nematollah shiri

Exploring how students' entrepreneurial intention is formed has become a fundamental topic in management and educational planning research in the last few decades. An individual and personality characteristic that plays a significant role in strengthening entrepreneurial intention is financial intelligence, which has received very little attention in previous studies. High financial intelligence is necessary for entrepreneurship because entrepreneurs face financial challenges in creating new businesses and must make informed financial decisions. Therefore, the present research aims to investigate the role of financial intelligence dimensions in the development of entrepreneurial intention among Iranian accounting students. In addition, the moderating role of gender in the relationship between financial intelligence dimensions and entrepreneurial intention is investigated.

The statistical population included all accounting students in Iran's higher education system, 252 of whom were sampled by simple randomization. Data were collected with a standard online questionnaire in the form of a five-point Likert scale. The construct validity (convergent and diagnostic validity) of the questionnaire was checked by a panel of entrepreneurship, financial management, and accounting experts. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) and composite reliability were used to measure its reliability. Data was analyzed using the structural equation modeling approach with the SPSS and SmartPLS software packages.

The results at the 95% confidence level showed that the dimension of saving intelligence had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial intention of accounting students, but the effects of the dimensions of spending and money-giving intelligence were not confirmed. In addition, the multigroup analysis (MGA) revealed that gender moderated the effect of the spending and money-giving dimensions on entrepreneurial intention among Iranian accounting students such that the impact of the spending dimension of financial intelligence on entrepreneurial intention was greater in female students than in males, and the effect of the money-giving dimension of financial intelligence on entrepreneurial intention was greater among boys than among girls. The MGA results did not validate the moderating role of gender in the relationship between the saving dimension of financial intelligence and entrepreneurial intention.

Conclusion/ Implications:

 The research results clarified the role of financial intelligence dimensions in strengthening the entrepreneurial intention of students, so researchers and governmental and educational policymakers can use the theoretical and practical findings of this study. In fact, the present research contributes to developing the entrepreneurship literature by revealing the effectiveness of the financial intelligence dimensions in entrepreneurial intention as well as the gender differences in the context of the relationship between the dimensions of financial intelligence and entrepreneurial intention. In addition, it is suggested that government and educational policymakers include the methods of saving and managing income and expenses, financial budgeting, and improving financial skills in the curricula of the educational courses and subjects. Furthermore, given the gender differences in the effects of financial intelligence on entrepreneurial intention among students, it is necessary to design and implement financial and entrepreneurship education taking into account different motivations, goals, and spirits of girls and boys.

Although few studies have been conducted regarding the entrepreneurial mindset of students in the higher education system, most of them have tried to explain the entrepreneurial mindset of students based on the approach of entrepreneurial traits. Considering that the results of these studies are weak and unreliable for predicting entrepreneurial mindset, Therefore, in the present study, using the cognitive approach to evaluate the role of (formal-informal) entrepreneurial education in the development of entrepreneurial mindsets among the students of the Iranian higher education system. The statistical population of the research included all students of the Iranian higher education system, 436 of whom were selected for the study. The research tool was a standard questionnaire whose validity was checked by a group of experts and its construct validity and reliability were checked by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. The findings of the research showed that the state of entrepreneurial elaborating and implementing mindsets of the respondents was not at a favorable level. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the latent variable of non-formal entrepreneurship education had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial elaborating and implementing mindsets of Iranian students. Also, the positive and significant effect of the latent variable of formal entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial elaborating mindset was confirmed, but its significant effect on the entrepreneurial implementing mindset of students in Iran's higher education system was not supported. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to the planners and policymakers of the higher education system to plan and implement extracurricular entrepreneurship courses in the country's higher education system. Also, in compulsory and optional entrepreneurship curricula in universities and higher education institutions, they pay more attention to practical issues and provide real and suitable conditions - such as holding start-up events - for students to gain experience and entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in promoting economic development and improving the living standards of people in society. Promoting entrepreneurship among university graduates can be highly effective in creating jobs and reducing the problem of unemployment. One of the factors that is strongly associated with predicting entrepreneurial behavior is entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the role of contextual factors in forming the entrepreneurial intention of agricultural students in the Iranian higher education system based on the theory of planned behavior.To this end, the effect of three important contextual variables, namely perceived university support, perceived government support, and perceived environmental support, on students' entrepreneurial intention in the Iranian agricultural higher education system was investigated.The statistical sample of the research included 455 fourth-year undergraduate students in agricultural fields in the Iranian higher education system, who were selected using a multi-stage sampling method from 9 universities in the country.The results of the study showed that the variables of attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and also perceived university support and perceived environmental support had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial intention of agricultural students in the Iranian higher education system; however, the effect of perceived government support on the entrepreneurial intention of students was not confirmed.The findings of this research have appropriate theoretical and practical implications for helping policymakers, planners, and educators in the Iranian agricultural higher education system to promote entrepreneurship among students.

