naser yousefi

Post-traumatic stress disorder is the most common psychological problem after disasters and accidents. Religious themes indicate that people call upon God when faced with threatening situations. Psychopathological research has also shown that shocking and threatening events may cause symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in some susceptible people. Also, researches have shown that the characteristic of neuroticism can aggravate suffering from post-traumatic stress.

This study aims to investigate the structural relationships of neuroticism and conscientiousness in earthquake victims with post-traumatic stress experience with the mediating role of religious beliefs.

This research was applied, descriptive-survey and correlational with structural equation model. The statistical population included the survivors of the Azgole earthquake in Kermanshah in 1396, who were considered as the statistical population in 1401. The sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the table of Morgan and Krejci, who completed the post-traumatic stress scale of Wedders et al. (1993), the scale of religious beliefs of Allport (1967) and personality traits of McCree and Costa (2021). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the distribution of the variables, and the Pearson correlation test was used to check the correlation between the variables. Hypotheses testing was analyzed using Imus 24 software.

The results of the research indicated that religious beliefs play a mediating role in the relationship between neuroticism and post-traumatic stress. Also, the results showed that religious beliefs significantly moderate the relationship between conscientiousness and post-traumatic stress.

According to the results of the current research on the mediating role of religious beliefs in the relationship between personality and post-traumatic stress in people affected by earthquakes, it is suggested that therapists design their therapeutic interventions with an emphasis on religious resources and beliefs and in training, capacities and resources Ritual positivity of people should be taken into consideration by mental health guardians.

Math anxiety is a widespread problem for all ages worldwide; In international assessments and based on studies of international planning of students, most teenagers have reported anxiety and tension in math classes and when doing math exercises; Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of Wales' metacognition training with Kabat Zain's mindfulness training on academic procrastination of students with math anxiety.

In this research, a quasi-experimental research method of pre-test and post-test design was used with two experimental groups and one control group; The statistical population of this research includes all female students in the second year of high school in the 6th district of Tehran in the academic year 2021-2022. 45 people who met the criteria for entering the research were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and were randomly and equally divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group underwent Wales metacognition training in 8 sessions of 60 minutes, and the second experimental group underwent mindfulness training in 8 sessions of 120 minutes, and the control group remained waiting without any intervention during this time. The research tools include Pleck and Parker's math anxiety questionnaire (1982) and Solman and Rothbloom's academic procrastination scale (1984). The data analysis of this research was done in two parts: descriptive (central and dispersion indices, skewness and kurtosis) and inferential (MANCOVA) using SPSS-23 software.

The results showed that both Wales metacognition training and Kabat-Zinn mindfulness training are effective on the academic procrastination of students with math anxiety. Also, the results indicated that these two treatments are effective on the academic procrastination of students with math anxiety.

The results showed that the effectiveness of Kabat-Zinn mindfulness therapy on academic procrastination and its subscales is more than that of Wales' metacognitive therapy.

Aging is one of the most important stages of human life, and people at this stage are faced with various issues, among which issues such as death anxiety, happiness and resilience appear to be the most common issues of mental health in the elderly that can be improved using appropriate interventions. Therefore, the current study aims to examine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on death anxiety, happiness and resilience in the elderly. This was a quasi-experimental study with the pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the present study included all the elderly living in Lahijan, Iran, among whom 30 people were selected using convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups. Both groups completed the Templer’s death anxiety, Oxford happiness, and Conner and Davidson’s resilience questionnaires in pretest and posttest phases. Experimental group underwent eight 60-minute sessions of ACT, while control group received no treatment at this time. Data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), the results of which revealed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of death anxiety, happiness and resilience in the posttest phase. Put in other words, ACT resulted in a decrease of death anxiety and an increase of happiness and resilience in the elderly. According to the results of the current study, ACT can be used as an effective treatment method to improve the mental health of the elderly.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition caused by terrifying, shocking, scary, or dangerous events. These events are so severe that one usually cannot gain proper insight into them and they are rooted in traumatic experiences in life. These incidents are expected to recur, if left untreated, creating a chain of events in a person's life. Based on available evidence, PTSD can lead to depression and panic disorder.

The present study aimed to assess relation of Personality characteristics and tenacity with signs of gloom and post- traumatic stress based on religious opinions in casualties of earthquake in Kermanshah area.

