neda azimi

The aim of this study is the numerical investigation of liquid-liquid extraction inside a spiral T-microreactor integrated with ultrasonic waves. The influence of low-frequency ultrasound (20.3, 42.3, and 61.61 kHz) and high-frequency one (1.7 MHz) on extraction efficiency is evaluated by CFD modeling. The organic-aqueous phase flow patterns inside the microreactor are graphically analyzed. The organic phase is regarded as a dispersed phase and the aqueous phase as a continuous fluid using the two-phase VOF. In addition, the SIMPLE algorithm is used for pressure and velocity coupling. The results obtained from the CFD simulation of aqueous-organic phase flow patterns are compared with the experimental results. The application of both types of ultrasounds showed a higher extraction efficiency compared to the condition of not applying it. The decreasing trend for extraction efficiency and ultrasound effect was observed for increasing flow rate. The extraction efficiency is less affected by increasing the power of low-frequency ultrasound up to the range of 600 mV, after which a sharp increase is observed up to 840 mV. In addition, in the range above 600 mV, the increase in extraction efficiency can be attributed to the formation of emulsion, which leads to a higher surface per unit volume and higher extraction efficiency. The results indicated that for low-frequency ultrasound, 20.3 kHz resulted in higher extraction efficiency rather than the other one. Comparing the extraction efficiency for applying high (1.7 MHz) and low-frequency ultrasound (20.3, 42.3, and 61.61 kHz) showed that 1.7 MHz has a considerable positive effect on its increase. Indeed, 1.7 MHz ultrasound resulted in the highest extraction efficiency compared to low frequencies, due to the ability of high-frequency ultrasound to induce micro-jets and micro-streams into the microreactor.

Currently, storing energy in a suitable form that can be converted and released to the desired state is one of the challenges facing modern technologies. Energy storage not only reduces the mismatch between supply and demand, but also increases the efficiency and reliability of energy systems and plays a very important role in reducing energy loss. In this research, the nanofibers of polyethylene glycol as a phase change material and polyamide 6 as a preservative in pipelines have been simulated in different conditions via COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software. For this purpose, the oil is placed inside a tube and a cylindrical tank and the container is covered with a thin layer of polyethylene glycol-polyamide nanofibers. In the following, the thermophysical properties of composite nanofibers of phase change materials in different weight percentages were investigated and the effects of changes in temperature, density, viscosity and thermal conductivity on them were compared. The results of the research showed that the most suitable system for heat management is related to the nanoparticles of phase change materials with the highest weight percentage of polyethylene glycol. Also, the use of nanofibers of phase change materials is very effective in improving thermal management and temperature control and can be used as suitable materials for energy storage and transfer. In addition, with the passage of time, more heat is absorbed by polyethylene glycol and energy storage is done better.

This research seeks to synthesize the metal-organic framework, MOF-235, catalyst and their effectiveness in the wet oxidation of methylene blue removal under room temperature conditions. We used SEM, EDX, TEM, and FT-IR techniques to investigate the structural and physical characteristics of the synthesized catalyst. The results showed that the sample was well synthesized. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is applied to optimize the efficiency of the methylene blue removal process. Four key parameters including pH, temperature, the dosage of catalyst, and contact time are investigated. The contact time data was used to detect the kinetics of the process. The quadratic model was applied for analysis of variance and optimal test conditions for the process were calculated at a catalyst amount of 0.015 g, pH value of 7.3, a temperature of 37.6 oC, and reaction time of 58 min. It was found that the confirmation of the experimental results was obtained and in these optimal conditions, the maximum removal was 89.93%. Results of the process kinetics showed that it fitted both kinetic models. The present study showed that MOF-235 catalyst could remove methylene blue dye and can be applied to separate and remove such pollutants from aqueous solutions.