Personality traits are so influential in predicting entrepreneurial intentions as researchers believe that personality approach cannot be simply ignored and there are still hidden points in this field. Since social entrepreneurs have distinct personality traits rather than economic entrepreneurs, this study aimed to investigate the effect of personality traits on the intention of social entrepreneurship among food business owners in Ilam province. The statistical population consisted of 1208 food business owners in Ilam province that by using the table of Krejci and Morgan (1980) 415 of whom were selected by stratified random sampling with appropriate assignment. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by subject experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that among the five personality traits of extraversion, openness to experience, neuroticism, conscientiousness and agreeableness, only two traits including openness to experience (β= 0.431, t= 8.92) and conscientiousness (β= 0.102, t= 1.96) had a positive and significant effect on the intention of social entrepreneurship of food business owners of Ilam province. In this regard, managers and business owners should be able to employ employees based on the appropriateness of their personality traits to perform the assigned tasks, with full knowledge of the characteristics and personality traits of individuals.

Today, green entrepreneurship as a new approach has drawn the attention of public and educational policymaking in different countries, so no one can deny the importance of producing healthy agricultural products to maintain the health of society and the environment. The present research was an applied study in terms of the goal and a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) study in terms of the methodology in which the SWOT analysis technique was used. The statistical population was composed of all female farmers in Ilam province who had successfully received the Permissible Pollutant Threshold License for the crops from Ilam province’s General Directorate of Standards. The participants were sampled purposively by the snowball technique. The data collection instrument in the qualitative phase was deep and semi-structured interviews conducted both individually and collectively. In the quantitative phase, a questionnaire and the SPSS software were used to build the SWOT matrix to identify four strategies (offensive, defensive, conservative, and competitive). Based on the results, the aggressive strategies (SO) include planning to export healthy crops to neighboring countries including Iraq, conservative strategies (WO) include determining successful and forward-looking models in the field of healthy crop production and celebrating and honoring them annually, competitive strategies (ST) include the use of modified seeds in healthy crop production, and defensive strategies (WT) include creating a sales market or vegetable market for healthy crops. The results of prioritizing suitable solutions for the development of healthy products in Ilam province showed that planning for the export of healthy crops to neighboring countries, including Iraq and creating a desire to produce healthy crops by providing the necessary support, training, and information are two of the most important solutions for the development of healthy crops in Ilam province. The results can guide governmental and educational-extension policymakers to develop green entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector.

The main purpose of this study was to identifying the entrepreneurial business opportunities in Masjed Soleiman Township. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and the Delphi method were used. Delphi panel members included 20 successful entrepreneurs, experts and people with experience in the fields of agriculture, industry and services in Masjed Soleiman that by using snowball sampling method were chosen. After three rounds, a consensus was reached on the opportunities of starting entrepreneurial businesses in Masjed Soleiman Township. The main research tool in the first round of the Delphi study was a questionnaire with open-ended questions and in the second and third rounds, a questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions. According to the results, the most important opportunities for starting entrepreneurial agricultural businesses are, respectively, priority: "Cultivation of medicinal plants", "Fish farming in the margins of Masjed Soleiman dams" and "Modern and industrial greenhouses for greenhouse production". According to the results of the research, the top priorities in the field of opportunities for starting entrepreneurial service businesses in Masjed Soleiman Township include: "Packaging of livestock products such as curd and other similar products", "Packaging of various medicinal plants" and They were "cold storages of agricultural and food products". According to the results of the research, the top priorities in the field of opportunities for starting industrial entrepreneurial businesses in Masjed Soleiman Township were: "Development of downstream petrochemical industries", "Development of downstream industries of aluminum plant" and "Processing of medicinal plants".

Considering that women as half of the population in different societies, have a prominent role in the development of economic activities, therefore, it is necessary to provide mechanisms to improve their role in the development of entrepreneurship and business. The review of the research literature regarding the sustainability of women's businesses and the factors affecting it shows the fact that, firstly, coherent studies have not been conducted regarding the identification of the factors affecting the sustainability of women's businesses at the international level in general, at the national and local levels in particular, and secondly, the sustainability of women's businesses in Different regions are affected by different factors and the results of one region or sector cannot be generalized to the sustainability of women's businesses in other regions. Therefore, to analyze and conceptualize the sustainability model of women's businesses in Behbahan County, the present research seeks to identify the causal, contextual and intervening factors affecting the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Also, the researchers seek to investigate the views and experiences of women business owners in Behbahan County, while identifying strategies and solutions to promote the sustainability of women's businesses in this region, and also identify and analyze the consequences of the development of women's sustainable businesses. Hence, the purpose of this study was to conceptualize the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. In the present research, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using the snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 businesswoman in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding processess. In the current research, the criteria of believability, reliability, confirmability and transferability were used to confirm the findings. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are influential in the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women’s businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women’s businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Based on the results of the current research, the main components of the sustainability model of women's businesses were categorized into causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening factors, phenomena, strategies and consequences. Therefore, the results of the current research have appropriate theoretical and practical implications in the field of sustainability of women's businesses. In terms of the theoretical implications of this research, it filled the existing study gap regarding the dimensions of the sustainability model of women's businesses, and researchers in future studies can use this model as a robust framework for analyzing sustainability in women's businesses. In terms of practical implications, government and educational policymakers can take advantage of the results of this research in order to develop programs and solutions for stabilizing women's businesses.