In this study, 400 people who had survived the temblor of Kermanshah in Sarpol-e Zahab who suffered from PTSD were randomly selected, and the research questionnaires were distributed among them. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 20) using an independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, path analysis, and Pearson correlation. The descriptive results of the study demonstrated that 196 (51.3%) subjects were male and 186 (48.7%) cases were female. Regarding age, the lowest frequency (n=70; 18.3%) was related to the age range of under 20 years old. In terms of education, the highest frequency (n=149; 39%) was related to the cases who hold a diploma, while the lowest frequency was related to subjects with a master's degree and higher.

The results pointed out that Fit Index (IFI), relative fit index (RFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker Lewis Index (TLI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) indices were at the desired level, indicating the suitable fit of the model. Due to the negative effects of religiosity on stress disorder (B=-0.14) and depression (B=-0.04) in Kermanshah earthquake victims, it has an inverse relationship with stress disorder and depression and reduces stress. Moreover, there was a positive association between acceptance personality trait and religious beliefs, and the significance level of the test was less than 0.05, pointing to a direct and significant relationship between acceptance and religious beliefs at %95 confidence level. Nonetheless, there was a negative association between neuroticism and religious beliefs, and the significance level of the test was less than 0.01, pointing to a significant inverse relationship between neuroticism and religious beliefs at a %99 confidence level.

As evidenced by the results of the present study, hardiness and personality traits were significantly correlated with depression and PTSD based on the mediating role of religious beliefs among earthquake victims in Kermanshah province. This helps to better understand the relationship of religious beliefs with spontaneous and controlled processes in a more systematic way and helps people to create a more accurate view.

study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an emotion regulation pro- gram using emotional schema therapy on distress tolerance and empowerment of mothers of children with autistic disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and a control group. The statistical population of this study included all mothers of children with autism disorder in Isfahanin. Sampling was done through available sampling method, and forty people were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups. The independent variable of the emotion regula-tion training program based on Leahy's emotional schema therapy method was administered, in 8 sessions for the experimental group. The distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and Family Empower-ment Scale (FES) were the instruments of the study. For data analysis, analysis of covariance was used. The results indicated that an emotion regulation training program based on Leahy's emotional schema therapy improved the empowerment and distress tolerance in mothers of children with autistic disorder (P<0.01)

The purpose of this study was to develop a causal model of the tendency for emotional divorce based on self-differentiation through marital attachment mediation. Considering the aim of this study, a descriptive-correlational study was conducted. The statistical population of this study included all couples who referred to the welfare counseling center of Qasrshirin city during 2018-2019. From among them, 100 men and women were selected using multi-stage random sampling method. Data were then collected using Gutman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (1999), DSI-SF Self-Diversity (2011), and Paines' Marital Dissatisfaction Questionnaire (1996).The results of data analysis using Pearson correlation and structural equation tests showed that there was a significant relationship between tendency to divorce based on self-differentiation and mediation of marital burnout.The findings showed that marital attachment mediates the relationship between the tendency to emotional divorce and its differentiation. Marital attachment is one of the important factors affecting the level of mental health promotion and identifying the factors along with proper planning can lead to decrease in emotional divorce and increase self-differentiation.The results indicate that by increasing the pattern of mutually constructive communication among couples seeking divorce, they experience less marital boredom. If the marital boredom of the couple seeking divorce also increases, the rate of emotional divorce will increase.

Depressed women more tolerated stress and negative emotions than normal women and their lives changes are higher. The aim of this research was comparing the effectiveness of enhancement- based cognitive-behavioral therapy and classical cognitive-behavioral therapy on depression and quality of life in depressed women.

This study is semi-experimental that using pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The population of this study included all women who were referred for treatment depression in year 2017 that selected by available sampling. The sample included 40 depressed women were randomly assigned in three groups of enhancement- based cognitive-behavioral therapy, classical cognitive-behavioral therapy and a control group. In all three groups depression and quality of life questionnaire was administered and data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis.

The results showed that both classic cognitive-behavioral therapy and enrichment-based cognitive-behavioral therapy were effective in reducing depression and enhancing quality of life but there was no significant difference between the two treatments.

Classic and enrichment-based cognitive-behavioral therapies can be used to reduce depression and improve quality of life in depressed women.

