mostafa yousef-elahi

AbstractIn recent years, attention to sorghum has increased due to its high forage production potential and drought tolerance in many regions of the world. Since the yield and quality of this plant's forage are influenced by the growth stage, this study was conducted to examine the effect of harvest time on the quantitative and qualitative traits of sorghum forage. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement within a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj. The experimental factors included harvest time at four levels (milk stage, soft dough stage, hard dough stage, and grain physiological maturity) and promising sorghum lines at seven levels. The maximum protein and digestible organic matter yields (22.64 and 17.98 ton.ha-1, respectively) and the highest production of metabolizable energy (65.44 Gcal.ha-1) were obtained at the grain physiological maturity stage, whereas the highest protein content and organic matter digestibility (9.2% and 62.9%, respectively) and the maximum metabolizable energy content (2.35 Mcal.kg-1) were recorded at the grain milk stage. Furthermore, with increasing plant age, the amount of prussic acid, water-soluble carbohydrates, ash, and ether extract decreased, while the contents of fiber and organic matter increased. Among the genotypes studied, the highest quantitative and qualitative yield and the minimum prussic acid content were observed in the promising line MDFGS1. As maturity progressed from the milk stage to physiological maturity, the quantitative yield increased while forage quality decreased. Overall, to achieve suitable quantitative and qualitative yields, it is recommended to harvest sorghum forage at the soft dough stage. Furthermore, the promising line MDFGS1 is recommended as the superior genotype.IntroductionIn recent years, attention to sorghum has increased in many regions of the world due to its high potential for forage production and drought tolerance. In the domain of forage production, the significance of forage quality extends beyond dry matter considerations. The quality of forage holds paramount importance, as it serves as an indicator of its nutritional value and energy content, directly influencing the quantity of nutrients that animals can efficiently acquire from the forage within the most efficient timeframe. Since the forage yield and quality of this crop is affected by the growth stage, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of harvesting time on quantitative and qualitative traits of sorghum forage.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted as a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran (35°47'N, 50°54'E; 1248 m a.m.s.l.) with a semi-arid environment. The experimental factors included the harvesting time at four levels (milk, soft dough, hard dough, and grain physiological maturity) and the sorghum promising lines at seven levels (KDFGS4, KDFGS6, KDFGS9, KDFGS16, KDFGS26, MDFGS1, and MDFGS2. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM (general linear model) of SAS 9.1 software. The means comparison was conducted utilizing Tukey's test at a significance level of 5%.Results and DiscussionThe maximum protein and digestible organic matter yields (2.64 and 17.98 ton ha-1, respectively) and the highest production of metabolizable energy (65.44 Gcal ha-1) were obtained at the grain physiological maturity, whereas the highest protein content and organic matter digestibility (9.2 and 62.9%, respectively) and the maximum metabolizable energy content (2.35 Mcal kg-1) were recorded at the grain milk stage. Furthermore, with increasing plant age, the amount of prussic acid, water-soluble carbohydrates, ash, and ether extract decreased, and the contents of fiber and organic matter increased. Among the studied genotypes, the highest quantitative and qualitative yield and the lowest prussic acid content were observed in the promising line MDFGS1. With progress toward maturity from the milk stage to physiological maturity, quantitative yield increased and forage quality decreased.ConclusionsOverall, it is recommended to harvest sorghum forage at the soft dough stage to achieve a suitable quantitative and qualitative yield. Furthermore, the promising line MDFGS1 could be introduced as the superior genotype.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran [Project number 03-03-0313-043-960461]. The authors are thankful for providing laboratory facilities and all technical support in the experimental field.

Due to the climatic conditions and the altitude above the sea level, the northern areas of the Alborz mountain range, from Talash forests to Gorgan forests, which are home to several species of oak trees; The use of oak tree fruit due to its nutritious compounds and relying on the appropriate processing method to reduce anti-nutritional compounds and increase its digestibility, has the potential to be investigated in the discussion of feeding livestock. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of oak fruit processed with sodium hydroxide and urea on performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, quantitative and qualitative traits of the carcass and some blood parameters of Zell fattening male lambs.