In recent years, researchers have studied the factors affecting the performance of agricultural businesses and have identified entrepreneurial marketing as one of the new approaches and innovative solutions to maintain the survival and increase the income of this Businesses have introduced. In this regard, the current integrated research (qualitative-quantitative) was conducted with the aim of identifying and classifying the determinants of entrepreneurial marketing among gardeners in Kermanshah city based on the three-pronged model.

In terms of the general paradigm, the present research is of the type of integrated studies (qualitative-quantitative) and in terms of the purpose, it is considered to be of the type of applied studies. In the qualitative part, which was conducted with the aim of identifying and classifying the determinants of entrepreneurial marketing among gardeners in Kermanshah city based on the three-pronged model, the Delphi method was used. The community studied in this section included 16 experienced gardeners and 14 experts and horticultural specialists active in Kermanshah city. In this part of the study, in-depth individual interviews and focused group discussions were used to collect data. In the quantitative part, which was carried out with the aim of validating the entrepreneurial marketing model among gardeners in Kermanshah city, the descriptive-correlation method with the partial least squares approach (Smart PLS) was used. The statistical population in the quantitative part was all the users of the horticulture department of Kermanshah (N=3362) who were selected for the study by using the stratified sampling method and proportional assignment and using the Karjesi and Morgan table. SPSS and Smart PLS software used to analyze the data in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results of the Delphi study led to the extraction of 28 items effective on entrepreneurial marketing among gardeners in Kermanshah city, and further, using the three-pronged model, these items were divided into three classes: behavioral factors (9 items), structural factors (7). item) and background factors (12 items) were classified. The results of the quantitative part of the study showed that the status of behavioral and contextual factors among the gardeners of Kermanshah city was lower than the average level, and the status of the structural factor was slightly higher than the average level. Also, the findings of the study indicated that gardeners in Kermanshah had average entrepreneurial marketing skills. Finally, the findings of the structural equation modeling section indicated that about 89% of entrepreneurial marketing changes are explained by the items identified in the research in the form of three-pronged factors (behavioral, structural and contextual).

Improving the state of entrepreneurial marketing among gardeners in Kermanshah requires planning and special attention of officials and planners to behavioral, contextual and structural factors, based on the findings of this study; suggestions have been made to achieve this goal.

The aim of this study was to feasibility study of tourism entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Darreh-Shahr County in order to provide appropriate strategies for its development. The present study was conducted on a mixed (qualitative + quantitative) approach of a sequential exploratory type. Using purposeful and network sampling, 15 key informants in entrepreneurship and tourism participated in deep interview until saturation was reached. Qualitative data was analyzed using SWOT analysis and quantitative data was analyzed using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Results revealed that conservative and aggressive strategies are needed to develop tourism entrepreneurship in rural areas of Darreh-Shahr County. The AHP analysis revealed that aggressive strategy such as “exhibitions, and local markets for rural and nomads production” and conservative strategies such as “providing long term low interest loans for the development of infrastructural facilities for rural entrepreneurial tourism along” and “attracting local investors for establishing recreational facilities such as parks” is needed for the development of tourism entrepreneurship in rural areas of Darreh-Shahr county.

This study aimed to identify the effects of olive cultivation on sustainable rural development (SRD) in the city of Rijab, located in Dalahu County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. The study population in the qualitative part included the outstanding and leading farmers, the experts of the Agricultural Jihad Organization, and the specialists in the research subject in the city of Rijab. These study samples were thus selected purposively, via the snowball sampling technique. The statistical population of the study in the quantitative part was comprised of 370 olive farmers in the city of Rijab and seven affiliated villages (in 2021 year), that 209 of thom selected using proportional stratified random sampling (based on the size of each village). The data collection tool in the qualitative part was individual semi-structured interviews along with group discussions. In the quantitative part, a questionnaire was administered for data collection. Directed content analysis was further utilized to identify the effects and consequences of olive cultivation on SRD in the city of Rijab. Then, statistical methods and confirmatory factor analysis, based on the SPSS and PLS software packages, were employed to prioritize the given effects and consequences. The study findings identified the effects of olive cultivation on SRD in three main factors, viz. social, economic, and environmental. Moreover, a total of 17 strategies were established for developing olive cultivation in the rural areas of the city of Rijab. Other findings demonstrated that (1) increasing tendency to remain in the agricultural sector; (2) improving social welfare among farmers' households; and (3) augmenting the value and status of agribusinesses were among the most important social effects of olive cultivation on SRD. Besides, (1) achieving stable, permanent income; (2) boosting seasonal employment rates among indigenous people, and (3) improving the value of agricultural lands in the region, were the major economic effects of olive cultivation on SRD. Finally, the study results indicated that (1) preventing water and wind erosion in agricultural lands, (2) managing soil salinity, and (3) improving the climate in the region were the most significant environmental effects of olive cultivation on SRD.