Stress is among the important factors of beginning and continuing addiction. The aim of this research was to anticipate the perceived stress on the basis of emotional regulation, experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity. The present research is of correlation kind which falls under the explanatory projects category. Research population consisted of all of the individuals that were addicted to drugs, and who used the services of addiction treatment centers of Tehran in 1394. From among the research population 220 individuals were selected by convenience sampling method, and then filled out the questionnaires which were related to the research. Evaluation tools were emotion regulation (Gras and John, 2003), experiential avoidance (Bond et al, 2007) and anxiety avoidance (Rees et al, 1986). Regression analysis results showed that repression, experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity components anticipates the perceived stress in addicted individuals significantly and positively and the reevaluation component predicted it negatively and significant. Findings of the present research pointing out to the fact that psychological structures including emotional regulation, experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity, have important role in the perceived stress of the individuals who are addicted to drugs. Thus, in creating a psychotherapeutic basis for people who are addicted to drug, this factor should be taken into consideration

Marital distress and increasing tendency towards divorce causes extreme harm for the children of divorce, divorcees, families and the entire society. Evaluating effective ways of encountering divorce is thus of paramount importance. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of family therapy based on Bowen’s family system theory and logo therapy in marital life quality (marital adjustment) and tendency for divorce among divorce seeking clients. The statistical population included divorce applicants referring to Sanandaj counseling centers in Fall and Winter of 1396. 36 male and female applicants were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups (12 each). The Divorce Tendency Questionnaire (DTQ) and the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) were used to gather the data. Each group received 8 one- hour weekly family therapy training based on the Bowen’s family systems and logo therapy. Repeated measures tests showed that both logo therapy and Bowen’s family systems could significantly enhance dyadic adjustment level and its components (agreement, satisfaction, and dyadic coherence) and reduce tendency towards divorce. Also, results of the BONFERRONI post hoc test showed that family therapy based on logo therapy was more effective in reducing divorce tendency and Bowen’s family systems theory was more effective in increasing dyadic adjustment.

Green chemistry - also called sustainable chemistry - as the cost-effective and environmentally friendly techniques have been gaining more attention recent years. Here, we introduced a fast, non-toxic and sustainable method to synthesize Ag nanoparticles. Various parameters are involved in the bio-synthesis of Ag nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Ag/MWf-CNT) composites, including silver nitrate concentration, initial pH, temperature, CNT concentration, agitation time, biomass and stirring rate. The Plackett–Burman Design (PBD) approach indicated that the initial pH, the carbon nanotube concentration and the weight of biomass are the major effects of the Ag/MWf-CNT biosynthesis. A quadratic polynomial model was developed using Central Composite Design (CCD) to statistically evaluate the effect of the initial
pH (3.5-7), the carbon nanotubes concentration (0.2-1 g/L) and the weight of wet biomass (6-16 g) on the response- reduction percentage of Ag ions. The significant factors and their interactions in the biosynthesis process were examined by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the wet biomass weight has the most significant effect on the response compared to the other variables. Additionally, the model predicted that up to 89% of Ag reduction to Ag nanoparticles were obtained at the optimum range conditions– weight of biomass 13 g, the initial pH range 5.5-6.2 and concentration of carbon nanotubes 0.6 g/L.

Water resource management is a strategic issue in Qom city. Water scarcity is one of the most critical concerns of industrial estates. This study aimed to evaluate wastewater management in the Shokuhieh industrial park of Qom province in 2013. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study done by visiting the industrial units in person, completing questionnaires and analyzing the results. The questionnaire had 25 questions, including general information, the status of water supply, treatment and consumption, wastewater production, reuse or discharge of produced wastewater and the status of wastewater treatment and discharge of effluent. The industrial units evaluated were active with over 50 personnel and numbered 44 in total. The water suppliers in the industries included network (70.5%), network and reverse osmosis (RO) (22.5%), network and tanker (2.4%) and tanker (4.6%). 63.63% of the industries had water treatment systems. 19.5% reused wastewater and 31.8% performed pretreatment before discharge of wastewater. The discharge sites of water treatment units’ effluent included the absorption well (17%), greenbelt (18%) and sewer (65%). Discharge sites of sanitary wastewater in 50% of the industries was sewer and in 50%, it was absorption well. The discharge sites of processed wastewater was reuse (2%), sewer (52%) and absorption well (46%). Discharge sites of exiting effluent from pretreatment units in the industrial park, included sewer (85.5%), transport by tanker (7.1%) and absorption well (7.1%). The type of pretreatment process in 35.7% of the industries was chemical and in 64.3%, it was septic tank. The results of this study showed that pre-treatment is not done in most industries and wastewater reuse is performed in few industries. The main method of wastewater disposal in industries was by discharge into the sewer and absorbent well.