To perform this study, 20 fattening Zell and Atabai mixed lambs with an mean age of 5.5±0.38 months and an initial weight of 27±0.4 kg were used in a completely random design for 90 days. The experimental treatments included the control group (without oak fruit + polyethylene glycol) and treatments containing levels of 10, 20 and 40% in the dry matter of oak fruit processed with sodium hydroxide and urea. The feed consumed by the lambs was in the form total mixed ration at the level of appetite on two occasions (at 8:00 and 17:00). The oak fruit (Quercus castaneifolia) used in this research was collected in the late summer and early autumn from oak trees of the Bolandmazo species, Mazandaran province, Sari city. Experimental animals were weighed every 14 days with 12 hours of feed deprivation. To measure the quantitative and qualitative traits of the carcass at the end of the 90th day of the experiment and after 24 hours of the last feed weighing, 3 lambs were selected from each treatment and killed after 12 hours of feed deprivation. To determine blood parameters at the end of the experiment, 3 to 4 hours after feeding, blood was taken from the jugular vein of the lambs using vacuum tubes containing anticoagulant.

The results of the growth performance showed that the treatment of 40% of processed oak fruit significantly had the highest amount of dry matter intke, daily weight gain, final weight and also the lowest feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The results of apparent digestibility of nutrients showed that there was a significant difference between experimental treatments in crude protein and NDF (P<0.05). The highest apparent digestibility of crude protein and NDF was observed in the treatment of 20% and 40% of processed oak fruit, respectively. The results of some blood parameters showed that there was a significant difference in the concentration of blood glucose and urea nitrogen between the experimental treatments (P<0.05). The highest concentration of blood serum glucose was observed in the treatment of 40% processed oak fruit. In blood urea nitrogen concentration, the control group had the highest concentration and the 40% processed oak fruit treatment had the lowest concentration. In quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the carcass, the highest slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, Leg and Shoulder percentage were found in the treatment of 40% processed oak fruit and the highest carcass yield was found in the treatment of 20% processed oak fruit (P<0.05).

The general results of the present study showed that the fattening end weight, daily weight gain, dry matter intake, lowest feed conversion ratio, as well as valuable parts of the carcass in fattening lambs were improved by consuming 40% processed oak fruit treatment. Apparent digestibility of raw protein and NDF was improved by using 20% and 40% levels of processed oak fruit, respectively.

Many natural phytobiotics of medicinal herbs possess antibiotic and radical scavenger properties for poultry species as nutritional additives. A bioassay study was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of Salvia mirzayanii Rech.f. & Esfand. (SM) on some physiological responses in broiler chickens including adaptive immune responses, blood parameters, and meat quality. A total of 200, one-day-old broiler chicks received five experimental diets containing 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0% SM in diet for a 42 d assay. Consumption of 0.50% and 0.75% of SM, were able to produce higher antibodies against sheep red blood cells and the Newcastle disease virus (P ≤ 0.05). A substantial increase was observed in antibody titers against bronchitis virus in birds fed SM compared to those birds not receiving SM (P ≤ 0.05). Using 0.50% SM in the diet increased skin thickness after dinitrochlorobenzene challenge (P ≤ 0.05). The use of 0.50% SM in the diet increased the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius (P ≤ 0.05). The blood concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, and albumin was maximized using SM in diet, while blood glucose decreased by increasing dietary levels of SM (P ≤ 0.05). Meat malondialdehyde concentration has been minimized at 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% SM in diet (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, SM consumption did not have a positive effect on the growth performance of broilers, but the use of its proper level in the diet improved the humoral and cellular immune responses, as well as meat quality.

The effect of dried corn steep liquor (DCSL) and probiotics on growth performance, intestinal microbial population and humoral immune response of broilers using 320 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement experiment with four DCSL levels (zero, two, four and six percent) and two levels of probiotic LactoFeed® (zero and 150 mg/kg) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with eight treatments, four replicates and 10 birds per replication for 42 days. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, lactic acid and coliform bacterial populations, as well as the response of broiler chickens' humoral immune system against Newcastle disease, bronchitis and influenza viruses were measured. In the grower, finisher and whole period effect of LactoFeed probiotics and DCSL and their interaction on body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different. In the starter period, birds fed diets containing four percent DCSL consumed more feed and gained more weight than chickens fed diet without DCSL (P<0.05). Interaction of six percent DCSL and probiotic increased feed intake in the starter period compared to diet lacking these compounds (P<0.05). The greatest antibody titer against Newcastle disease, influenza and bronchitis viruses was observed at six percent of DCSL (P<0.05). The interaction of DCSL and probiotics decreased the population of coliforms and increased the population of lactic acid bacteria (P<0.05). According to the results of this study, the use of DCSL and probiotics in the diet of broilers improves the humoral immune response and intestinal microbial population.