This research was designed and carried out with the aim of identifying the obstacles and problems of starting and developing knowledge-based enterprises in Ilam province in order to provide solutions to facilitate the business environment of knowledge-based companies. In this qualitative research, the phenomenological method was used. The participants included 17 managers of knowledge-based companies in Ilam province who were purposefully selected for the study. The data collection tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview.The results showed that the main contextual obstacles and problems of knowledge-based enterprises include "Incompatible knowledge-based investments", "inconsistency of goals and programs of higher education with knowledge-based", "stationary of the entrepreneurial ecosystem", "Weakness of institutional support", "Weakness of in-service training for employees of executive institutions", "Non-professional standardization", "Weak monitoring and inspection", "The incompatibility of laws and regulations with the nature of knowledge-based companies", "Weak enforcement guarantee of protective laws and regulations", "Weakness of educational and promotional programs", "Lack of skilled labor", "Misalignment of culture with entrepreneurship", "Dominance of the view of limited charity in government institutions" and "Weak knowledge and knowledge-based awareness". The main structural obstacles and problems of knowledge-based enterprises included "the inefficiency of the commercialization system among knowledge-based enterprises", "the weakness of networking of knowledge-based enterprises" and "the economic turmoil in knowledge-based enterprises". The main behavioral obstacles and problems of knowledge-based enterprises included "poor entrepreneurial competence in knowledge-based enterprises" and "cultural anomalies in knowledge-based enterprises".

The general purpose of this study was to identify the opportunities for setting up entrepreneurial service businesses in Masjed Soleyman Township. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and the Delphi method were used. The community studied in this research included experienced entrepreneurs, specialists, pundits, and other experts in the fields of service entrepreneurship in Masjed Solyman Township, from which 21 were selected as members of the Delphi panel using the snowball sampling method. In this study, after three rounds of investigation, a consensus was reached regarding the opportunities for starting entrepreneurial businesses. The main research tool in the first round of the Delphi study was a questionnaire with open-ended questions and in the second and third rounds, a questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions. In the first round, the data were analyzed using the continuous comparison method. In the second round, data analysis was done by drawing the frequency distribution table (percentage and cumulative percentage) using SPSS software version 27. In the third round, data analysis was done by drawing the frequency distribution table (percentage and cumulative percentage) and calculating the percentage of agreement (CVI) and Kendall agreement coefficient. In addition, the mean and standard deviation were used to prioritize the types of opportunities for setting up entrepreneurial service businesses. According to the results, the most important opportunities for starting entrepreneurial service businesses in Masjed Soleyman Township include "packaging of livestock products such as curd and other similar products"; "packaging of various medicinal plants"; "cold storage of agricultural and food products"; "production, packaging, and distribution of local bread"; and "honey packaging". This study provides policymakers and planners with practical suggestions.

Today, entrepreneurship as a driving force of economic development plays a significant role in the development of traditional organizations and companies; In a way that by promoting entrepreneurship in organizations, we can see an increase in creativity, innovation and prosperity and increase their resistance to changes and challenges. In this regard, the present study investigates the role of entrepreneurial management components in organizational entrepreneurship development among agricultural cooperatives in Kermanshah Township. The statistical population of the study included all managers of agricultural cooperatives in Kermanshah Township (N= 176), Using sampling table of Bartlett (2001), 110 of them by stratified random sampling with appropriate assignment for Studies were selected. The research measurement tool was a standard questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a group of experts and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to analyze the data in two sections of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum) and inferential statistics (multiple regression analysis), SPS sof tware was used. The results showed that the components of entrepreneurial management (growth strategy, strategic orientation, resource orientation, growth culture, reward philosophy and management structure) had a positive and significant effect on organizational entrepreneurship in agricultural cooperatives. Therefore, by improving entrepreneurial management, we can take action to develop organizational entrepreneurship in agricultural cooperatives. In this regard, managers and policy makers of agricultural cooperatives are advised to rethink entrepreneurial strategies, values and beliefs, reward methods and the structure and management style of the organization in an entrepreneurial manner.

Context: 

The low participation rate of women in economic activities has caused the entrepreneurship rate of women to be lower than that of men. Without the economic participation of women in starting SMEs, it will be challenging for developing countries to achieve the 2030 sustainable development goals and reach their full economic and social potential. Recent studies show that the gender difference in the rate of economic participation and entrepreneurship is not only due to the low success rate of female entrepreneurs, but the main reason is that few women are able to start a business. Therefore, try to promote entrepreneurial businesses among rural women is very important. The starting point for launching a business is opportunity recognition, and the process of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities is different for women than for men. Therefore, it is very important to carry out researches with the aim of identifying factors that influence the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities among women. Considering that in many developing countries, women have less access to financial resources than men, so this is one of the reasons for the low level of economic participation of women. In this regard, the project of microcredit funds for financial support of women in order to start entrepreneurial businesses has been implemented in different countries, including Iran.Object: Now, after many years have passed since the establishment of these funds in Kermanshah province with the aim of financing the rural women of this region to start entrepreneurial businesses, the present study was conducted with the main aim of analyzing factors influencing the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah.