In this paper, CFD modeling of ferrofluid convection heat transfer in a micromixer with static magnetic field (SMF) and rotating magnetic field (RMF) is investigated. Applying a magnetic field and the existence of magnetic nanoparticles lead to the creation of transverse vortices in the micromixers by movement of nanoparticles, that improves heat transfer. There is a cylindrical pit in the microcmixer with heat source that is applied to its bottom wall. Top wall of the pit is adjacent to a fixed permanent magnet, which creates the SMF. CFD modeling first is done for heat transfer process in the micromixer in the absence of the magnetic field. Secondly, simultaneous effect of the SMF and magnetic nanoparticles on the flow pattern and heat transfer rate of ferrofluid is evaluated. Results showed that ferrofluid leads to the improvement of the heat transfer rate compared to pure water. The secondary flows induced by nanoparticles’ motion toward SMF decreases the velocity in the area of application of the magnetic field, so the heat transfer coefficient decreases. But, in the case of RMF, applying the magnetic field causes the nanoparticles to rotate inside the pit, which leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient. CFD results of heat transfer coefficient are compared with experimental results in a reliable reference and acceptable agreement between them is observed.

Care is the core of nursing and one of the most important and basic components to achieve human survival and development. Meanwhile, measuring caring behaviors is of great importance from nurses' and patients' perspectives, since patient-centered nursing care is the main factor in patient satisfaction during the hospital stay. This study aimed to evaluate common tools used to measure caring behaviors.

In this systematic review, 1090 articles published in English and Persian in 1981-2020 from the databases of PubMed (MEDE), CINAHL, Scopus, Science direct, Web of Science, and other related databases (Google Scholar, Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Irandoc). The above literature search was conducted using the keywords of "Caring behavior," "Tool," "Scale, ""Measure," "Inventory," and "Questionnaire," as well as the operators "AND" and "OR." All searched articles were entered into the ENDNOTE software version X5 (Thomson Reuters, USA) to remove duplicate articles. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed.

Based on the keywords, 1090 articles were included in this study. Then, the abstracts were reviewed, and in several stages, duplicate and unrelated articles were removed from the study. Finally, 53 articles were selected for comprehensive review and data extraction. In these articles, 11 different tools were used to measure caring behaviors.

Proper caring behaviors can improve patients' satisfaction with nursing services. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate nurses' caring behaviors with standard and valid tools, while new and standard tools for measuring these behaviors have not been psychometrically tested in Iran, and this seems necessary.

In this paper, the main primary goal is to study the spatiotemporality and the stratigraphy of the Karbala space in the movies "The Fateful Day", "Karbala" and "Never" based on the principles of Geocriticism. One of the concerns of postmodern man is space and place. We demand a scientific approach to study space. Geocriticism represent an interdisciplinary approach to study the geographic space in literature and art and it Surveys the relations between humans, literature, and art spaces. Bertrand Westphal published his paper under the title "geographic approach to the Literary Text" ("Pour une approache géocritique des textes") for the first time in 2000 and his book under the title "La Géocritique; Réel, fiction, espace" was published in 2007. These are considered the manifesto of geocritisime. Geocriticism pays attention to the multifocalisation of a single space due to the points of view between endogenous, exogenous and allogenous. Transgressive is one of the concepts that lead to the several interpretations of the spatial layers and it has been achieved by multifocalisation. So, by taking a geocritical perspective it has designated a plural point of view, located at the crossroad of distinct representations. Also, the audience comes closer to the essential identity of the referenced space. In this paper, the movies (emphasizing the elements of space and place) have been selected from among movies that deal with the subject of Karbala. Additionally, considering the various points of view of the directors, their convergences and differences will be unfolded. In addition, while discovering the space-time layers of Karbala; it pays attention to the thoughts governing the Karbala space descriptor.The researchers have looked to reading out if the movies have drawn out the space-time layers forming the city? Moreover, what pictures of a single space have been represented? What is the relationship between the reality of space and its representation? In this paper, employing the descriptive-analytical method and with library sources and documentary information gathering techniques, the samples will be studied. The results indicate that the interest of the director with an endogenous point of view at Karbala space has been led to drawing space-time layers of Karbala Space, depicting these layers as an identity-making layers and drawning out them from the depths of forgetfulness. Meanwhile studying the favorite movies, because of different points of view, some of the space-time layers were revealed that form Karbala city. Also, it was discovered that there is a significant relationship between the sense of place and cultural and social identity. Therefore, the Muslim director has considered the Shrine of Imam Hussein (PBUH) as one of the layers of the city and an identity-making place. While the space-time layers are not important for the exogenous point of view of the non-Muslim director and the space is considered an"other" space for him. Today, Karbala has received a lot of attention from both Muslims (both Shiites and Sunnis) and non-Muslims. Therefore, knowing Karbala space and its capacities is crucially important, and it has not been paid attention to so far.