 This investigation was conducted to determine the chemical composition and nutritional value of five dominant plant species in the vegetative stage, namely Artemisia herba-alba, Acer monspessulanum, Amygdalus lycioides, Amygdalus scoparia, and Atriplex leucoclada, in the pastures of Rustaq and Fedami areas, Darab in April, 2020. After collecting samples, the chemical compositions of plants including Dry Matter (DM), Organic Matter (OM), Crude Protein (CP), Ether Extract (EE), Ash, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) were determined according to the standard methods. Three 12-month-old Sistani bulls weighing 277±27 kg were used for the degradation test. The CP value ranged from 5.30 (Amygdalus scoparia) to 11.72% (Atriplex leucoclada) while NDF value ranged from 52.62 (Amygdalus lycioides) to 69.05% (Amygdalus scoparia) (P <0.01). After 96 hours of incubation, the highest and lowest gas productions with values of 54.83 and 38.66 (ml/200 mg DM) were related to Amygdalus lycioides and Amygdalus scoparia, respectively. The higher values of gas production were due to lower values of ADF (38.66%) and NDF (52.62%) in Amygdalus lycioides. The highest amounts of Ca (0.28%), P (0.15%), and Mg (0.12%) were recorded in Atriplex leucoclada. Through the gas production technique, the range of organic matter digestibility (OMD), digestible organic matter in dry matter (DOMD) and metabolisable energy (ME) were varied from 36.67 to 53.27%, 34.67 to 49.11%, and 5.57 to 8.08 (MJ/kg), respectively. The highest values of OMD (53.28%), DOMD (49.11%), and ME (8.08 MJ/kg) were recorded in Amygdalus lycioides, which were significantly higher than other studied plants (P<0.01). The nutritional value of Amygdalus lycioides, Atriplex leucoclada, Acer monspessulanum, and Artemisia herba-alba, respectively, were acceptable based on their composition and digestibility. The results of this experiment showed that range plants can meet a part of the livestock nutritional requirements.

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary electrolyte balance and probiotic on the performance and carcass characteristics in Japanese quail under heat stress conditions. A total of 672 quail chicks (20-day old) were studied in a three-factor, factorial experiment with 4 replicates and in each replication of 14 birds during 20 to 37 and 20 to 41 days Factors included three levels of dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) (170, 220 and 270 mEq / kg), two levels of probiotic protexin (0 and 100 g / t) and two temperature levels (normal rearing temperature and 34 ° C). The effect of sex was also considered as one of the factors for carcass evaluation. Results showed that probiotic-fed birds at age 20 to 37 had the highest feed intake, while the best feed conversion ratio was obtained without probiotic (P<0.05). During 20 to 37 and 20 to 41 days under heat stress conditions, the best feed conversion ratio and weight gain were related to DEB 270 mEq / kg and no probiotic treatment. Under normal temperature conditions, the best conversion ratio and weight gain coefficients in each time period were related to the diet without probiotics and DEB 170 mEq / kg (P<0.05). The use of probiotic had a significant effect on the relative weight of the carcass and the relative weight of the heart (P<0.05). Also, within each genus, the highest carcass weight and percentage belonged to probiotic treatments (P<0.05). Interactions between probiotics, temperature and sex in males showed significantly (P<0.05) higher relative weight in carcass traits. In general, the use of 170 mEq / kg is recommended for electrolyte balance under normal temperature conditions. Probiotics can be used to achieve the best carcass efficiency.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of diet type and residual feed intake on the blood and performance parameters in Kermani male lambs. The first experiment was performed in a completely randomized design it involved two diet types: High-concentrated and High forage on the 40 lambs with average 3.5 months of age and body weight 16±1.5 kg for 42 days. Feed intake and body weight was measured and residual feed intake was calculated on based this data. The lambs consuming each of the diet types based on RFI value were considered in two groups RFI: low and high RFI. The effect of diet type and RFI on the blood and performance parameters in Kermani male lambs were studied in the form of factorial (2×2). According to the results, High-concentrated diet reduced dry matter intake, improved final weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01). The high percentage of concentrate in the diet caused increase in glucose, triglyceride, insulin, ghrelin and insulin_like factor in lamb’s blood plasma but in urea blood, concentration decrease (p < 0.01). The Low RFI groups had less feed intake and improved feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01). The concentration of glucose, urea, ghrelin, and insulin_like growth factor was lower in the blood plasma of low efficiency group than high efficiency animal (p < 0.01). Overall, the results of this study showed that RFI factor can be effective in selection of livestock with lower feed intake and better feed conversion ratio in Kermani lambs.

