فهرست مطالب mostafa soltani

Ultrafiltration is a technique used for concentration of milk in order to produce the cheese with more desirable physicochemical and nutritional properties. On the other hand, use of combined starter cultures for cheese production can led to improve the sensory characteristics and overall acceptability of final product. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of using different combinations of Lactobacillus helveticus (L. helveticus) and mesophilic starter culture (Lactobacillus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactobacillus lactis ssp. cremoris) on the volatile compounds and sensory characteristics of ultrafiltered white cheese during ripening. Five ultrafiltered white cheeses were produced using mesophilic starter culture and L. helveticus at different ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) and kept in refrigerator (9 ± 0.1°C) for 90 days. The related analysis was performed on 1, 30, 60 and 90 days of ripening. The results revealed that an increase in L. helveticus ratio caused a significant increase in the Co2, ethanol, ethylene oxide and a significant decrease in the acetone (p<0.05). Regarding sensory properties, lower scores of body and texture, and higher scores of odor and flavor were assigned to the cheeses produced using higher ratios of L. helveticus (p<0.05).  In conclusion, the use of combinations of mesophilic starter culture and L. helveticus at specific ratios (75:25 and 25:75) led to improve the volatile compounds in the final product and production an ultrafiltered cheese with desirable sensory characteristics.

Although the understanding of New-Mu'tazila from Islam has had important consequences, there is ambiguity and confusion in its essence and origin. Some thinkers have spoken about early and late New-Mu'tazila. They consider the early New-Mu'tazila led by Seyyed Jamal and Abdeh and the late New-Mu'tazila generally to the Egyptians of the last few decades.; While they usually neglect the India  Neo-Mu'tazila movement and introduce Egypt as the main home of the Neo-E'tezal movement. For this reason, the main issue is to explain the conceptual and objective dimensions of the early Indian and Egyptian Neo-Mu'tazila and the relationship of each one with the other. This article refers to the works of Goldziher, i.e. the first person who used the title of Neo-Mu'tazila and discussed the flowology of these two spectrums, by referring to library sources with an explanatory and analytical method. He was a contemporary of two Egyptian and Indian currents, studied their works and scientific sources and had meetings with Seyyed Jamal. He believes that although there are affinities between these two streams, they cannot be placed next to each other. For this reason, he adopted a negative view of Egyptians being neo-Mu'tazilis and is more inclined to describe them as a movement close to Wahhabism. Although it also provides evidence against this description. Evaluations show that it is correct to distinguish between the Indian and Egyptian currents, but considering the deep break between the Indian current and the old Mu'tazila, calling this current as Neo-Mu'tazila is questionable. If we consider this movement to be Neo-Mu'tazila, considering the affinity they have with Nomu'tazil's thoughts of recent decades such as Abu Zayd, we can refer to them as the background of these people.

Our study was motivated by the emerging evidence that propolis, a natural substance with unique antioxidant properties, could offer novel benefits. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training and propolis supplementation on the serum levels of testosterone and growth hormone in woman non-athletes.

Our study employed a rigorous semi-experimental design. We randomly divided 32 beginner woman non-athletes into four groups: control, placebo, supplement, exercise, and exercise supplement (8 people). The exercises were performed for eight weeks and three weekly sessions for 50 minutes. A daily prescription of 900 mg of propolis supplement, to be taken during lunch and dinner, was given. The data was meticulously analyzed using the ANOVA statistical test and Benferroni follow-up test at a significance level of 0.05, ensuring the validity of our results.

Paired t-test shows that the levels of testosterone and growth hormone increased significantly in the training and training+supplement groups after the intervention (P < 0.05). Regarding change percentage, the exercise + supplement group shows a greater increase in blood testosterone (25%) and growth hormone (39%) than other groups. A significant difference was observed in testosterone levels (P = 0.001, F = 30.80) and growth hormone (P = 0.001, F = 16.58) by performing the covariance analysis test between the groups.

The implications of our findings are significant for sports medicine. Our study suggests that a combination of 8 weeks of resistance training and propolis supplementation could help maintain optimal levels of testosterone and growth hormone in beginner non-athletic women, enhancing their non-athletic performance.

How to respond to doubts about the resurrection and firm belief in the resurrection is one of the important topics between Islamic sects and schools. This research, by collecting information in an analytical-comparative way, is an answer to the question of eating and being eaten and reincarnation, how will a person return to the afterlife after being eaten by humans or other creatures? And after being separated from the human body, does the soul and soul transfer to the body or other beings or not? The purpose of the article is to compare and compare the views of the thinkers of the Imamiyya and Matridiyya sects. Based on the findings of this research, the arguments of those who refuse the return of nothingness from the "theologians of Mushreb-e-Imamiyyah philosophers and some Matridiyyah theologians" based on "the decline of the elements of the material world and the survival of the soul and spirit" have been repellent to the suspicion of being devoured and eaten and reincarnation. Contrary to the promise of those who believe in the survival of the main parts of man and the promise of the survival of the main and secondary parts, it does not dispel these two doubts. the arguments of those who believe that the return of nothingness is permissible from "Matridiyyah theologians and some of the Imamiyyah" regarding the annihilation of all the creations of the world, the doubt of eating and being eaten and reincarnation, is against the elimination of the issue, Contrary to the words of the sayings to collect the scattered parts (the word of detail), which did not repel the suspicion of eating and being eaten or reincarnation.