This paper in terms of the paradigm, purpose and method of data collection is quantitative research, applied research and field research study. The study population in this study were all women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah (N = 626) that according to the table of Bartlett et al., 201 of them using stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment Were selected as research samples. The main data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed using content validity and convergent validity and combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha. SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the collected data.

Findings of the study showed that entrepreneurship education, social capital and entrepreneurial skills were the effective factors on entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah. According the results About the trainings provided by the microcredit fund, most of the respondents (34.3%) stated that they participated in these trainings once or twice. Also, 35.3% of them stated that they have participated in the training provided by the agricultural extension between 1 and 2 times. In relation to receiving informal entrepreneurial training, as the results of the distribution of respondents in terms of the index of standard deviation distance from the mean show, the majority of respondents (91%) were in the lower and weak middle class. The average opportunity recognition ability of the respondents is 3.41 with a standard deviation of 0.60. Among the dimensions of the ability to recognize the opportunity, creating innovative solutions from the opportunity had a higher average (3.51) than other dimensions. Also, the findings of the study indicated that the average entrepreneurial skills of rural women members of the fund are 3.15 with a standard deviation of 0.63. As the findings, more than half of the respondents (56.7 percent) were in the lower middle class in terms of entrepreneurial skills. Overall the results of the study showed that rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah are at an average level in terms of the ability to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities. Also findings of the study showed that entrepreneurship education, social capital and entrepreneurial skills were the effective factors on entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah.

The results of the present study indicated that, in addition to the direct effect, entrepreneurial education has an indirect effect through social capital on the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities by rural women who are members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah. The results of the present study indicated that entrepreneurial skills have a positive and significant effect on recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah. Therefore, it can be concluded that by improving entrepreneurial skills, the ability to recognize opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds can be improved. In fact, entrepreneurial skills such as planning and setting work goals, designing and developing a business plan, financial and accounting issues, analyzing problems and providing solutions help rural women to better address the gaps in the society and in fact to identify entrepreneurial opportunities.

Entrepreneurship is a concept that is used for value-creating activities and plays an important role in the development of technology and innovation, job creation, and economic development. Although the entrepreneurship literature has increasingly focused on investigating the factors influencing entrepreneurial intention based on intention-based models, no coherent study has ever been conducted to identify the factors underpinning the formation of entrepreneurial behavior among students, especially agricultural students, in Iran's higher education system. To fill this gap, the present study uses the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to conduct a gender analysis in order to explain the entrepreneurial behavior of students in Iran's agricultural higher education system. The statistical population of the research included all senior undergraduate students of agricultural fields in Iran's higher education system, out of whom 455 were selected by multi-stage sampling from nine universities. The results showed that the variables of attitude toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control had a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial intention and behavior among the studied agricultural students. In addition, the results of multiple comparisons analysis showed that the gender variable moderated the effect of attitude toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and behavioral control on entrepreneurial intention. The present findings indicate the applicability and reliability of TPB among Iranian agricultural students, so policymakers and planners of governmental and educational institutions can use the results of this research to formulate strategies and solutions to promote entrepreneurship among agricultural students.

The key qualities for accounting students in the domains of financial issues and investments are among the requirements of entrepreneurship. Besides, one of the most serious challenges facing Iran's government is to create job opportunities and above all resolve youth unemployment, particularly among higher education students and graduates. Given the limited facilities and capabilities of the government to develop businesses for all, it is of utmost importance to reflect on entrepreneurial activities and plan for them. From this perspective, the present study aimed to investigate the impacts of financial and investment decision-making components on entrepreneurial intention (EI) to start and develop businesses among Iranian accounting students. For this purpose, the effects of financial intelligence, risk-taking, optimism, levels of accounting education, and work experience on accounting students' EI were explored. 

The statistical population in this study consisted of all students enrolled in the associate's, bachelor's, master's, and PhD programs in accounting at Iranian universities and institutions of higher education. In view of the large statistical population and the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) across Iran, the research questionnaire was initially designed online, via the Avalform software, and its link was then sent to the accounting students via e-mails as well as virtual channels and groups on scientific social networks, such as WhatsApp and Instagram. In this way, simple random sampling was utilized. Upon collecting the data and excluding five incomplete questionnaires, the data from 252 questionnaires were exploited for further analysis. In line with the sample size table developed by Bartlett, Kotrlik, and Higgins (2001), at least 209 questionnaires needed to be completed and analyzed in field studies with unlimited populations. Accordingly, the number of questionnaires in this study met the sample size adequacy, and the results could be generalized to the entire statistical population. The data collection instrument was a standardized questionnaire, consisting of several parts with open- and closed-ended items. To check its validity, the opinions of four entrepreneurship and accounting experts were firstly obtained, and then the reliability of its different scales were measured by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. As well, the data analysis was fulfilled using the SPSS and SmartPLS software packages. For this purpose, the descriptive and inferential statistics were recruited. With regard to the inferential statistics, the structural equation modeling (viz. the measurement and structural model assessments), and the partial least squares (PLS) as an estimation approach were performed. During the measurement model assessment, the validity, reliability, and fit of the measurement model for the latent variables in the study were calculated. As well, the research hypotheses were tested by the proposed model through the structural model assessment. 

