3),( G2+ G4),( G3+ G4),( G1+ G2+ G3),( G1+ G2+ G4),( G2+ G3+ G4),( G1+ G3+ G4),( G1+ G2+ G3+ G4). The results showed that the highest grain yield (5354kg.ha-1) belonged tothe foliar application in three stages of before flowering, flowering and seed filing in the second year .Thelowest grain yield (3902kg.ha-1)obtaibed from the control treatment in the first year. the highest amount of iron and zinc belonged to the foliar application in three stagesof before flowering, flowering, and seed filling. The highest seed amount of iron and zinc was 112 and 39 mg.kg-1, respectively. Therefore, in order to achieve optimum grain yield, foliar application should be carried out in three stages of pre-flowering, flowering and seed filling stages.

Bread wheat with a scientific name Triticum aestivum is one of the most adaptable types of cereals, which plays a central role in Iran's agriculture, and the flour obtained from it is mainly used to produce bread. Today, one of the problems and threats facing the realization of food security in human societies is the ever-increasing population and the decreasing of production resources, so increasing the amount of production per unit area is necessary .Therefore this research to evaluate of rainfed wheat cultivars and lines to nitrogen and supplemental irrigation applications, an experiment was carried out.

The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design in split plot arrangement with three replications in Dryland Agricultural Research sub Institute (Kermanshah) and in two cropping seasons (2018-2020). The main plots included supplemental irrigation in two levels of 50 mm supplemental irrigation in planting time and 50 mm supplemental irrigation in planting time +30 mm supplemental irrigation at the booting stage. The sub-plots included two nitrogen (N) application times (autumn N application (total) and split N; 2:3 in the autumn+1:3 topdressing at the booting stage (spring)). The sub-sub-plots included nitrogen rates; 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N.ha-1, and the sub-sub-sub-plot included Shalan and Rizhav cultivars and DARI line.

The results showed that performing two irrigation stages increased the biological yield of seed yield and straw yield by 1450, 777 and 673 kg.h-1 respectively. The time of autumn application and split of nitrogen had no significant effect on yield and yield components, but autumn application of nitrogen caused an increase of 74 kg.ha-1 in grain yield. Nitrogen application could significantly increase grain, biological and straw yields in a linear manner. No significant difference was observed between two cultivars and one line used in response to nitrogen, although the effect of increased nitrogen fertilizer consumption on seed yield in Shalan cultivar had a more regular increase. The effect of nitrogen application time on two varieties and one line was the same, although the autumn application of nitrogen caused a slight increase in biological yield, grain and straw.

The nitrogen requirement of dryland wheat in the conditions of single irrigation is 60 kg per hectare at the same time as planting and for two stages of irrigation, 80 kg of nitrogen per hectare is recommended in the form of 2:3 in autumn and 1:3 at of the second stage the supplementary irrigation. Autumn application of nitrogen caused a slight increase in biological yield, grain and straw. Shalan variety had more Fertilization. Finally, it can be concluded that the optimal use of water and nitrogen moderates the effects of heat and drought stress in Rainfed conditions and by using this operation, the amount of dry wheat production can be improved in difficult conditions.

In order to select a suitable planter for the direct planting of chickpeas in wheat rotation, eight planters belonging to different companies were compared in a completely randomized block design with five replications for one crop year. The planting operation was carried out in mid-November on land that was under wheat cultivation last year. In order to compare the efficiency of direct planters, traits such as soil displacement by furrower, maximum depth of furrower effect, uniformity of planting depth, uniformity of horizontal distance of seeds, quality of passage of crop residues through furrowers and soil shedding rate were studied. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS program and then the means were compared by LSD statistical method. The results showed that the treatment (type of planters) had a significant effect on the uniformity of horizontal seed distribution, tillage depth under seed, furrow displacement and yield with 95% confidence and on the characteristics of uniformity of planting depth and residual passage quality with 99% confidence. In terms of uniformity factor, the horizontal seed distribution coefficient is observed, PARS2211/13 with 92% and NT/GM225 with 90% were superior to other planters. In terms of planting depth uniformity, the best result was observed in SINA II planter with 93%. HOSAINI 15 and PARS2211/13 planters were superior to others in terms of the passage of plant debris through the furrowers. DIAMOND planter at 7.4 cm was the lowest amount of displacement among all planters. PARS2211/13 with 1009 kg/ha had the highest yield.