As, post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) could effect on life personal and social performance, so psychologists, psychiatrists and the other experts have focused on control and treatment of this disorder.
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of cognitive therapy on patients with PTSD in Bonyad Shahid counseling Center in Sanandaj.
The design of the study was clinical trial design before and after. The sample of study was 40 patients with PTSD that selected by census sampling method in 2013. Instruments of study were posttraumatic stress disorder inventory by Norris and Reed (1997) and cognitive therapy.
The results of present study showed cognitive therapy had significant effect [t=5.47, df (38), p=0.000] on the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Results also indicated that cognitive therapy reduces Intrusive memories [t=.4.32, df (38), p=0.000] of the four components of interpersonal communication problems [t=.4.81, df(38), p=0.000], lack of emotional control [t=.4.32,df(38),p According to results from the present study, also the effect of cognitive therapy on patients with PTSD, it is recommended to use cognitive therapy technique in counselling centers and also psychiatric and psychological clinics.

Background and Improper wastewater and solid waste management in rural areas could be a risk to human health and environment pollution. One percent of Iran’s rural area is connected to the wastewater collection network. Solid waste management in rural areas of Iran is mainly consisted uncontrolled dumping and open burning. The aim of this study is prioritization of wastewater and solid waste separate and combined management strategies in rural areas of Iran. This was a descriptive study. In this study, firstly were determined appropriate and conventional methods for wastewater and solid waste separate and combined management by using national and case studies. Then, using specified criteria and by applying a weighting system, prioritization was conducted and implementation strategies presented for wastewater and solid waste separate and combined management. The first priority for the collection and treatment, wastewater in rural areas are smalldiameter gravity systems and preliminary treatment with complementary treatment by land, respectively. In order to the rural solid waste management, organic compost complementary systems were in first priority. In the wastewater and solid waste combined management, the first priority was compost and biogas production by combining anaerobic UASB reactor and Chinese biogas. Considering for influence of various factors in selecting an appropriate method is very important in order to wastewater and solid waste separate and the combined management of a rural. Therefore, the accordance of presenting strategy with local conditions and facilities should be taken into consideration.

To compare the effectiveness of rational, behavioral and emotive therapy (REBT) and person-centered therapy (PCT) on self-differentiation and intimacy among divorce clients. In quasi-experimental study, 42 divorce clients (both males and females) who presented to the Counsling Center of Sanandaj, Iran were sampled. They were categorized into three groups of PCT, REBT, and control group (each group contained 14 subjects). The recovery indices (dependent variables) employed were the subject of selfdifferentiation and intimacy, which were measured twice before and after intervention of Differentiation of Self Inventory-2 (DSI-2) and intimacy. The therapy involved 8 one-hour sessions. It was held twice a week and therapeutic effects were traced after 8 months. The results showed that REBT and PCT were effective on self-differentiation scale and intimacy. Also they were influential in recovery self-differentiation scale and intimacy follow up stage. REBT and PCT were effective on self-differentiation and its subscales (Emotional reactivity, “I” position, Emotional cut off and Fusion with other) and general intimacy.

Communication is one of the most important features of social life. Hence, the present study deals with the relationship between girls’ interpersonal communication motives (pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation and control) and satisfaction with communication with their fathers among the female students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The sample consisted of 195 female students who were selected though availability sampling technique. For data collection, the Communication Satisfaction Inventory (Com-Sat) and the Interpersonal Communication Motives (ICM) scale were used. The obtained data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between pleasure, affection, inclusion and relaxation as interpersonal communication motives as and satisfaction with communication. Also, the result of the multi-variable regression analalysis showed that the motives pleasure, relaxation, escape and inclusion are the best predictors of communication satisfaction. Therefore, it can be concluded that interpersonal communication motives are the predictors of the meaningfulness of satisfaction with communication.

Nowadays, addiction is one of the greatest problems of human societies which put at risk the health of society, family and individual and causes the loss of individual, family and social performances. Examining the causes and factors of individual's tendency toward drugs is the goal of this research. The population under study consists of the addicted people under methadone therapy in a center in Ghorveh city in the year 1390. The amount of sampling is 30 people picked up through simple random method. Data gathered by questionnaires of twenty questions (including those related to individual, family and environmental factors). For analyzing data K2 test was used. The outcomes show that there is a relation between individual, family and environmental factors and tendency toward drugs use and addiction.