The intellectual life of Shaygan is divided into three periods: early, middle, and late. His book, "Asia against the West", was written in the early period of his life with the aim of protecting the Iranian, Asian culture and identity vis-à-vis the West. The main objective of this research is to find out Shaygan’s approach to the idea of ​​national identity and oriental culture in this book. He tried to make a distinction between the Western philosophy and Asian civilization and save Eastern mysticism, which is based on piety and inner purity, from the harms of modernism. His approach to the issue of identity had a nationalist orientation and his criterion in encountering Western cultural invasions was focusing on the Iranian traditional and ethnic concepts. He directed the identity of the current Muslim community to the Iranian-Eastern culture instead of leading and guiding it towards the Quranic Islamic identity. On the other hand, due to his special attachment to Asian mysticisms, he has ignored the essential conflict between Islam and Eastern schools. This research is an attempt to critically examine the main early ideas of Shaygan in the mentioned book. The necessary data was collected from library resources and analyzed through descriptive-analytical method.Keywords: Islam, identity, eastern schools, modernism, Shaygan

The significant effects of the corona infectious disease require fundamental changes in various fields such as the health tourism industry, which are more and more important in the post-corona era. Health tourism is one of the most important types of tourism in our country. Now, it should be checked what the status of this important industry will be in the post-corona era. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to analyze the health tourism situation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the post-corona era, which takes a futuristic view. The method of the current research is mixed that investigates the issue using a sequential exploratory approach. In this research, two methods of "scope review and scenario planning" have been used, respectively. According to the findings of the first phase, 6 components and 55 main indicators were extracted from among 58 qualified researches, and 25 main indicators were considered as the drivers of this field in the review through the expert panel process. In the second phase, using the quantitative method of scenario planning, four main scenarios were compiled, which are in the form of the health tourism situation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the post-corona era. From the results of the current research, we can point out the role of each of the scenarios in different situations, which can create sustainable health tourism in the country in the best and most favorable possible state.

Depectinized Date Juice (DDJ) was clarified with an ultrafiltration (UF) unit (containing PVDF-membrane with 30-40 nm pore sizes) and combined with an electric field (EF). The UF had 3 independent variables (temperature, pressure, and flow rate) respectively at [27 & 40oC], [1, 1.5, & 2 bar], and [10, 15, and 20 mL/s] levels. After applying a statistical tool, the optimized levels and affecting factors of temperature, pressure, and flow rate on the resulting permeate sequentially were 40°C & 55.23%, 1.5 bar & 43.01%, and 20mL/s & 1.76%. While the highest permeate flux of UF reached 2.5, it amplified to 5 Kg/m2h (100% increase) when it was joined with the EF at 5 V strength. Although UF permeate could recover 68% and 58% of the phenolic and antocyanin compounds of DDJ, the UF+EF processes improved these recoveries and reached 92% and 80%, respectively. Similarly, the sucrose and glucose in the permeate of UF+EF were at least 10% more than those obtained in the permeate of UF only. The redness color in retentates of DDJ after passing UF and UF+EF concentrated up to 213% and 292%, respectively.  Finally, the application of UF and UF+EF could eliminate the bacterial loads (Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, mold, and osmophilic yeast) of DDJ below the permissible levels. Overall, the combination of UF+EF could clarify the DDJ with richer bioactive compounds, more reducing sugar, brighter color, and lesser turbidity than those treated with UF only. It also produces a retentate with higher pectin content as a valuable source for making supplementary food.

Islamism discourse of the Taliban , by reading different from Islam and tradition in the late years, has attempted to impose its semantic system as the regime of truth on political and social actors in Afghanistan and emerging a new world of discourse system . This stream of identity is established by the definition of sharia from the perspective of Islam, but its intellectual nature and political ideology have many ambiguities. The present article attempts to investigate the question of what are the principles and principles of the Taliban’s thinking and how far the policies of this current are influenced by their ethnic beliefs? “With this aim, the foundations of epistemology and the methodology of the Taliban are analyzed in the form of theoretical framework of laclau and mouffe 's discourse analysis . This issue has been explained using descriptive - analytical method by referring to written sources while the supremacy of ethnic actions and religious norms on the religious policies of the Taliban assumed. The statistical data and the results show that the Taliban in the cover of Islamism discourse are seeking ethnic hegemony and Pashtun’s the country.

Dunaduni is the second principle of Yarsan beliefs, representing one of their most contentious doctrines. Throughout the history and evolution of Yarsanism, followers have debated the interpretation of dunaduni. This doctrine has consistently faced criticism from non-Yarsanists, with many scholars regarding dunaduni as a limited form of metempsychosis. Some proponents of Yarsanism explicitly equate dunaduni with metempsychosis, while others, although hesitant to use the term metempsychosis, differentiate the two doctrines. However, their understanding of the nature of dunaduni often aligns with the concept of metempsychosis. This research assumes that Yarsanists have historically disagreed on various beliefs and rituals, including dunaduni. The primary focus of this research is to investigate the nature of dunaduni and its connection to metempsychosis. Drawing upon library data and employing descriptive-analytical and comparative methods, we aim to delineate the essence of dunaduni and subsequently explore its relationship with metempsychosis.