Replacing biological inputs that are prepared through natural processes instead of chemical inputs in strengthening the growth and development of crops and increasing their yield is one of the principles of organic and sustainable agriculture. In this regard, in order to investigate the effects of the use of bio-active growth solution on yield and yield components of chickpea (Mansour cultivar), an experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications at the Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute for two years from the fall of 2019. Each replication includes 13 treatments including the application of each of the concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 liters of the mentioned fertilizer in the three stages of the beginning of vegetative growth, the beginning of pod formation and the beginning of vegetative growth + the beginning of pod formation along with the control treatment (no foliar spraying). The results showed that seed yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seeds weight were affected by foliar application. The concentration of 1 and 1.5 liters per hectare of the solution in the two stages of the beginning of vegetative growth and the beginning of podding had the greatest effect on the yield and yield components of chickpea. Under the mentioned treatments, the grain yield with an average of 774.8 kg per hectare, the number of 13.6 pods per plant, 0.95 seeds per plant and the 35.1 g for 100-seeds weight were superior to the control. Economically, it is recommended to use a concentration of one liter per hectare compared to a concentration of 1.5 liters per hectare as the best concentration of bioactive solution to improve the yield and yield components of chickpea.

 Conservation agriculture reduces soil erosion and increases long-term yield by increasing organic matter. Experimental was conducted in order to evaluate the tillage system (T) and crop straw rates (S) effects on seed yield of chickpea Adel cultivar under rainfed conditions in the wheat-chickpea rotation. This experiment was conducted in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in three cropping seasons 2017-20 in the dryland agricultural research sub-institute. The tillage system was in the main plots including conventional tillage (CT) (moldboard plow + disk harrow), minimum tillage (MT) (chisel + disk) and no-tillage (NT) (direct drilling), and crop straw rates were in sub-plots including no-straw (S1), 30-50 (S2) and 50-70% (S3) straw. Results revealed that the main effect of T was significant for the grain yield (P<0.05). The highest grain yield (1034 kg. ha-1) was obtained from MT which indicated an increase of 10 and 24% compared to CT (936.7 kg ha-1) and NT (833.7kg ha-1), respectively. The effect of S was significant for plant height (P<0.01), and grain yield, straw yield and biological yield (P<0.05). The highest grain yield was obtained from S1 with 990.6 kg ha-1, which was not significantly different from S2 with 953 kg ha-1. The highest grain yield and biological yield were obtained from MT × S2 with 1136 and 2433 kg ha-1, respectively. Therefore minimum tillage with 30-50% crop residues in the field could be used to improve yield productivity and stability of chickpea under rainfed conditions.

Most bean cultivated lands are in areas that facing water deficit during the growing season. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation period and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of red bean (cv. D-81083), an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at Boroujerd Agricultural Research Station (Lorestan) during two crop years. The main-plots were included four irrigation times after 36 (I1), 54 (I2), 72 (I3) and 90 (I4) mm of cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan and sub-plots were included the amounts and method of nitrogen fertilizer consumption including N1: without the use of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) or control, N2: consumption of 50 kg/ha of urea fertilizer at planting, and N3: consumption of 50 kg/ha of urea fertilizer at planting + 50 kg/ha of urea fertilizer at the beginning of the flowering stage. The results showed that, the highest number of pods per plant (18.3 pods), number of grains per pod (6.13 grains), grain yield (2538.8 kg/ha), biomass (5330.8 kg/ha) and water use efficiency (0.376 kg/m3) were achieved from I2N2 treatment. In the treatment of I4 application of nitrogen fertilizer didn’t have much effect on the traits. In general, the irrigation period can be planted from the beginning of sowing to before flowering stage every 7 to 8 days and after this period arranged for 5-6 days. Also, it is recommended to consumption of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer at planting to stimulate early root growth until they sufficiently infected with rhizobium bacteria.

This experiment was conducted in strip split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in three cropping seasons 2014-17 in Three regions in Kermanshah province (Mahidasht in first year, Sarabnilofar in second year and Sararood in third year). Plant residual was horizontal factor with three levels: No residual, 1 and 2 ton.ha-1 plant residues, tillage system contains three levels No-tillage (direct planting), Minimum tillage (by chisel plow) and conventional tillage (by Moldboard plow) was main plot and phosphorous fertilizer with two levels (no fertilizer and 30kg.ha-1 P2O5) was sub plot that were vertical factors. Results showed that chickpea grain yield increased by increasing plant residues so grain yield of one and two tone.ha-1 of plant residues treatments had higher grain yield than no residual treatment. Effect of tillage system on chickpea grain yield was different in years with different climatically conditions. Mean comparison of phosphorous fertilizer levels showed grain yield of chickpea in apply 30kg.ha-1 P2O5 was higher than no application of phosphorous. Economic analysis showed the highest benefit to cost ratio (3.82) obtained by minimum tillage (chisel) with 1 ton.ha-1 plant residue and no application of phosphorous treatment.