The study results demonstrated that financial intelligence had a significant positive effect on EI among Iranian accounting students at the 99% confidence interval (CI). Therefore, it was acknowledged that the students' intention to start and develop entrepreneurial activities and establish businesses could boost alongside the growth in their financial intelligence. Additionally, the findings revealed that risk-taking had a significant positive impact on EI. In other words, the accounting students' EI toward self-employment and investment for starting and developing entrepreneurial businesses could multiply as their level of risk-taking amplified. Even though optimism as one of the main personal characteristics could influence entrepreneurship, and act as a driving force in entrepreneurial activities and investment to launch new and high-risk businesses, the results of the present study demonstrated that optimism did not have a significant effect on EI among the accounting students in Iran. In fact, optimism failed to predict the variations in their EI, due to the nature of accounting as a field of study and its working conditions in this country. Human capital could similarly play a significant role in strengthening EI in the students to start a business and organizing the relevant resources. In light of this, there is strong evidence that human capital raises the individuals' tendency to undertake entrepreneurial activities. On this point, the study results confirmed that the human capital components, i.e., work experience and the level of accounting education could have a significant positive effect on the students' EI. Put it plainly, the Iranian accounting students' decisions could be directed toward self-employment and investment in entrepreneurial activities with the rise in their experience and levels of education. 

The study results established that the financial and investment decision-making components, such as financial intelligence, risk-taking, work experience, and level of accounting education could contribute to forming EI among accounting students to start and develop entrepreneurial businesses. Therefore, this study had some theoretical and practical implications for EI in students, especially the accounting ones. Considering the theoretical achievements, no coherent research had been previously conducted to predict accounting students' EI with an emphasis on the financial and investment decision-making components, to the best of the authors' knowledge, so the present study aimed to examine the effects of such components on accounting students' EI to fill the existing gaps. In terms of the practical outcomes, policy-makers, planners, managers, and professors in the higher education system could take advantage of the study results to promote entrepreneurial and self-employment activities among students; for example, they are suggested to establish student entrepreneurship cooperatives, offer comprehensive training and internship courses, and hold entrepreneurship workshops and events to expand students' financial intelligence and risk-taking, boost human capital, and thereby promote EI among them.

Since the perceived entrepreneurial opportunities are the first and most important step in the entrepreneurship process, therefore, the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition capacity has a unique role in the process of promoting entrepreneurship among students in the higher education system. This study investigates the effect of environmental support on entrepreneurial opportunity recognition capacity with mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness.

The sample consisted of 100 senior undergraduate students in agricultural majors at Ilam University, selected through a stratified random sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25 and SmartPLS.

The results showed that the perceived entrepreneurial opportunity capacities among students were moderately low. According to structural equation modeling, the entrepreneurial alertness and environmental support had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition capacity. Also, the indirect and significant effect of environmental support through entrepreneurial alertness on the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition capacity was confirmed.

According to the research results, it is suggested that agricultural higher education instructor use active teaching and learning methods, such as idea generation, experimental and service learning, team and practical work, critical thinking and problem solving in agricultural education.

Nowadays, paying attention to the various plans and functions of companies has caused transformation and dynamism in the field of business. In this regard, companies are faced with fundamental and new challenges to maintain their survival, including the challenge of the simultaneous managing the level of profitability and responding to the problems and social expectations of their customers. This approach requires strategies such as implementing social responsibility in the company, which can help both the sustainability and profitability of the company in the long run and the community. Today, the issue of corporate social responsibility has become one of the main topics of interest for researchers, experts and stakeholders in the field of business. Despite the extensive studies in this field, the impacts and consequences of social responsibility operations in companies and food industries have not been investigated. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate social responsibility on the behavioral intention of customers to repurchase from Pegah's Bazaar-Gostar food distribution company in Ilam.

The present study is quantitative in terms of paradigm, applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-correlative in terms of data collection and analysis. The statistical population of this study included all the customers of Pegah's Bazaar-Gostar food distribution company in Ilam (N = 1208). Using the stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment, 415 customers were selected. The main tool for data collection was a standard questionnaire whose validity was assessed by a panel of experts. Its construct validity and reliability were also evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and a composite reliability test. In order to analyze the data in descriptive and inferential sections, SPSS version 26 and SmartPLS version 3 were used. For this purpose, in the descriptive statistics section, the frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation as well as minimum and maximum were calculated. In the inferential statistics section, structural equation modeling (measurement model evaluation, structural model evaluation) was done. A measurement model was used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the latent variables of the research, and a structural model is used to test the hypotheses in the framework of the proposed research framework.