The aim of this research was to evaluate validity and reliability of one and two factorial structure of Rosenberg self-esteem scale in students. The statistical population of this research consisted of all students in Shahid Chamran University in Ahvaz city, from which 660 subjects were selected with multi–ph University of Sistan and Baluchestan asic random sampling. And more over, effect of item wording and response bias set were planned to be investigated on factorial structure of Rosenberg self-esteem scale. With regard to the aims of this research, three different questionnaires with different item wording (all items positive, all items negative and half positive and half negative) were distributed randomly to subjects. Among the samples, 218 students positively, 214 students negatively and 209 students half positively and half negatively replied to the questionnaire. The results of structural equation modeling (three separate confirmatory factor analysis) which was carried out with AMOS 16, showed a good fitness only in form of half positive and half negative item wording. No fitness was found in any other forms of the scale. Therefore, two factorial structure of this scale in this research was consistent with some studies.

This research was aimed to validate the Attitude toward Research Scale (ATR) among university students. In this study, 400 senior students were randomly selected from Kurdistan University. All participants completed the ATR and Criterion questionnaires, and then data was analyzed through factor analysis of tendentious, oblimin Rotation, and confirmatory factor analyses. Results of factor analysis revealed eighteen factors then the likelihood of fit was tested by confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed a high internal consistency using both Cornbach’s Alpha and split-half, 89% and 87%, respectively, for the whole ATR and all extracted factors. The validity of the questionnaire was examined by its correlation with the Research Self-Efficacy questionnaire, showing the correlations for the six criteria, 37%, 34%, 32%, 35%, and -38%, which are significant at P<0001. The results of t-test showed no significant difference between male and female participants. The results of the current study are consistent with previous findings, implying that ATR can be employed for research and academic purposes.

he present study investigates the hopelessness and self– handicapping as predictive bases for applicant's achievement in graduate entrance examination. A correlation model was used as the research design. The sample includes 240 succeed applicants and 250 failed applicants who took part in graduate entrance examination. Samples were selected from accepted and failed to be accepted by the graduate entrance examination in the state universities of Kurdistan, Hamadan, Oromyah and Kermanshah. All sample students were tested by Beck’s hopelessness and Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales Questionnaires. In addition to the descriptive statistic method, the discriminate analysis method was also applied to analyses the data in this research. The findings showed that the research hypothesis was approved and demonstrated that applicant's failure or success in graduate entrance examination may be predicted based on hopelessness and self–handicapping. Additionally the results derived from data analysis are in agreement with the research literature. This research indicates that the success of applicants in graduate entrance examination can be predicted based on hopelessness and self– handicapping. Hopelessness and self–handicapping therefore have significant power to predict (p<0.001). As a result, based on this model it is possible to suggest some applied solutions for reducing hopelessness and self–handicapping among applicants. This result can also be applied in higher education institutions to help applicants to be succeeded in the graduate entrance examination.

the purpose of this research was comparison relationship between criteria of spouse selection and marital burnout in divorce couple whit those desirous of marital continuation. this research designed was kind of correlation research. Statistical population was all divorce complainants in family court of Lar, in 6 month of first in 1390, that passed 2 years to 6 years of their marital life and complainant desirous of marital continuation, the sample was 30 divorce complainant couple and 30 couple desirous of marital continuation which selected from population randomly. The questionnaires was couple burnout questionnaire (CBQ) and preference criteria of spouse selection inventory (PCSSI). In order for analyzing the data, statistical examination of differentiation was applied. The results of the analysis indicate that the variants like marital burnout and content criteria of spouse electing are able to meaningfully predicate the joining of people in one of the two groups which one of them is applicants of divorce and the other is those who tend to continue their marital status. The common corer relation of these variants in categorizing the groups in simultaneous differentiating analysis equals 0.773 and in step by step differentiating analysis equals 0.756. The level of the meaningfulness of the differentiating function in this investigation is p<0.0001. The results of this investigation admitted the role of the content spouse selecting criteria and marital burnout as variants of the predictors of the possibility of divorce in couples and can be influential in the determining of the counseling guides especially in counseling before marriage.