The use of agricultural products that are often less costly has long been considered by researchers, and due to some problems with the direct use of these products in animal nutrition, their processing seems to be necessary in a variety of ways. In the meantime, by-products derived from cereals, such as wheat bran and rice bran, are especially important due to their high production and low prices. Rice bran can be one of the world's largest cereal processing by-products. Considering the significant amount of rice bran production in the northern provinces of Iran, its low price and the possibility of replacing it as part of the ration and, on the other hand, due to the presence of unsaturated oil, it seems that its lubrication It will probably increase the maintenance time and improve its nutritional value. The main problem is the use of rice bran, phosphate phytate, oil and high silica. Considering the significant amount of rice bran production in the northern provinces of the country, its low price and the possibility of replacing it as part of the ration and, on the other hand, due to the presence of unsaturated oil, it seems that its lubrication It will probably increase the maintenance time and improve its nutritional value. The objective of this study was to evaluate the different levels of de-oiled rice bran replacement to soybean meal on milk production and composition, the profile of fatty acids in milk, body condition score and some blood parameters of dairy cows.

An experiment was conducted using 12 of Simmental dairy cows with a mean weight of 630±27 kg, a mean milk yield of 35±1.7 liters per day and an average of 109±17  days of lactation in a completely randomized design with four treatments and three repetitions. The experimental treatments were included control diets without de-oiled rice bran and diets containing de-oiled rice bran replacing 50, 75 and 90% to soybean meal. The diet used was based on the table of nutrient requirements of NRC, (2001) and the diet was prepared by the NRC, (2001) software. The traits studied in this experiment included milk composition and production, body condition score, profile of milk fatty acids and some blood serum parameters of dairy cows. The oil-rice bran used in this experiment was prepared from Mazand factory, located in Mazandaran province, Babolsar city. The data were collected and experimental design was a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates using 12 heads of dairy cows with repeat measurement and using the GLM and SAS software (9.1).

 The experimental results showed that the experimental diets had a significant effect on the composition and production of milk, so that the production of milk in a treatment containing de-oiled rice bran replaced with 75% soy meal was more than other experimental treatments. The percentage of milk protein in a treatment containing de-oiled rice bran replaced with 50% soy meal was more than other experimental treatments. Also, the results showed that the highest percentage of milk fat in the control treatment and the lowest milk fat in the treatment of de-oiled rice bran was replaced with 75% soybean meal, which had a significant difference with other treatments. There was no significant difference in the number of somatic cells between treatments. Body condition scores were no significantly affected by experimental diets. The effect of treatments on milk fatty acids was not significant. Also, the addition of de-oiled rice bran had a significant effect on blood parameters, so that by increasing the level of rice bran in the diet, up to 75% of the soybean meal replaces a significant decrease in blood levels other than glucose. In addition, the control treatment had the highest levels of triglyceride and cholesterol and the amount of HDL in treatment containing de-oiled rice bran replaced with 75% soy meal was significantly higher than other treatments.