As the results showed, the behavioral intention, corporate image, customer satisfaction and corporate social responsibility dimensions variables had an above-average status. Besides, the latent variables of corporate image, customer satisfaction, economic responsibility, ethical responsibility and philanthropy responsibility had positive and significant effects on the behavioral intention of customers to repurchase from the Pegah's Bazaar-Gostar food distribution company in Ilam. However, based on the results, the positive and significant total effect of the latent variable of legal responsibility on customers' behavioral intent was not significant. Finally, it was also shown that 71% of the changes in the customers' behavioral intention to repurchase from Pegah's Bazaar-Gostar food distribution company in Ilam could be explained and predicted by the variables of corporate image, customer satisfaction, economic responsibility, ethical responsibility, legal responsibility and philanthropy responsibility.

The results of this study clarified the role of the social dimension of companies to improve their performance; therefore, company executives and managers should pay more attention to psychological and social issues, such as corporate image, customer satisfaction and the dimensions of social responsibility, to attract the consent of their customers. In this regard, it is recommended that companies participate in social activities like helping victims of natural disasters and charities. Such tasks as approving and implementing ethical and behavioral regulations can support customers with fair payment. Finally, more attention is to be paid to advertising and and use promotional activities to create a positive corporate image of companies in the minds of customers. In order to increase customer satisfaction with Pegah Company, the managers are suggested to receive customer comments and suggestions periodically on how to provide services and compare it with previous periods to identify weaknesses and strengths. In order to improve the mental image of Pegah Company customers, the managers  are suggested to pay more attention to advertisements and information and take steps to create a positive image of the company by using promotional and incentive activities. In order to increase economic responsibility, the managers of the company are recommended to support their employees and customers with fair payment.

Given that agriculture is the second economic resource of Iran; therefore, the development of agribusinesses can increase productivity, value creation, and social welfare in society. In this regard, considering that identifying opportunities is one of the important stages of the entrepreneurship development process, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and categorizing opportunities for starting agribusinesses in Masjed-Soleiman County. This qualitative research was performed using the Delphi technique. The members of the Delphi panel included 20 agricultural experts and entrepreneurs in Masjed-Soleiman County, who were purposefully selected using the snowball technique. Data analysis was performed using content analysis methods, continuous comparison and also, calculation of frequency distribution tables, agreement percentage and Kendall coefficient in the form of SPSS software version 27. After three rounds, 30 opportunities to start agribusinesses were identified in Masjed-Soleiman County. After rewiring the nature and origin, the opportunities identified in the four categories of "opportunities in the field of agriculture and horticulture", "opportunities in the field of animal and aquatic sciences", "opportunities for design and packaging of agricultural products" and "opportunities for production and processing of agricultural products" Were classified. The results of the ranking showed that "cultivation of medicinal plants", "fish farming in the margins of Masjed-Soleiman dams in cages", "packaging of livestock products such as curd and other similar products" and "processing of medicinal plants" are the most important opportunities for starting agricultural businesses in The city was Masjed-Soleiman County.

 Entrepreneurship is a vital approach to accelerating innovation, developing economic growth, reducing unemployment, maintaining social stability and, indeed, value creation; in such a way that entrepreneurial activity or entrepreneurial behavior has attracted a lot of attention in educational and political systems. Over the past decades, many developing countries, including Iran, have turned to entrepreneurship as a potential underlying solution to various problems facing the country, including; Lack of efficiency in the economy, rising unemployment rate, over-graduation and the inability of the private and public sectors to create jobs for them have received serious attention. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the main purpose of investigating the impact of environmental factors on the entrepreneurial intention among agricultural students at Ilam University.

 In terms of paradigm, this research was quantitative, according to the applied purpose and in data collection and analysis was descriptive-correlation, which was done using structural equation modeling technique. The statistical population of this study included all fourth year undergraduate students of Ilam University (N=160), which using Cochran's formula, 100 of them by stratified random sampling with appropriate assignment (Based on field of study) were selected for the study. The main research tool was questionnaire که, the validity of which was confirmed by a panel of experts and convergent validity and its reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability. Data analysis was performed in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS21 and LISREL 8.80 software.

 The results showed that the status of entrepreneurial intention among agricultural students of Ilam University was moderate to high. The results showed that the variables of perceived desirability of entrepreneurship, social support, social norms and the entrepreneurship role model had a positive and significant relationship with the entrepreneurial intention of agricultural students. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the perceived desirability variable had the greatest effect (β= 0.82) directly and the social norms variable had the least effect (β = 0.06) indirectly. He had the entrepreneurial intention of the students.

 Based on the research findings, it can be said that environmental factors such as social support, social norms and entrepreneurial patterns have an important role in developing the entrepreneurial intention of agricultural students due to the perceived variability of entrepreneurial desirability; Therefore, according to these factors, it is possible to develop the intention and entrepreneurial behavior of students in the agricultural higher education system of the country.

