omid sepehri rad

The relations between China and Iran as two ancient and influential civilizations in the region are very old and important. After the Mongol attacks and the formation of the Mongol Empire, Iran and China became a part of their territory and with the establishment of the Mongol Ilkhani dynasties in Iran, and Yuan in China, extensive political, commercial and cultural relations between them began, among which the cultural relations of the government are much wider and more impressive. The expansion of cultural relations between Iran and China under the shadow of the support and open policies of the rulers, rulers and encouragement of the ministers on the one hand, the movement of people, the migration of industrialists, artists and the presence of Muslims in the territory of the Mongols on the other hand, had an impact in the Ilkhanid era. had These effects are very important in the decorative arts and its developments. This article is based on the historical research method which is based on two descriptive and analytical characteristics and by relying on library sources and also by posing this question; How did the cultural relations between Iran and China take shape during the Ilkhanate era? What changes were made in the role of the decorative arts of the Ilkhanate era? To examine the evolution of the decorative arts of the Ilkhanate era with the influence of the cultural relations between Iran and China in the form of artistic roles and styles.

After centuries of Europe passing through the Renaissance and having a great situation and a golden age in all kinds of changes and modernization, Ottoman, who was located in the neighborhood of Europe and had many relations with it, hoped that the changes would also be done in his country, but this was done with It was accompanied by difficulties and its different culture and ideological government prevented major changes. In the Ottoman Empire, modernism was ignited with the Tulip era and entered a new phase with the settings of Sultan Abd al-Majid I. With a lot of ups and downs, the process of reform fell under the hands of the movement of young Turks and students who returned from Farang and gained momentum. The questions that are raised that where did modernism in Ottoman influence? And by which powerful movement was it achieved? We will delve into the answers to the main questions. We answer and follow these questions with assumptions indicating the influence from Europe and the "Young Turks Movement" brought about the process of modernization in Ottoman. The establishment of the parliament, the extinction of the sultans, and the cultural, social, educational, industrial, military, political changes, etc. can be considered as the consequences of this modernization.

The present article analyzes the grounds and achievements of teachers' protest rally in Baharestan Square in 1340 AH. The focus of this research is the subject of teachers' activities and their demand at this time. The main issue is why and how teachers union demands were mixed with current political issues? At first, the teachers had union demands, including an increase in their monthly salariesHowever, due to the global conditions and the domestic situation, political goals were added to their movement, and this made the teachers achieve their demands to some extent. This research shows that strikes, union organizations and cooperation with other social groups were among the main strategies of teachers to realize their demands.The research method of this historical article is qualitative, which has led to analysis by matching historical data and information. The method of editing and writing is descriptive-analytical. And it has been tried to use documents, newspaper content, and related books.

To investigate the historical background of Tamartash (Timurtash) clan as the origin and ducational environment of Abdul Hossein Khan Timurtash, one of the influential figures of the first Pahlavi era.

Research method/approach: 

This research was done with historical method and with descriptive-analytical method and using archival documents and library resources. Historical data has been extracted from various documentary sources, such as reconciliation letters, local manuscripts, and court documents. These data are used in terms of structure, function and content in order to describe and explain the background of the tribe "Timurtash, Demerdash, Tamertash" and the educational environment of "Abdul Hossein Timurtash".

The results of this research show that the original origin of the Tamratash clan was Shamat, which moved to the northern areas of Khorasan. Before Fath Ali Shah Qajar, there is very little information about this clan, and Abdul Hossein Khan's ancestors were rulers in Nardin village, on behalf of Bojnoord broker. due to Abdul Hossein Khan's early departure from his clan to study; The effects of Ili's education did not last in him, the European education became stable in him.