Encapsulation is a process to protect bioactive compounds against unfavorable environmental conditions in order to increase their stability and bioavailability. Regarding the existence of bioactive compounds in grape pomace and flaxseed oil, the aim of this research was to encapsulation of grape pomace (Vitis viniferae cv. Rash (and flaxseed oil with different ratios of maltodextrin and gum tragacanth (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) using a spray drier and evaluation of the quality properties of obtained microcapsules. The produced microcapsules were analyzed in terms of microcapsulation yield, solubility and humidity contents, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, the interaction between wall and core materials and microstructure. According to the results, there were no significant differences between the microcapsules in terms of humidity and solubility contents (P<0.05). The highest microencapsulation yield, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were observed in the microcapsules produced with equal ratios (1:1) of maltodextrin and gum tragacanth. While the spherical shape was observed by scanning electron microscope for all of microcapsule samples, the microcapsules produced with equal ratios (1:1) of maltodextrin and gum tragacanth had a more compact and homogeneous structure. FT-IR analysis also confirmed the creation of new interactions between the wall and core materials of the obtained microcapsules. The results of the present research showed that using maltodextrin and gum tragacanth as wall material in an equal ratio (1:1) had a proper performance in order to microencapsulation of grape pomace and flaxseed oil.

Yoghurt is an excellent source of high-quality protein, vitamins, and bioavailable minerals that are well tolerated by humans (Mckinley, 2005). A good quality yoghurt is usually made with whole milk, while a diet rich in animal fat is believed to be associated with health outcomes (Lees, 2020). According to previous prospective studies, replacing dairy fat with plant sources of fat may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (Chen et al. 2016). Therefore, as an alternative, special attention has been paid to the use of fat replacers to meet consumer demand in terms of nutritional value and high quality products. Inulin, a plant source prebiotic, is used as a fat substitute in dairy products that can maintain sensory properties (Guven et al. 2005). On the other hand, the addition of pulp and fruit juice may be useful in enhancing the lost flavor and color in dairy products (Wallace and Giusti, 2008). Fruit-flavored yoghurts had notably higher nutrient contents than plain yoghurt (Sanchez-Segarra et al., 2000). Pomegranate juice is a rich source of various plant chemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can be added to yoghurt to increase its flavor and nutritional properties (Vučić et al. 2012). Trigueros et al. (2014) examined the antioxidant and polyphenolic activity of pomegranate yoghurt, and stated that phenolic contents of pomegranate not only had a positive effect on yoghurt color, but also reacted with the protein and enhanced the antioxidant activity of the yoghurt during storage. Similarly, there are different body of works in the literature on adding of pomegranate juice, peel and extracts to the dairy products (Arjmand 2011, Ali 2016 and Ibrahim et al. 2020), but virtually no published work has been found on producing low-fat yoghurt containing both fat replacer and pomegranate juice. Therefore, considering the need to produce healthy dairy products, this study was designed to investigate the effect of different amount of pomegranate juice on physicochemical, textural and sensory characteristics of low-fat yoghurt with 2% inulin

In this research, two control samples with whole milk (3% fat) and low-fat milk (1.5% fat) with 2% inulin were prepared separately. Then, three other yoghurt samples were produced with low-fat milk and 2% inulin by adding pomegranate juice at different concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% (v/v) in 3 replications. To achieve acceptable solid content and for improving gel firmness and consistency of the samples, the raw milk was concentrated with adding 2% of skim milk powder. All mixtures were pasteurized at 90°C for 5 min, cooled to 43±0.1°C, inoculated with 3% (w/v) of starter culture and distributed into plastic containers (100 ml), and incubated at 42±0.1°C until the pH reached to 4.6. Then the samples were refrigerated in 4±0.1°C for 22 days. The physicochemical, textural (hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness) and sensory properties of the treatments were evaluated on days 1, 8, 15 and 22.

Based on data analysis, by adding pomegranate juice, pH, viscosity and water holding capacity of samples decreased (p<0.05), and the acidity and synersis of the samples increased (p<0.05). As, the yoghurt sample containing 5% pomegranate juice had the lowest synersis and the highest water-holding capacity among yoghurts containing pomegranate juice. Increasing the percentage of pomegranate juice linearly raised the antioxidant properties (p<0.05); the highest antioxidant capacity belonged to the yoghurt sample with 15% pomegranate juice. The amount of protein in the samples did not change significantly, but with the increase in the amount of pomegranate juice, the amount of fat and dry matter decreased (p<0.05). Regarding the texture analysis, the addition of pomegranate juice percentage significantly reduced hardness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness values of the samples. (p<0.05). In terms of sensory evaluation, odor and flavor as well as overall acceptability were improved by increasing the pomegranate juice ratio (p<0.05). In this context, the texture and consistency did not improve well with the increase in the percentage of the juice. Increasing the storage time caused decrease in the pH, viscosity and water holding capacity of the yoghurt samples and increased the acidity and synersis value compared to the control samples (p<0.05). Also, a significant decrease in the antioxidant capacity of all samples was observed during storage (p<0.05). As expected, consistency and texture, smell and taste, and overall acceptability scores decreased by panelists on day 22.