In order to evaluate the effects of Nitrogen and Potassium on Rainfed-wheat performance a factorial experiment based on RCBD with three replications was conducted at the Dryland Agricultural Research sub Institute for two years and in two crop rotation (wheat-wheat and chickpea-wheat) systems. Experimental factors includes 1- application of nitrogen at four levels N1: without nitrogen, N2: 80 kg/ha urea at planting + 3% urea foliar application, N3: 80 kg/ha urea at planting + 1 liter/ha foliar application of Royal Amine and N4: 80 kg/ha urea at planting time + 40 kg/haas top dressing, and 2- potassium application in four levels, K1: withoutpotassium, K2: 1 % potassium chloride ‌ K3: 1 liter/ha Royal Potassium and K4: ‌50 kg/ha of potassium sulfate. The results showed that in both wheat-wheat and chickpea-wheat rotations, the highest grain yield was obtained from Royal amin fertilizer treatment by 1554.5 and 1670.5 kg/harespectively which compared to the control, they increased by 17.3% and 14.53%, respectively. However, there was not significant differences with  urea top dressing treatment. The highest biological yield was recorded about 7105  kg/hafor Royal Amine and Royal Potassium treatments. Therefore, application of new nitrogen and potassium fertilizers forms such Royal Amine and Royal Potassium at the end of stem elongation stage could improve the wheat performance in cold temperate rainfed conditionswhile reducing environmental hazards.

In regard to importance of rape seed in production of vegetable oil, it is necessary to pay attention factors of production including water period and N-fertilizer. Rapeseed needs to much N-fertilizer،In the other hands water restriction is preventative factor in rape seed plant. Therefore determination of irrigation period with N-formulation that cause increasing rape seed yield is needed.

The trial was conducted as a split plot factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design with 4 replications and tow crop years at Broujerd Agricultural Research station. In this design, Irrigation period was I1=50 mm, I2=75mm and I3=100mm collective evaporation from pan A as main plot and three rate of urea via N1=0.7R=112 kg.ha-1, N2=R=160 kg.ha-1 and N3=0.3R= 208 kg.ha-1 (R: Was determined base on recommendation Department of Nutrition, Institute of Soil and Water Research) was subplot. N fertilizers were consumed in three stage Contains planting, Stems and flowering. In this research was used from Regent X Cobra cultivar.

The results obtained indicated that among irrigation treatments, the most of seed yield Related to I1 (50 mm collective evaporation from pan A) and I2 (75 mm collective evaporation from pan A) treatments with amount of seed yield 3146 and 3164 kg.ha-1 respectively which was significantly different to I3 (100 mm collective evaporation from pan A) with seed yield of 2684 kg.ha-1 Also maximum number of seeds per pod and pod per plant were obtained I1 treatment. There was a positive correlation among seed yield, plant height, number of seeds per pod and pod per plant. Maximum water use efficiency was obtained by I3 treatment(100 mm collective evaporation from pan A) with amount of 0.394 kg.m-3 which was significantly different with other treatments at a probable level of 1%. The effects amount of nitrogen on water use efficincy, seed yield, the number of seed per pod, the number of pod per plant,plant height and 1000 of seed weight was significantly. Among interaction effect of irrigation and N rates, the most of seed yield was obtained by I2N1 treatment with 3498 kg.ha-1 and the lowest seed yield was obtained by I3N1 with 2401 kg.ha-1.

According to the results, irrigation from the beginning of April to the maturity, with irrigation interval of 75 mm, collective evaporation from pan A, is suitable and nitrogen fertilizer consumption with 0.7 amount of recommended by the plant nutrition research department of the soil and water research institute by splitting in three stages during planting, stemming and flowering stage in similar region of Borujerd, is recommended. Therefore, in order to increase the yield of rapeseed under Borujerd weather conditions, the use of nitrogen fertilizer is 0.7 times recommended by the Institute for Soil and water research and irrigation with irrigation intervals based on 75 mm cumulative is recommended as a result of that an effective step towards optimal use of agricultural inputs and ultimately achieving sustainable agriculture.