According to the results of this experiment, the use of 75% of de-oiled rice bran replacement to soybean meal in the diet, increased milk yield and reduced fat percentage in dairy cow compared to control treatment. Also, the reduction of cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL levels in dairy cows were observed treatment containing de-oiled rice bran replaced with 75% soy meal. It seems that the use of 75% of de-oiled rice bran replacement to soybean meal in the diet, showed better performance than the other levels in the production factors of dairy cows in this study.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of edible chitosan coating containing Cinnamomum verum essential oil onchemical and microbial properties of silver carp fish fingers during storage in refrigerator. Fish fingers were separately immersed in chitosan coating (2%), cinnamon essential oil (1.5%) and chitosan coating (2%) + cinnamon essential oil (1.5%) for 1 minute, then packed and stored in refrigerator (4°C). Chemical (pH, Peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N)) and microbial parameters (total viable count (TVC) and psychrotrophic count (PTC)) were measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days. The results showed that with increasing storage time the pH, PV, TBA and TVB-N values increase significantly (P<0.05). The TVC and PTC counts of fish fingers increased significantly during refrigerated storage (P<0.05). Chemical and microbial indicators of chitosan coating (2%) + cinnamon essential oil (1.5%) treatment showed a little change in comparison with the other treatments during storage a significant difference with other treatments during storage (P<0.05). According to the results, it can be concluded that the fish fingers coated with chitosan coating (2%) + cinnamon essential oil (1.5%) have affected in compared to the other treatments and increased the shelf life of fish finger for 3 days.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different dietary crude protein/energy ratios on growth indices and body composition of Bester juveniles. Triplicate groups (60 individuals per group) of fish (average weight ± SD, 358.4 ± 13.37g) were fed with three diet (D1, D2 and D3) including 31.67%, 35.54% and 40.86% of crude protein and 4377, 4800 and 5344 kcal of energy/kg, respectively, during eight weeks based on 1.5% of biomass per day. The result showed different significant of growth parameters (P<0.05). Body weight increase, condition factor, specific growth rate, average daily growth, protein productive value, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved in D2 and D3 treatment groups compared with D1. Comparison of the carcass composition of examined fish showed significant different between treatment groups (P<0.05). Therefore, the highest moisture, lipid and ash level of carcass gained in fish fed with diet D2 (P<0.05). Also highest carcass crude protein recorded in fish fed with diet D3 (P<0.05). These results suggested that the diet including 35.54% of crude protein and 4800 kcal of energy/kg is economic and suitable for culture of juvenile Bester.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Carum copticum seedessential oil on inhibition the growth of Escherichia coli inoculated in minced of Cyprinus carpio during refrigerated storage (4˚C). Carum copticum seedessential oil with concentrations of 2, 3 and 4 µL/g were added in minced of C. carpio inoculated (10 3 CFU/g) with E. coliand after packing stored in refrogerator (4˚C). Chemical (PV, TBA and TVB-N) and microbial parameters (E. coli count, TVC and PTC) were measured at 24, 72, 144, 216 and 288 times (hrs). The PV, TBA and TVB-N values increased during storage in all treatments but this increase was lower in treatments containing C. copticum seedessential oil. TVC and PTC counts decreased with increaseing of C. copticum seedessential oil. The treatments containing C. copticum seedessential oil was inhibited the growth of E. coli and decreased E. coli number after 144 hrs. The concentration of 4 µL/g of C. copticum seedessential oil showed the greatest effect on chemical and microbial parameters. Thus it can be concluded that the C. copticum seedessential oil has antibacterial and antioxidant properties and recommended to preservative of fisheries products.

The aim of this study was to examine use of Prosopis julifora pods (PJP) in lactating goats (twenty lactating Tali goats with body weight mean of 34±2.5 kg) diet. Goats were divided in two groups of ten heads) One group with control diet and the other group with Prosopis julifora) and fed for 12 weeks. Diets were prepared based on goats’ requirements from both forage and concentrate with equal proportion. PJP rate in total experimental diet was 19.25%. Animals were weighed individually the beginning of the trial and every two weeks until the end of period. Their weight changes were calculated. Also, their weekly milk production rate and milk compositions were determined. The average daily milk yield and milk fat percent in fed goats with control diet and PJP diet was 550 and 570g, and 3.24 and 2.39%, respectively that weren’t statistically different. Milk compositions (fat, protein, ash, solid material and solid material without fat) weren’t affected by the diet. The body weight during of experimental period and also, between two groups was not significant different statistically. Total cost of feed and milk production of fed goats with 20% PJP diet was cheaper than control group. Therefore, PJP can be used as a feedstuff up to 20 % of lactating goats’ diet and reduce nutrition cost.