In the current work, different amounts of pomegranate juice were added to low-fat yoghurt containing 2% inulin. Our findings showed that pomegranate juice can be used in certain quantities to produce flavored low-fat yoghurt. Totally, the best sensory properties were related to the samples containing 5% pomegranate juice; this sample had a reasonable antioxidant activity. Regarding physio-chemical properties, this sample also had the highest value of viscosity and water-holding capacity among the yoghurts manufactured with pomegranate juice. The texture of low-fat yoghurt containing 5% pomegranate juice had the highest hardness and adhesiveness compared to the control yoghurt with whole milk. So, based on the results, it can be concluded that low-fat flavored yoghurt with inulin and 5% pomegranate juice (w/w) can be commercially produced.

The issuance of ijarah sukuk based on equity is one of the achievements of the capital market and is in fact the second generation of ijarah sukuk based on financial assets. These securities are important because their underlying assets are transparent and tradable in the market, and their price can be measured continuously. Therefore, sukukholders should be able to enjoy their most important property rights, namely the transfer of sukuk at the current price, and changes in stock prices should also be considered. But unfortunately, what can be seen in the design and use of these sukuk is that there is no difference between the pricing of these sukuk and ordinary ijarah sukuk and the interest rate of these bonds is considered to be fixed and proportional to the bank interest rate. Therefore, considering the importance and position of this type of ijarah sukuk, the article uses a library method and refers to similar studies as well as a random mathematics method and Monte Carlo simulation to provide a proposed valuation model that considers changes in the base asset price and interest rate proportional to the stock income, and its simulation using an experimental sample. Finally, this is compared to the market prices and it is observed that the simulation prices using the proposed model are different from them. It can eventually be noted that, in regard to the research assumptions and our proposed model, the issuance of ijarah sukuk based on equity is closer to the country’s desirable model and will be more in line with the Islamic economy.

Dairy desserts are very popular among different age groups. There is about 10-12% sugar in the formulation of desserts and since sugar plays an important role in the taste, texture, color and other characteristics of food, removing or completely replacing them causes problems in the physico-chemical properties of the final product (McCain et al., 2018). In such products, a combination of low-calorie sweeteners can be used along with bulking agents to provide sensory and textural properties (Di Monaco et al., 2018). One of the most widely used sweeteners in low-calorie products is sucralose, which is derived from sugar, tastes very close to sucrose, is 6 times sweeter than sucrose, and has no aftertaste (Shankar et al., 2013). Due to the low molecular weight of sucralose, it is possible to use sorbitol, which is a 6-carbon sugar alcohol and is slowly metabolized in the body, to improve the textural and sensory characteristics of the dessert (Sheet et al., 2014). One of the statistical methods to minimize the number of trials is the D-optimal mixed design method, which was used to optimize the sensory characteristics and syneresis of the final dessert (Mannarswamy et al., 2010). The aim of this research was to investigate the use of a combination of sweeteners as a substitute for sucrose to achieve a low-calorie dairy dessert with optimized sensory and textural properties with the mixed design method. Finally, the rheological characteristics of the optimized dessert were compared to control dessert samples containing common sweeteners such as fructose, and some rheological models were fitted to predict the behavior of the optimized dessert.

In order to prepare the dessert, first all the fixed powder components including skim milk powder (2%), starch (3%) and kappa-carrageenan (0.5%) were combined together to prevent clumping and dissolve better. Then, using a Thermomix device, the powder components were dissolved in fat-free milk (71.5%) and 40% fat cream (10%) at a temperature of 10°C for 5 minutes, and after adding sweeteners (sweetening strength equivalent to 13 % of sugar) according to Table 1-2 were dissolved for 30 minutes at 350 rpm at a temperature of 45°C and finally pasteurized at a temperature of 73°C for 30 seconds and immediately packed in 100 gram containers and at a temperature of 4 °C were kept for 2 days. In order to prepare the sucralose-sorbitol sweetener solution (C), before the dessert production, different percentages of sucralose (from 0.005 to 0.06) were prepared in 20% sorbitol solution and the sample that had the sweetness equivalent of 20% sucrose solution was determined by sensory evaluation method and was used in this research. Then, according to Table 1 the formulations obtained from the experimental design were prepared then syneresis and sensory evaluation including texture, taste, aroma, appearance, sweetness and overall acceptance were performed. The rheological properties of the dessert samples were measured with a MCR-301 rheometer (Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria) and a cone and plate probe with a diameter of 50 mm, an angle of 1 degree, and a gap distance of 0.05 mm.