Today, one of the best methods to improve heat transfer is using ferrofluid under the effect of a magnetic field. Ferrofluid is a stable suspension containing magnetic nanoparticles and a base fluid that nanoparticles has a higher heat conductivity than the base fluid. In this study, CFD simulation of the effect of a constant magnetic field on the heat transfer rate in the water-Fe3O4 ferrofluid flow in a circular tube under constant heat flux was performed. The simulation was performed in two parts, including the absence of the magnetic field and in the presence of the magnetic field by applying a constant heat flux to the pipe wall. The results showed that the presence of magnetic nanoparticles in water in the absence of magnetic field leads to increasing heat transfer between the tube wall and the fluid. In addition, the presence of nanoparticles in the base fluid increases the Nusselt number compared to pure water. Moreover, applying magnetic field on the tube wall greatly increased the rate of heat transfer to the ferrofluid due to the creation of secondary flows. Finally, the CFD simulation results were compared to the experimental results in a reference and well agreement was seen.

The purpose of this study was numerical and experimental investigations on the influence of ultrasound on Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated carbon nanoparticles. The effect of key factors on Cr (VI) elimination like media pH, absorbent mass, initial concentration of Cr (VI) and the location of ultrasound transducers were considered. To perform CFD modeling of ultrasound propagation, the vibrations of 1.7 MHz piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) were defined based on the dynamic mesh model. The experimental results indicated that by pH raising from 2 to 8, Cr (VI) removal efficiency had a decreasing trend and at pH=8, it had the lowest value. The adsorption rate increased by augmentation in the adsorbent mass (AM) due to the enhancing its specific surface area. In comparison with using a shaker, ultrasound showed lower needed contact time for Cr (VI) elimination at identical conditions. In addition, CFD results depicted that the acoustic streams were induced in the direction of ultrasound propagation, which is caused to reach the better mixing and Cr (VI) removal efficiency. Finally, the experimental data were adopted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The comparison of these models showed that both models were well suited to experimental findings and the data compatibility with Langmuir model was greater.

This study aims at explaining the capacities of geographical critique in studying the effect of Karbala’s climate in formation of artistic works. Space-time and reference are among the theoretical principles of this type of critique. Reference also refers to the relationship between the real space and its representation in artistic and literary works. Stratigraphy is also one of the principles of its methodology, which considers space as composed of various layers, and extracts the layers formed throughout time from the depths of oblivion to study the space. The main goal of the study is discovering the degree of reference and imaginary nature of Karbala’s climate described in drawings. Is Karbala’s climate in drawings in interaction with what is in reality? Has the artist made use of the capacities of the layers forming the climate to give identity to the space and the artist? This study is a developmental-promotive one as far as the goal is concerned, and uses an inductive and descriptive-analytical method to achieve its goal. The results show that the relationship between Karbala’s climate and its representation is a homotypic consensus, but the artist uses his imagination and, in some works, uses multi-locational incorporation to create a climate that reveals a dialectic relationship between the real and the imaginary space.

In this study, Ni+2 removal from aqueous solution was investigated by concurrent usage of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and a high frequency ultrasound (1.7 MHz). In addition to Ni+2 removal, presence of the high frequency ultrasound led to being cooled photovoltaic (PV) module. Studied variables were pH and adsorbent dose (AD). Results indicated that the Ni+2 removal efficiency increased with an increase in the pH ranging from 2 to 9. Furthermore, the Ni+2 removal efficiency boosted by an increase in the AD. However, no significant enhancement in Ni+2 removal efficiency was observed at the AD above 9 g. Generally, the maximum Ni+2 removal efficiency was about 79 % for contact time of 50 min at pH=9 and AD=9 g in the presence of ultrasound. At the efficient condition (pH=9, AD=9 g and contact time=50 min), using ultrasound showed 16-20 % enhancement in Ni+2 removal efficiency compared to no ultrasound usage. From heat transfer view, it was observed that propagation of 1.7 MHz ultrasound into nanofluid significantly has cooled the photovoltaic (PV) module. Moreover, an increase in concentration of nanofluid (AD) showed a positive effect on reduction of heat from the PV module surface and maximum generated power. Obtained data demonstrated that agitating nanofluid by 1.7 MHz ultrasound decreased temperature of the PV module up to 15.5 % compared to no cooling system.