The three-step trial was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, digestibility, true and apparent metabolizable energy (TME and AME), of different parts of two varieties of date palm collected from Kerman (Mazafati and Farekan). In the first stage, the chemical composition of the fruit, date pits and whole date palm were determined. Secondly, digestibility and metabolizable energy of the samples measured by the force-feeding method on 35 adult Leghorn cockerels and collecting whole excreta for 48 hours. In the third stage, the best formulas were determined to estimate the ME values from the DM digestibility and chemical composition data by stepwise regression method.
According to the results, date palm, with and without pits, had more available energy, but the pits and pulps had more crude fiber and also, lower energy content. Moreover, Our results show that Mazafati variety had more CF and EE in compare to Farekan variety. Unlike Farekan date palm, which had low metabolisable energy, AME and AMEn of the Mazafati date pits and date palm were 1769, 1786, 1924 and 2212 (kcal/kg DM), respectively. In overall, Mazafati variety had higher nutritional value in compare to Farekan variety. At the end, the best equations for estimating of AME and TME were determined based on chemical composition and digestibility values.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of essential oil inhibition on Escherichia coli inoculated in surimi of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix during refrigerated storage (4˚C). Surimi inoculated (103 CFU/g) with E. coli and treated by concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 µL/g of Rosemary leaf essential oil and after packing stored in refrogerator (4˚C). Chemical (PV, TBA and TVB-N) and microbial parameters (Escherichia coli count, TVC and PTC) were measured at 24, 72, 144, 216 and 288 hours. The PV, TBA and TVB-N values of treatment containing E. coli without essential oil was more than other treatments. The values of these indicators increased during storage in all treatments, but this increase was lower in treatments containing Rosemary leaf essential oil. The treatments containing Rosemary leaf essential oil had lower TVC and PTC. The number of E. coli in Rosemary leaf essential oil treatments increased until 144 hours and then decreased, but it increased during storage in E. coli without essential oil treatment. All concentrations of Rosemary leaf essential oil inhibited the growth of E. coli during storage, but the concentration of 3 µL/ghad greatest effect on inhibiting the growth of E. coli. The results of this research showed that the Rosemary leaf essential oil has antibacterial and antioxidant properties and it can be use as a natural preservative in fisheries products.

Based on the information no research has been done on the identification and isolation of anaerobic fungi in the Baloochi sheep’s rumen in the dry climate up to now.
The purpose of this research was the separation and study of the appearance morphology of anaerobic fungi in the Baloochi sheep’s rumen in Sistan region.
The semi-defined medium environment was used in this research for cultivation, separation and purification of anaerobic fungi. Sampling from the solid and liquid contents of 50 Baloochi sheep was done randomly in Zabol slaughterhouse and these samples were used as the source of fungus to inoculation to culture. The roll bottle method was used for purification of rumen fungi. The antibiotic solutions (ampicillin, penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol) were used for inhibiting growth of bacteria. Samples of pure fungi were transferred to culture and were observed after growth in glass slide with light microscope. The separated fungi were all monocentric and had rhizoid.
With regard to morphologic characteristics the genera of Neocallimastix and Piromyces and species of Piromyces communis, Piromyces minutus, Piromyces rhizinflata, Caecomyces communis was isolated in rumen of Baloochi sheep.
With identification of these fungi species in rumen of Baloochi sheep, it is recommended to perform molecular test and enzyme extraction for further survey of characteristics in future research.

In this study the effect of edible coating containing pomegranate peel extract (PPE) on the quality and shelf life of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix)fillet was investigated during refrigerated storage at 4 Cº. The total phenolic content (262.5 mg tannic acid/g sample) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (87%) of PPE using methanol as solvent were determined. The mixture of edible coating was prepared (60% cool water 30% wheat flour 10% corn flour). Freshly fish fillet were assigned to three treatments: control (fillet without PPE); fillet treated with 5% PPE (T1) and 10% PPE (T2). Chemical (pH, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA)) and microbiological (total viable count (TVC) and psychrotrophic count (PTC)) analysis were used to evaluated the effect of PPE during refrigerated storage. The results show that addition of PPE considerably delayed lipid oxidation in silver carp fillet in T1 and T2 compared with control samples. According to microbiological assay, T1 and T2 samples on 12th of storage reached to maximum acceptability limit (7 log10 CFU/g) while it was happened on 9th of storage for control samples.