The experimental design used in this study included three factors with two levels to investigate the relationship and effect of sucrose, fructose, sucralose-sorbitol sweeteners as independent variables on the obtained responses, including syneresis and sensory evaluation as dependent variables. was used (Table 1). The best fitted regression model, which was statistically significant (p<0.0001), was the Special cubic model for syneresis and the Quadratic model for other responses. Formulation optimization was done with the aim of the minimum percentage of sucrose, the minimum amount of syneresis, the best texture, taste, aroma, appearance, the most sweetness and the highest overall acceptance. The optimized formulation containing 9.2% sucrose, 9.3% fructose and 81.5% sucralose-sorbitol was obtained. According to the three-dimensional contour diagrams (Figure 1), the use of the combined sweetener sucralose-sorbitol in high amounts along with fructose syrup improves the textural properties. The graph related to other responses, increasing the concentration of C from low to high level leads to improvement of sensory evaluation results of taste, aroma, appearance, sweetness and overall acceptance. Therefore, it can be concluded that sucralose-sorbitol sweetener is a suitable substitute for sugar to be used in dairy desserts. Oscillatory and steady rheometric tests on 4 samples including dessert with 100% sucrose (sample 1), dessert containing 100% fructose (sample 2) and dessert containing 100% sucralose-sorbitol sweetener (sample 3) and optimized dessert (sample 4) was done. With the increase of shear rate, the apparent viscosity decreased in all samples, which indicates the non-Newtonian (pseudoplastic) behavior. The highest viscosity corresponds to the optimized sample. The effect of sweeteners on the rheological behavior of dessert was fitted well with Hershel–Bulkley, Cross, Carraeu models. Among them, the Cross model due to its high R2 (0.99) and low RMSE, can be a very suitable model for describing the rheological behavior in this research. The results of the investigation of thixotropic properties showed that the largest hysteresis loop area is related to sample number 4 and the lowest is related to sample number 3. Therefore, the presence of different sweetener has led to the production of desserts with higher viscosity but more thixotropic. For oscillatory rheological properties the linear viscoelastic region limit was determined as 1% strain by strain sweep analysis at 1 Hz frequency. We saw an increase in the values for the optimized sample, which indicated the positive effect of the optimized combination of sweeteners on the above parameters.

The design expert software and the D-optimal mixture design method were very efficient for designing the formulation of dairy desserts with alternative sweeteners in this research. Special cubic model for syneresis and Quadratic model for other responses of texture, taste, aroma, appearance, sweetness and overall acceptance were reported to be statistically significant. The composition of sugar substitute sweetener was obtained in the optimized formulation including 9.2% sucrose, 9.3% fructose and 81.5% sucralose-sorbitol. In order to check the rheological properties of the rheometric tests on the optimized dessert, the dessert containing 100% sucrose, the dessert containing 100% fructose sweetener and the dessert containing 100% sucralose-sorbitol sweetener were performed. The highest viscosity, the highest degree of pseudoplasticity was related to the optimized sample. Among the fitted models, Cross model is the most suitable model to describe the rheological behavior of dessert in this research due to the highest explanation coefficient (0.99) and the lowest RMSE. The results of oscillatory shear flow tests show the strong gel structure of the produced desserts.

The growth of consumers' attention to the role of nutrition in health and well-being is the first driving force for the production of functional foods. In recent years, the tendency to produce and consume fortified foods has been increasing worldwide. Milk and dairy products are an important group of functional foods. Its protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, riboflavin, and vitamins A and B12 play important roles in the human diet. Flavored dairy drinks are a major part of dairy products. Although they are considerably consumed, especially their probiotic and prebiotic types, they have a lower sales share compared to yogurt and milk. The purpose of this research was to produce a cantaloupe prebiotic dairy drink dessert. For this purpose, the formulation of this drink was examined in four treatments.

First, the dry ingredients of the formulation, including cantaloupe essential oil (0.02%), sugar (2.5%), modified corn starch (2.5%), and inulin (5%), were mixed in 100 ml of milk. After the heating and cooling processes, the cantaloupe prebiotic dairy drink dessert was produced (control sample = T0). In order to prepare the treatments, 2% Spirulina platensis for the first treatment (T1), 2% Moringa oleifera for the second treatment (T2), and a combination of 1% Spirulina platensis and 1% Moringa oleifera for the third treatment (T3) were used. The protein content was measured by the Kjeldahl method; the color by a colorimeter; the pH by a pH-meter; brix by a refractometer; and the antioxidant activity by the DPPH method. The calcium content was quantified by titration with EDTA; potassium content by a flame photometer; iron content by a spectrophotometer; and viscosity by a viscometer. The sensory properties were assessed by 10 panelists using the five-point hedonic method. The tests were examined for all the treatments on the 1st and 8th days of storage.

The results showed that T2 had the highest amounts of calcium, potassium, iron, ash, viscosity, and antioxidant activity, which had a statistically significant difference with the other treatments (p<0.05). According to the results of sensory evaluation, T2 received significantly higher scores in terms of mouthfeel, appearance, color, taste, consistency, and overall acceptance, compared to the other treatments (p<0.05).

The results showed that the best treatment in terms of nutritional value, sensory properties, and physicochemical properties, was the treatment containing 2% Moringa oleifera. Further studies are suggested for using this nutritive plant in the formulation of other food products.

Increasing the elderly population in Iranian society and achieving a better quality of life for the elderly is one of the most important issues in recent times. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between leisure time and cognitive function of the elderly in Tehran mediated by the role of depression.

In this applied descriptive correlational study, 437 subjects (270 males, 167 females) were selected using multistage random cluster sampling and participated in this study. The Activity Cards Sort (ACS) test, the Cognitive Performance Test (MMSE), and the Elderly Depression Inventory (GDS) were used to assess leisure time. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the variables, and the Wilcoxon test was used at a significance level of 0.05. The bootstrap method was used to determine the mediating relationship between depression, leisure, and cognitive status.