Karbala has been a multiple and dynamic space and so the writers’ perspective on it was multiple and dynamic as well. Geocriticism is one of the new interdisciplinary approaches that focuses on space in postmodern era. Geocriticism investigates the relation between subject and space and studies the geographical space and the imaginary space of literary texts. The current study was aimed at investigating the effect of space stratification on readers in a selected number of poems. Such stratification was influenced by time as well, creating different layers of texts in space. The researchers tried to unfold the space-time layers in these poems that shaped the space of Karbala, based on the spatiotemporality principle of Westphal theory. The results indicated that poets would identify themselves with these layers of space, as they unveil the dialectic between the self and the other. Moreover, in this study the viewpoint of the Christian poet (exogenous) was studied against the Muslim poet (endogenous), by applying multifocalization principle of Westphalian theory. The principle focuses on different points of views being endogenous, exogenous and allogenous. The study reveals the convergence of selected poets’ perspectives.

This research was conducted to assess the socio-cultural impacts of Golabdarreh Park in Region 1 of Tehran Municipality and mainly has aimed to identify stakeholders and obstacles of the project. It also provided solutions to improve the status quo and decrease citizens’ social problems. This research was descriptive from the viewpoint of procedure and applied from the viewpoint of objective, and the data were collected through documentary and field method. In the documentary section, all of the presented documents were reviewed and in the field section, 300 residents were chosen as a sample and the questionnaire was administered on them. At the same time, the municipal managers, the operational officials and the concerned institutions were interviewed by semistructured interview procedure with purposive and convenience sampling. The findings showed that the construction of the park had both positive and negative impacts, but the positive ones outweighed the negative ones. The most important positive impacts included restraining from illegal constructions and land-grabbing, generating a green belt in Alborz mountain range, changing the families’ behavior patterns, increasing environmental aesthetics, decreasing noises and air pollution, increasing health and social interactions, and creating job opportunities.

Wind energy is used to rotate a magnetic turbine in order to remove heat from the surface of a photovoltaic (PV) panel. A three-bladed turbine, which rotates with wind energy, has rotational motion underneath the studied PV panel in order to move Magnetic Nano-Particles (MNPs). In addition, effects of the magnetic field strength (B=450-830 mT), rotational velocity of the magnetic turbine (ω), and the concentration of MNPs (ϕ) on the heat removal from the PV panel area were investigated. Results showed that heat removal from PV panel was intensified by motion of pinned MNPs in the ferrofluid via the exerted external force of magnetic field. Concurrent application of available magnetic field along with ferrofluid led to 7.6-24 % temperature reduction for a PV panel. Furthermore, the produced electrical energy of the PV panel was augmented between 2.55-3.13 W depending on ϕ, ω, and B. Moreover, the impact of ω on cooling performance was also investigated, and a significant enhancement to generated power was observed. Eventually, the maximum amount of the produced power (3.13 W), maximum power enhancement percentage (32.63 %), and thermal efficiency (24 %) were achieved for B=830 mT, ω=50 cycles/min, and ϕ=0.05 (w/v).