The effects of grape pomace extract (0, 2 and 4%) on quality and shelf life of silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) fillets during chill storage (4°C) were investigated. The control and the treated fillets were analyzed periodically for microbiological (TVC and PTC), chemical (TVB-N), and sensory characteristics. The results showed that grape pomace-treated samples have lower TVB-N (24.2 and 21.2 mg N/100 g, respectively), TVC (7.33 and 7.09 log cfu/g, respectively) and PTC (7.26 and 7.03 log cfu/g, respectively) at the end of the storage period. The results revealed that the addition of grape pomace extract has a positive effect on the sensory quality of silver carp fillets by retaining proper quality characteristics for a longer time and extends their shelf life during chill storage.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of edible gelatin coating on the quality characteristics and shelf life of fish finger of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix during refrigerated storage. Fish fingers were immersed in coating solutions of gelatin 4% and then dried, packed and stored in refrigerator (4˚C). Chemical (moisture, protein, fat, ash, pH, PV, TBA and TVB-N) and microbial parameters (TVC and PTC) were measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days. According to the obtained results by increasing of storage time moisture and fat content decreased and pH value were significantly increased (P < 0.05). While there was no significant difference between the ash content of control and coated samples (P < 0.05). Peroxide value and thiobarbitoric acid of coated samples were lower than the control. The TVB-N value of control and coated samples were 27.80 and 27.46 mg N/100g of flesh fish in 12 days of storage that higher than acceptable value. The total viable count (TVC) and psychrotrophic count (PTC) of fish fingers were significantly increased (P < 0.05) during refrigerated storage. The results of this research indicate that the gelatin coating reduces the oxidation, but has no effect in reducing the value of microbial count.

The effects of different cooking methods (deep fat frying, boiling and steaming) on lipid content and fatty acid composition of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fillets during chill storage were investigated. Fillet samples were cooked and then stored at + 4°C for 4 days. The control and the cooked fillet samples were analyzed for their chemical characteristics. Twelve fatty acids were identified with 39.11, 15.37 and 45.52 g/ 100 g of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) respectively. The n-3/n-6 ratios of raw, deep fried, boiled and steamed samples were 1.12, 0.10, 1.45 and 0.72, respectively. The patterns of changes in fatty acid groups was different in fried, boiled and steamed samples after 1 and 4 days of chill storage. The EPA+DHA/C:16 ratio was higher in boiled and boiled- chill stored samples than steamed and fried samples. EPA+DHA/C:16 ratio for cooked, stored for 1 day and then 4 days were as 0.051, 0.003 and 0.017 for fried, 0.492, 0.583 and 0.489 for boiled and 0.247, 0.037 and 0.149 for steamed samples, respectively. These results showed that the boiled process is better than other cooking processes on the FA pattern of grass cap.

The aim of this research was determination of nutritive value of Cressa Cretica with gas test method، in vivo digestibility and degradability with nylon bag method in three phenological stages. The amount of crude protein decreased significantly in seeding stage. But the amount of NDF and ADF increased in seeding stage. The degradability of dry matter and rapid and slowly degradable fractions decreased in development of phenological stages. The gas production increased in seeding stage compared to vegetative and flowering stage. The amount of organic matter digestibility for three phenologic stages was %56. 34، %58. 04 and %58. 44 respectively and metabolizable energy was %8. 4، %8. 71 and %8. 69 MJ/kg respectively (P<0. 01). The apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF of this plant decreased numerically in sheep with increasing of lignifications of cell wall in flowering and seeding stage. The result of this experiment showed significant effect of different stages of growth on nutritive value of Cressa cretica. With regards of results of chemical composition and apparent digestibility vegetative growth of Cressa cretica had higher nutritive value compared to flowering and seeding stage. Nevertheless in addition survey of antinutrient of this plant، economy stage of harvest and effect of different use on nutritive value of this plant is determined in future researches.

The effect of edible chitosan and chitosan-gelatin coating on the quality of fish finger from silver carp during refrigeration was assessed. Fish fingers were immersed separately in coating solutions of chitosan 1% and chitosan 1%-gelatin 4%, packed and stored in refrigerator (4±1˚C) for 30 days, then their chemical (TVB-N, PV, TBA) and microbiological characteristics (TVC and PTC) were analysed. Total volatile basic nitrogen value of coated sample with chitosan was lowest while there was no significant difference between the thiobarbituric acid value of coated treatments (p