The results of Spearman correlation coefficient test showed that there was a significant relationship between instrumental activities, low-physical-demand leisure, high-physical-demand leisure, and social activities (P <0.05). Moreover, the bootstrap result showed that depression mediated the relationship between leisure and cognitive status.

Instrumental activities, low-physical-demand leisure, social activities, and high-physical-demand leisure account for the largest proportion of leisure activities of elderly people in Tehran, and this relationship is mediated by depression.

Vaspin is one of the peptide adipocytokines secreted from adipose tissue, which plays a role in the pathogenesis of obesity and related disorders. Vaspin has recently been identified as a new adipocytokine with the effects of increasing insulin sensitivity. There is little information about the effects of exercise on vaspin concentration. The present study has studied the effect of endurance training and HIIT on the plasma concentration of vaspin in obese male wistar rats.

The current research was of a randomized experimental type with a comparison design of two control and experimental groups. 30 rats (mean and standar deviation of weight 200±20 gr and age 8 weeks) were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, endurance training, and HIIT training. All 3 groups included 10 rats.  For 12 weeks, experimental groups did exercises based on exercise programs -three days a week, while the control group had no exercise. Following 12 weeks training, plasma vaspin were measured. 36 hours after the last training session and 10 hours of fasting, the blood samples of rats of all groups were taken directlyfrom the heart after cutting the peritoneal region. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the average of three research groups and the U-ManWhitney test was used to compare the pairwise averages at a significance level of P≤ 0.05.

After 12 weeks of endurance and HIT training, Vaspin levels, in practice Group endurance and HIT compared with the control group significantly decreased (P=0.001). This study showed both types of endurance training and HIIT, significantly improve Vaspin levels.

According to the results of the present study, it can be stated that endurance training and HIIT can be considered as a solution to reduce fat tissue and adipocytokines, including vaspin and other pro-inflammatory factors.

Allegorical interpretation is one of the significant topics of Quranic sciences and theology, which plays a key and practical role in understanding the Quran and hadiths, particularly some verses related to nouns and attributes. Not accepting allegorical interpretation means ignoring the infinite depth of God's Word and falling into the trap of analogy and embodiment. From the beginning of Islam, Islamic denominations and Muslim scholars have had different views on the interpretation of Islamic scriptures, to the extent that some have caused the distortion of the religion and deviation in people's beliefs by being lenient in interpreting the religion. The first contention concerns the difference between tawil (allegorical interpretation) and tafsir (interpretation). The allegorical interpretation of the texts is not in line with the simple interpretation in a way that if the apparent understanding and explanation are not acceptable in a verse, we can turn to the allegorical interpretation. Rather, it is an independent matter and only within the authority of the most knowledgeable and refined people. Therefore, with a minimal view, some people like Mohammad Hadi Marefat and Nasr Hamed Abu Zayd consider allegorical interpretation as a type of interpretation and deem it permissible for all people through simple rules. After stating the literal and technical meaning of tawil, this research explains, investigates, and evaluates the theory of tawil from the perspective of the two Quranic scholars.

The current study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions from Ganoderma (G) Lucidum mushroom by ultrasound in order to increase the extracted phenolics and antioxidant compounds. The impact of solvent type (water, methanol, and 50:50% combined solution of both), time (5, 10, 15 min), and ultrasound intensity (100, 200, and 300 W) on the extraction yield of phenolics and antioxidant compounds from G. lucidum mushroom were investigated. The Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction conditions. In the single optimization condition, the maximum total phenolics (36.6989 mg/g) extraction yield from G. lucidum was achieved in 15 min extraction time, 300 W ultrasound power, and the use of methanol solvent. The lowest IC 50 (0.8983 mg/mL) was observed in the extraction time of 10 min, the ultrasound power of 300 W, and the use of methanol solvent. Multiple optimizations of extraction conditions from G. Lucidum to achieve the highest total phenol (36.6989 mg/g) and the lowest IC 50 (0.9413 mg/mL) were predicted in 300 w ultrasound power, 15 min, and the use of methanol solvent. No significant difference was observed between the predicted and experimental results.

From the very first centuries, faith and its issues have been at the focus of theologians, jurists and hadith scholars. The theologians and jurists generally consider heartfelt acknowledgment along with verbal confession to be sufficient in the realization of faith. On the contrary, "Ashab al-Hadith" scholars, in addition to the above mentioned conditions, have considered practicing the faith as a condition for the realization of faith. Ibn Taymiyyah, claiming to follow the scholars of the first century, has accepted the definition of the "Ahl- hadith" in the matter of conditionality and practicing the faith, has elaborated on the issue of practicing. With a new interpretation of the Salaf's sayings, he has considered his opponents as heretics and in some cases outside the religion. He believes that some deeds are blasphemous and annul the faith and also there are some other deeds that will damage the faith such as major sins. In the present study, by gathering library information and analyzing the content, we can conclude that Ibn Taymiyyah's view is generally true in this case.