Today, student cooperatives are considered as an approach to training and improving entrepreneurial competencies among students. Because identifying the barriers and problems of student cooperatives not only helps to develop these businesses now, but can also help to establish these cooperatives as easily as possible in the future. The present study was conducted with the aim of Phenomenology of students' experiences in the field of obstacles and problems of agricultural student cooperatives in the west of Iran. This research has been done using the qualitative method of phenomenology. In order to analyze the data, the Colaizzi's seven-step method was used. Participants in this study included students working in student cooperatives in the west of Iran. Samples were identified using purposive sampling method and virtual snowball, which was obtained by performing 11 data saturation interviews. Research data were collected through semi-structured telephone interviews. Verification, validity and transferability criteria were used to confirm the research data and findings. The results showed that the intra-organizational problems of students’ cooperatives include: physical and psychological discomfort, economic and financial problems, lack of knowledge and practical information and feelings of inattention to students. In addition, according to the research findings, the external problems of students’ cooperatives include: lack of university support for cooperatives, lack of support from relatives and environmental turmoil.

Despite the fact that student cooperatives are setup with the aim of promoting entrepreneurial competencies among students; however, due to not following the indigenous model, they have not been able to take appropriate action to promote entrepreneurial and business activities among students. In this way, the purpose of this study was to design a model for the extension of entrepreneurial activities in student’s cooperatives, for which the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory was used. The study participators consisted of all members of agricultural student cooperatives in the universities (Razi, Kurdistan, Bouali, Lorestan and Ilam universities) of the west of Iran. The studied samples were first selected purposefully and then theoretically. Theoretical saturation was obtained after 25 in-depth one-on-one interviews. In order to analyze the data, open, axial and selective coding was used. Findings showed that environmental support, social capital, psychological characteristics, human capital, economic motivations and role models as causal factors; Administrative bureaucracy, financial barriers, cultural barriers, structural barriers and environmental opportunities as underlying factors; and climate change, market fluctuations and environmental turbulence were identified as intervention factors that affect the extension of entrepreneurial activities in agricultural student cooperatives in the west of Iran. Strategies for promoting entrepreneurial activities in student cooperatives in the west of Iran included educational-extension, modeling, reducing administrative bureaucracy, support-motivation and financial facilities strategies, which ultimately resulted in entrepreneurial activities extension among agricultural students such as developing entrepreneurial competencies, development Social, agricultural development and economic development.

Considering the importance of student cooperatives as a suitable approach for developing entrepreneurial competencies and reducing unemployment of graduates of the Iran's higher education system, the present study was conducted to identifying the opportunities for student cooperatives startup at Ilam University. The present study was qualitative in terms of paradigm, applied according to the purpose, which was done by Delphi method. Delphi panel members included 68 faculty members, staff and students of Ilam University. After two rounds, 26 opportunities for student cooperatives startup at Ilam University were identified, which were divided into two categories: "Opportunities for agricultural student cooperatives startup" and "Opportunities for service student cooperatives startup" were categorized. According to the results, the most important opportunities for student agricultural cooperatives startup are "production, processing, packaging and sale of medicinal plants and spices", "growing fruits, vegetables", " Cultivation of flowers and ornamental and apartment plants ", " processing, packaging and distribution of dairy products from university farms "and " Production, packaging, distribution of honey (beekeeping) ". Also, the most important opportunities for student service cooperatives startup are "holding startup events, conferences, celebrations and various university ceremonies", "offering tourist tours with the aim of introducing recreational and historical places and Cultural of the region "," Providing services for translating and editing English, Arabic and Persian articles and dissertations "," Providing services related to the installation, commissioning and repair of computer programs and systems " and "providing services related to programming, web design and graphics, etc."

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of psychological empowerment dimensions on entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County. Statistical population consisted of all active women (15 to 65 years) in rural area of Marvdasht County, that using Bartlett et al.’s sampling table, 227 of them were selected as the sample using the multistage cluster sampling method (n=227). The main instrument in this study was standard questionnaire which its validity were confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was established by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed by SPSSwin26 and SmartPLSwin3 softwares in two parts of descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the status of entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County was at the moderate (3) Level. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the sense of competence, Meaning and impact had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County, while the effect of sense of self-determination on entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County was not confirmed. In addition, the results showed that the psychological empowerment dimensions were able to explain about 46% of the variance changes in entrepreneurial behavior among rural women in Marvdasht County. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of this study were discussed to help researchers and policy makers.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of economic freedom index on the cycle of entrepreneurial activities in Iran. This study was applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-correlation in data collection and analysis, which was performed by ARDL bounds method. For this purpose, data from the global entrepreneurship monitor and the Fraser institute from 2005 to 2017 were used. Data was analyzed using Eviews version9 software. The results showed that the indexes of economic freedom‎ (size of government, legal system and property rights, sound money, freedom to trade internationally and regulation) positively or negatively affect the cycle of entrepreneurial activities (nascent entrepreneurship, total early-stage entrepreneurial, new business ownership, established business ownership and discontinuation of businesses) in Iran. For example, the results showed that the size of government had a negative and significant effect on nascent entrepreneurship, total early-stage entrepreneurial, new business ownership and established business ownership and had a positive and significant effect on the discontinuation of businesses. Findings of this study have good theoretical and practical implications to help researchers and policy makers in the development of entrepreneurial activities.