The Purpose of the present research was to validate the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scales for marital quality in men and women referred to Sanandaj counseling centeres. 384 male and female participants were selected on a voluntarily bases, all participants completed the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scales (RDAS) and a few criterion questionnaires. Data were analyzed using factor analysis through Tendentious Oblimin Rotation Sort and Confirmatory Factor analysis. Factor analysis by Factor analysis of tendentious oblimin Rotation sort indicated three factors then by Confirmatory Factor analysis is fitting. Data were indicative of high level of Coranbach, Alpha and Split-half (92% and 89%) reliability coefficients of the marital quality Inventory and extracted factors. The convergent validity of the questionnaire was examined by measurement tools for marital satisfaction(ENRICH), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale(FACES-III) Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Dyadic consesus) and the correlation results for the three criteria are sequentially as follow: 39%, 36%, and 33% which are significant at (P<0001).The MANOVA and T test were showed, there were no significant differences between male and female for factors and age groups with respect to marital quality degree. Results of factor analysis are consistent with prior findings. marital quality Inventory can be used in research and family settings and in screening the marital quality of couples.

This study set out to examine a comparison of the effectiveness of family therapy, based on Schema therapy and Bowen’s Emotion System therapy on divorce tendency among divorce applicant clients of Saghez city. The design of the study is as experimental and pre test and post test conducted on the control group. The data population included all of divorced applicant clients either self-referent or referred on behalf of courts to well-being and counseling agencies of Saghez city, one of the provinces of Kurdistan. 66 clients were selected at random from among the data population. Using the tools of Divorce tendency Inventory, the independent variables of divorce tendency was measured within divorce applicant clients (pre test) and in the end, based on random situation sampling, subjects were arranged in three 22-groups, then examine a comparison of the effectiveness of schema therapy and Bowen’s emotional system therapy on divorce tendency for 8 session-one hour. The results of Multi Analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that the existence of a significant difference, between divorce applicant clients of experimental and evidence groups (p<0/0001). Therefore, hypothec concerning the effectiveness of schema therapy and Bowen’s Emotional System therapy on divorce tendency was confirmed. Also, the findings of the study showed that schema therapy and Bowen’s Emotion System therapy in the case of effectiveness on divorce tendency, Bowen Emotion System therapy is more effective than schema therapy.

Ôbjective: Previous studies have suggested that anxiety disorders are more prevalent among women than men. The purpose of this study was to compare the metacognitive perspective of Generalized Ânxiety Disorder (GÂD) in females with males. Â cross sectional study was conducted on the high school girls and boys who have been affected by GÂD. The sample consisted of 100 high school students (50 boys and 50 girls) selected by Generalized Ânxiety Disorder Scale (GÂDS) and semi-structured interview. They filled the Metacognitive Thought Çontrol Questionnaire (TÇQ), and Ânxiety Thoughts Ïnventory (ÂnTÏ). Significant differences were observed between girls and boys in anxiety thoughts (health anxiety, social anxiety, and meta-worry). Ânxiety thoughts affect girls more than boys; they have more metacognitive beliefs about uncontrollability of worry and believe that worry must be avoided. Ôn the other hand, positive beliefs in worry are more common in girls and punishment and meta-worry are being implemented as control strategies in girls more than boys.Çonclusion: Metacognitive beliefs in uncontrollability, advantages and avoidance of worry may contribute to the higher prevalence of anxiety in females than males.

This study was aimed to explore the relationship between loving styles and marital quality. The sample consisted of 180 married couples who were selected randomly from among clients referred to Community and Counseling Centers in Isfahan and responded to Love Attitude Scale (LAS) and Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS). The results of path analysis showed that there were positive and significant relationships between Eros, Storg and Agape love styles and marital satisfaction, consensus an cohesion (p

The aim of the present study was to assess early maladaptive schemas in marital relationship as a predictor of divorce.

The sample included 150 divorce applicant couples and 155 ordinary couples (305 couples in total). Divorce applicants were selected from court clients using convenience sampling, and the normal group was selected using random multi-staged sampling from a number of high schools in the city of Isfahan. All sample couples were tested using Early Maladaptive Schema Scale (EMSs). For data analysis, discriminate analysis was used in addition to descriptive statistics method.

The schemas of mistrust-abuse, unrelenting standards and emotional inhibition with standard correlations of 0.67, 0.57 and 0.57 respectively, had the highest predicting power. From among demographic factors, only education and income had a significant predictive power for divorce (p<0.001).

Divorce could be predicted based on early maladaptive schemas. Also, a model of divorce prevention and marital therapy based on the schematic therapeutic approach can be developed. In addition, the results of this research can be applied in clinical and counseling environments to help problematic couples and couples on the threshold of divorce.