This article discusses the scope of the prophets’ infallibility from the perspective of Islamic religions. Regarding the scope of the infallibility of the prophets, Islamic religions are divided into three groups: some believe in maximum infallibility, some consider minimum infallibility, and some others find the middle of the two. The avoidance of the prophets of committing sins is one of the essentials of their missions; it guarantees the guidance of man. Islamic thinkers have made many efforts to understand the levels and reasons for infallibility. Therefore, examining their opinions leads us to some commonalities that show the proximity of religions on this issue. In this descriptive-analytical article, the scope and dimensions of the prophets’ infallibility are discussed from the Islamic religions’ point of view, and the question is answered as to what Islamic religions have in common regarding the scope of the prophets’ infallibility in terms of their opinions and practices, and in terms of the eras before and after their missions. The article concludes that, despite different opinions due to the foundations of each religion, it is possible to emphasize commonalities (such as infallibility in receiving revelation, infallibility in avoidance of committing sins after the mission, and infallibility in beliefs).

The issuance of Ijarah Sukuk on condition of ownership based on equity is one of the achievements of the capital market in recent years.These sukuk are important because their underlying assets are transparent and tradable in the market, and their price can be measured continuously. Therefore, sukukholders should be able to enjoy their most important property rights, namely the transfer of sukuk at the current price. but, what can be seen in the design and use of these sukuk is that not only is there no difference in the pricing and trade in process of these sukuk with ordinary Ijarah sukuk, but there are also jurisprudential and economic ambiguities in these sukuk that must be evaluated. Considering the fixed interest rate of Ijarah Sukuk based on equity and classifying benefits based on whether or not they are transferred to the lessee is one of the most important challenges of this type of Ijarah Sukuk.Therefore, considering the importance and position of this type of Ijarah Sukuk, this article presents the challenges and jurisprudential and economic evaluation of the issuance of these sukuk by using the library method and referring to similar studies. According to the evaluation, the interest rate of these sukuk is not fixed for different types of stocks, but it is necessary to determine it in proportion to the earnings of stocks. Dividends on leased shares are among the most important benefits transferred to the lessee, and the rest of the significant benefits, including dividends, remain with the lessor.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of waterexercise and the consumption of herbal tea on body composition and quality of life in overweight and obese women.

In this experimental study, 48 obese and overweight adult women with an average body mass index of 31.16 were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: herbal tea (n=13), water exercise (n=12), herbal tea, and exercise in water (n=12) and control (n=11). Herbal tea was consumed twice a day after lunch and dinner for eight weeks. Water exercises were performed for eight weeks, three sessions a week, and each session lasted 60 min. Body composition was measured using a body composition instrument, and quality of life was measured through a questionnaire before and after the study. ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the weight and BMI of overweight and obese women decreased in the   water exercise group and the group of water exercise group with tea consumption after eight weeks (P<0.05). Chest circumference, abdominal circumference, percentage of body fat, and visceral fat decreased in the water exercise group along with the consumption of tea (P<0.05). In addition, the quality of life (physical health and total score) improved in both exercise groups (P<0.01).

The results show the beneficial effect of water exercise on the body composition and quality of life of overweight and obese women. The consumption of herbal tea only had no effect.

Medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites and contain the active ingredients of many drugs(Davari et al., 2018). Over the years, the secondary metabolites in plants have been used to treat most diseases due to their ease of access and use and fewer side effects compared to chemical products(fazelinasb et al., 2017). Fungi are one of the types of medicinal plants that have attracted the interest of researchers in recent years. Ganoderma Lucidum is an annual fungus of the genus Basidiomycetes belonging to the class Agaricomycete, order Ployporaceae and family Ganodermataceae(chen et al., 2017). This effective medicinal fungus has been khown in East Asian countries for about 2000 years, such as Reishi or Mannetake in Japan(ten thousand years old fungus) and Ling Chih, Ling Chu and Ling Zhi(immortal fungus) in China and Korea is famous(Robertos 2004). Medicinal properties of Ganoderma Lucidum are due to the presence of biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, sterols, amino acids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, proteins and peptides(Peterson 2006). As triterpenes and polysaccharids are the most important chemical compounds in Ganoderma that most scientific research has been done on them(stemets 2000).One of the most important polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum is Glucan, which strengthens the immune system(wang et al., 2002). The polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum also have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and radiation protection properties, and the protein in it has anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activity(Gao et al., 2004). Ganoderma lucidum contains a variety of compounds, including ketones, esters, lactones, alcohols, ethers, and hydroxybenzene (Taskin et al., 2013).The polyphenolic portion of Ganoderma lucidum consists mainly of flavonoids such as Quercetin, Routine, Myersitin, Morin, Hesperetin, and Naringenin (Saltarelli et al., 2015 , Veljovic et al., 2017).Different methods are used to extraction plant extracts such as ultrasound, microwave, supercritical fluid and maceration. Each of the obove methods has a differents ability in extracting plant compounds, depending on the sample, type of solvent used and extraction conditios.In the maceration method, the mass of the desired compound is transferred from the sample to the solvent used while the solution is in contact with the sample. Extraction also depends on the particle size and properties of the plant tissue. Extraction efficiency in maceration method is generally higer than new extraction methods and the probability of heat damage in this method is lower(wang et al 2002).