One of the methods for mixing enhancement in micromixers is the stimulation of magnetic nanoparticles under the magnetic field, which by fluid actuation and inducing the turbulence caused an increase of mixing. This research aims to study the effects of the magnetic field on the mixing of water and ferrofluid in three different types of micromixers.  In this research, three types of micromixers including Y, T, and oriented Y were designed in Gambit Software Package. After creating an internal network in each micromixer and specifying their boundary conditions, the resulting geometries were transferred to the Fluent Software Package and a fluid CFD model was performed. The external magnetic field, which had a strength of 2200 G (0.22 mT), was applied at the center of each micromixer. From the CFD results, it can be concluded that by applying a magnetic field on each micromixer, ferrofluid is affected by both hydrodynamic and magnetic forces that induce secondary flows inside the mixing channel and so mixing increased. From this study, it can be concluded that the more efficient mixing was achieved in the oriented Y micromixer because of contact angle of inlet fluids, T micromixer, and Y micromixer, respectively. A comparison between CFD results with experimental data from a valid reference showed acceptable agreement between them.

The effect of ultrasound on cobalt adsorption from aqueous solution onto Fe3O4/Bentonite nanocomposite is investigated. Two layouts of using shaker and sono-separator equipped with ultrasound are considered. The effect of pH on Co(II) ions removal is investigated. Co(II) removal rate increased with increasing pH from 2 to 10, and it reduced after pH=10. For the shaker, the contact time (t) of 50 min is selected as the most effective case. However, for sono-separator the maximum value of Co(II) removal rate is 78% at t=10 min, and it decreased after 10 min. The effect of the adsorbent mass (AM) is investigated and Co(II) removal increased by increasing the specific surface area of the adsorbent. The highest Co(II) removal rates are 83.3% and 86% for the shaker and the sono-separator, respectively. No significant increase for Co(II) removal is observed for increasing AM more than 3 g. The effect of the transducer locations and initial concentration of Co(II) ions (C0) at pH=10 and AM =3 g are investigated. The results showed that the activation of all transducers had the best performance. Initially, with increasing C0 from 0.05 to 0.1 g/L, Co(II) removal rate increased from 84% to 86%, respectively, but with increasing C0 from 0.1 to 0.15 and 0.2 g/L, cobalt removal has been decreased. Finally, the experimental data are adopted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The comparison of these models showed that both models are well suited to experimental data and data compatibility with the Langmuir model is greater.

This paper focused on the study of the impact of ultrasonic waves on the intensification of Ni(II) removal from aqueous solution by adsorption onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Co-precipitation method was used to synthesis Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and the average size of the nanoparticles was obtained about 19 nm by SEM. Two layouts including shaker and ultrasonic irradiation are examined. The effects of pH, adsorbent mass and initial concentration of Ni(II) on the removal efficiency of Ni(II) were investigated. The Ni(II) removal efficiency had the highest value at pH=9. Ni(II) removal from aqueous solution using ultrasonic need to lower contact time than the shaker at identical conditions. The highest removal efficiencies of Ni(II) were 83.3% and 85.5% with the contact times of 100 minutes and 60 minutes, respectively using the shaker and ultrasonic. Finally, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were employed to correlate sets of experimental adsorption isotherm data. The fitting results showed that non-linear Langmuir model could fit the data better than Freundlich model.

This paper is a comparative study of qualitative content analysis and hermeneutics in which it is tried to compare these two analytical methods and find similarities and differences in a specified comparative format. This study is a case criticism carried by documents and the results of it show that, despite the similarities of the two methods, there are significant differences between them both from ontological and methodological points of view. In qualitative content analysis, there is an attempt to adopt an analytical-constructive approach to using qualitative and phased methods by which overt and covert contents of a text to be discovered. But in hermeneutics, there is an attempt to adopt a holistic-combinatory approach and using propositional arguments by which the hidden content of a text to be discovered.

Spiritual well-being, religion, and hope are important factors in coping with cancer among patients. Nurses need to understand these concepts within a cultural context. This study aimed to determine the relationship between spiritual well-being, religion, and hope in patients with cancer.Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 164 patients with cancer were selected using sequential convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a four-part questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyses the data.

There were significant correlations between the existential well-being, religious well-being, and the hope. There were also significant correlations between the intrinsic religious, religious practices, and the hope. Existential well-being, organizational religiousness and intrinsic religious beliefs predicted hope.

The results of this study emphasized on the importance of the spiritual well-being and religion as variables affecting on hope in patients with cancer. This would help nurses and clinical specialists to focus on religion and spirituality well-being in order to increase hope in the patients.