Ganoderma Lucidum was obtained from the Department of Medicinal Plants of the University of Tehran. The materials used for the tests, including ethanol and methanol solvents, were purchased from Pars Shimi Company, Iran. Folin ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Merk Company, Germany. Galic Acid, DPPH reagent, and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma Company, USA.Ganoderma lucidum was extracted by using the Shon method with modifications.The total amount of phenolic compounds in the Ganoderma lucidum extraction was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In this method, Folin reagent is reduced in the presence of phenolic compounds in alkaline solution and blue color is produced in the solution. Color intensity can be determined at a wavelength of 765 nm by the optical spectrometer.Evaluation of free radical inhibition activity with Diphenyl Picrylhydrazyl was measured. The IC50 factor, which represents the amount of required sample to inhibit 50 percent of free radicals, was used for better assessment of antiradical activity. The lower the IC50, the higher would be antioxidant potential (low concentrations of the sample can prevent large amounts of free radicals [ Khalili and Ebrahimzadeh 2015]. Minitab software version 16 was used to design the treatments from the response level method, the Box- Behnken model, and to assess the optimal conditions for extraction from Ganoderma Lucidum by the statistical method of the response level.

different extraction conditions (tempreature, time, and type of solvent)had significant effects on the total amount of phenolic compounds and IC 50 of Ganoderma lucidum extract, so that the total amount of phenolic compounds of produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum ranged from 7.244 to 21.089 mg100g-1, and IC 50 ranged from 2.409 to 8.369 percent. The results show that increasing temperature (20 to 40 C°), extraction time (12 to 48 h), and application of methanol solvent, compared to the use of water solvent and a mixture of 50/50 water and methanol, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increases the total extraction of phenolic compounds and decreases the amount of IC 50 from Ganoderma Lucidum.The linear effects of all three variables of temperature, time and type of solvent, and square effect of solvent type (C2) on the total extraction of phenolic compounds and IC 50, were significant (P≤ 0.05). Meanwhile, the square effects of temperature, extraction time, interactional effects of temperature, extraction time, solvent type on the total extraction of phenolic compounds, and IC 50 from Ganoderma lucidum were not significant (P <0.05).According to Single optimization the maximum amount of phenolic composition of the produced extract from 20.9944 mg100g-1 Ganoderma lucidum with 99.32 percent desirability was achieved in the following condition: 48 h of extraction time, 40 C° of temperature, and the use of methanol solvents and the maximum antioxidant composition of the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum which can inhibit free radicals was predicted to be 2.1128 percent with 100 percent utility belonging to 48 h extraction time, 40 C° temperature, and use of methanol solvent. According to Multiple optimizations total phenol optimum and IC 50 of the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum. It was predicted that the optimal conditions for the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum by macration method to achieve the maximum total phenolic composition and the minimum amount of IC 50 multiple with 99.662 percent of desirability on 48 h of extraction time, 40 C° of temperature and the using of methanol solvent that total phenol content and the IC50 were 20.9944 mg100g-1 and 2.1128 percent, respectively.

The results of this study proved that by optimizing the extraction conditions of Ganoderma Lucidum, a higer amount of its effective compounds can be achieved. Also, the response surface method can be an effective way to optimize the extraction conditions of effective compounds from Ganoderma Lucidum.

In this research, regarding to nutritional properties of date powder and ability of its fiber on improvement of physicochemical and texture properties of food products, the effect of addition of date powder on quality characteristics of low-fat set-type yoghurt during 22 days of storage was incestigated. For this purpose, five yoghurt samples were manufactured from full-fat milk (3% of fat) and with addition of date powder in four different amounts of 1, 2, 3 and 4 % (w/v) to low-fat milk (1.5% of fat).Yoghurt samples were then stored in a refrigerator (4±1°C) for 22 days and their physicochemical, texture and sensory properties were evaluated during storage. The results showed that addition of date powder caused to significant decrease in pH, synersis, springiness, adhesiveness, appearance and color and odor and flavor and significant increase in acidity, water holding capacity, viscosity, hardness, cohesiveness and consistency of low-fat set-type yoghurt samples (p<0.05). In terms of sensory properties, the yogurt containing 1% (w/v) of date powder received the highest acceptability compared with other samples. In conclusion, using 1% (w/v) of date powder had the best result in manufacturing of low-fat set-type yoghurt in terms of physicochemical, texture and sensory properties.

It has long been a place of dispute amongst the Muslims whether Imamate is a position to be granted to Imam through election or appointment; on the one hand, the Imamyya School, based on a rational explanation, holds that Imam is to be immediately appointed by the Word of God and His Messenger (PBUH); They first argue that like all other mercies He is expected to bestow, the appointment of Imam is a mercy of God so that to amend His servant's affairs, and secondly, since Quran requires Imam to be innocent and superior and God is the only aware of the quality of everyone in the universe, He just has the right to endorse the Imamate of Imam, the viewpoint affirmed by Allameh Hilli in his Nahj-ul-Hagh. On the other hand, the Sunni School considers that there is not any text denoting the appointment of Imam neither by God nor by the prophet and the designation of Imam is an election to be done by the people, the viewpoint affirmed by Fazl Ibn Roozbehan in Ibtal-ul-Batil. This thesis comparatively surveys viewpoints of the two scholars, representatives of two Mainstreams of thought in the Muslim world, firstly to clarify the original thought of Shia, secondly to respond to the enemies of Imamyya School, and thirdly to revise their probable commonalities to be employed for the closeness of Shia and Sunni Muslims.