After Iran's defeat by Russia, new ideologies such as nationalism entered the sphere of politics and culture in Iran. The Qajar dynasty, due to internal and external problems, was unable to adapt itself to the new civilization. However, the Pahlavi government, which aimed to build a nation-state, promoted its nationalist ideologies through historiography and historians. One of these historians was Saeed Nafisi, whose works emphasized nationalism based on four main pillars: antiquity, anti-Arab sentiment, Aryanism, and individualism. The upcoming research intends to critically analyze Nafisi's works in order to gain a better understanding of the Pahlavi regime's efforts to legitimize and promote its own ideology

The intellectual class is one of the most influential groups in the political and social developments of Iranian society. In the Qajar period, despite many limitations, this group was able to play a significant role in the socio-political development of Iran in this period of history. The purpose of this research is to examine the role of intellectuals in the political and social developments of the Qajar era (with an approach to the actions of Abbas Mirza, Amir Kabir, Mirza Hossein Khan Sepahsalar and Amin al-Doleh). And the method of gathering information is to refer to library centers and archives of documents and newspapers. Researching the contemporary history of Iran and getting to know the personalities of different scenes and actors in different fields is closely related to the current society of Iran. The present study shows that the intellectuals introduced in this research tried to increase the awareness of different masses by taking advantage of the intellectual element in the events of Qajar period of Iran and were able to introduce themselves as one of the influential groups of the society.

Objectives The present study pursues two 1 to study the economic activity of Turkmen women in North Khorasan during the Qajar period and 2 to identify the economic status of Turkmen women in North Khorasan during the Qajar period. The Turkmen tribes of northern Khorasan, in the north and northwest of Bojnourd lived in areas such as Jirgalan, Maneh and Samolghan. Of these tribes (Teke, Yamut, and Goklan), the Goklans converted to monogamy and agriculture long before the rest of the Turkmen, but the rest gradually changed their way of life based on a number of requirements. Among the Turkmen tribes, the main activities of men were limited to war, hunting, recreation, and horse breeding, while activities related to home and livestock, along with activities such as carpet weaving, felt weaving, etc., were the responsibility of women, and men had no participation in They did not have these things. Turkmen carpets were one of the most important goods woven by Turkmen women with attractive and beautiful patterns and were sold for sale. The main question is: 1. What economic activities did Turkmen women carry out, and 2. What was their economic status among the Turkmen tribes?

One of the constant problems of societies is the mixing of facts and beliefs with superstitions and misunderstandings. Maybe beliefs that do not have a clear and correct support, but the passage of time has pushed it to the limit of a holy belief. These superstitions and false beliefs existed in the previous period as well, one of these periods is the Qajar period. In such a way that, along with the weakness of the health system and care facilities, some popular beliefs about health and hygiene were considered to be an inhibiting factor in people's health. Folk medicine is a mixture of superstitions and false beliefs and sometimes signs of traditional medicine. The arrival of modern medicine in Iran in the Qajar era can be considered the beginning of a new phase in the country's medical history. The findings of the research indicate that, in addition to the inhibition of popular beliefs on people's health, these beliefs became the general culture of the people in this period, which led to disorders such as the spread of infectious and dangerous diseases, lack of attention to health orders due to fatalism, The prevalence of determinism has led to the wastage of people's money due to the deception of charm sellers. It seems that the poverty and misery, the miserable life that most of the people of the Qajar era faced, the ignorance, the limitations and the neglect of women in the society and family life, etc., caused a deterioration in the beliefs and opinions of the people. enter and the tendency towards superstitions to get rid of the problems that plagued them will increase.

Falk medicine a mixture of superstition and false beliefs and sometimes signs of traditional medicine.that mostly deals with folk belifes and superstitions and has never been expressed in an experimental or philosophical school in a coherent way.the en counter of traditional Iranian medicinewith modern western methods caused extensive changes in its previous process. The dominant method of medicine in the society of the Qajar era was traditional medicin but this method of medicine with all its briliant historyin the past has been popularized mix with some superstitious beliefs There was a stagnation in the work of doctors and modern medicine surpassed traditional medicine due to the of culturaleducational and the penetration of the superiority of modern medicine.this reserch using a descriptive-analytical method and using documents and library sources aime to investigate the factors that created the basis for the presence of existence these doctors in the Iranian society during the Qajar era the place of folk beliefs in maintaining health as well as their treatment methods.ignorance poverty and misery the miserable life that most of the people of the Qajar era faced the restrictions and neglect of women in society and family life and polygamy and many other reasons caused the change in beliefs and opinions.the people will be harmed and the tendency towards superstitions will increase to get rid of the problems that plagued them.

 Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes. This disease was common throughout the Qajar era in the country. Malaria has been persistent in some areas and sometimes the spread of its malignant form led to mass deaths. The aim of this study is to investigate the causes of its prevalence in Iran at that time.

 This research is written in descriptive and analytical method. By referring to libraries and reviewing historical sources (especially travelogues and memoirs) data related to the spread of malaria in Qajarian Iran and common causes and treatment methods of this disease have been collected and noted and then sorted, analyzed and processed.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this research while referring to texts and sources, honesty and trustworthiness have been taken into consideration.

 The results of this study showed that malaria was widely distributed in the country and both nature and humans have played a role in its spread. Swampy areas and improper use of water were the main reasons for the spread of this disease, but people unknowingly considered factors such as bedbug bites and planting crops such as rice and dates to be effective in its emergence. They resorted to traditional methods of treatment to deal with the disease and benefited from the availability of quince.

 In the high prevalence of malaria in the country, both natural factors and human behaviors such as lifestyle and economic activities, especially agriculture has been effective. Health problems and lack of medical services had also made malaria the most common disease in Qajar Iran.

Among the events that happened at the end of the Qajar period in Astarabad province, the uprising of the Turkmens along with other residents of Astarabad province against the Russians in 1916. Was. During the World War, the Russians tried to hire Iranian youths on this side of the border by occupying the northern areas of Iran to send them to the war fronts. This caused the Turkmens to rise against the Russians. This article aims to investigate the reasons for the presence of Russians in the territory of Iran by using the historical research method, after the conclusion of the Akhal Agreement and the stabilization of the borders, and to analyze the reasons for the uprising of the Turkmens and the people of Astarabad against the Russians. The general purpose of this research is to investigate the causes and phenomena of this problem and how it happened and the goals of the Russian government on this side of the borders. The findings of the research indicate that the rebellion against the Russians had its roots in the colonial policies of that government based on the recruitment of Turkmen and other residents of Astarabad to be sent to the fronts of World War I, which was met with resistance by the Turkmen of Astarabad state. In the meantime, the central government of Iran was also passive and did not provide special support to its citizens against the Russians.

At present, it is possible to refer to the views and opinions of Akhundzadeh (1227-1295 AH) and Ibrahim Pourdawood (1264-1347 AH) in ancient Iran, and how to use culture and civilization in this period. Throughout history, the land of Iran has been sufficient, and it has never enjoyed the invasion of the Tazians, the head of the enemy, and its spectacular features. The right of intellectuals to make this invasion a tragedy is the best manifestation of the history of Iran, and you may also choose faith and belief. As a secular intellectual, Akhundzadeh seeks the real root of Iran's regression in the Qajar period. He called the attack of the Tazians and the role of Islam in the backwardness of the Iranian society about caring for their teachers at the cost of explaining the differences between the two in ancient Iran and the Islamic world. Adjust it. And the glory of ancient Iran, there is no scale pricing with the Islamic period. Purdavood Ta'alf Akhundzadeh, with the passage of time and the culture of ancient Iran, you translated Avesta into Persian. At present, it is possible to refer to the views and opinions of Akhundzadeh (1227-1295 AH) and Ibrahim Pourdawood (1264-1347 AH) in ancient Iran, and how to use culture and civilization in this period.

As regard to the document of knowledge of history, historical writings credits, in the first step, depends on the reliability of sources and how to use them. Thus, the bibliography of historical writings, especially local histories mainly written by feelings of patriotism, is necessary. The present research meanwhile, study information resources of author of History of Qom, also discussed about how he used them.
Reserch findings represents that author in addition to the common resources which are used by muslim historians, widely from documentary sources - though not paid for their independent identity from the source book - and also he has benefited from archaeological observations in their reports.
Qomi on the underlying court documents and report, he measured other news and reports on the basis of them. Qomi although not used the monuments and old buildings as a source of information , but in different positions he has pointed out to them in order to develop descriptions and complete the report.

Amir TeymourGourkani, the founder of Teymouriandynasty, ruled powerfully over most Asian countries from 771 to 807 in Islamic lunar calendar. He was the son of Amir Turgay and was brought up in a Turkish tribe called Berlas in “Turkestan” in former years. In his youth, he was given the responsibility of governing his own hometown and, after marrying the daughter of Kashqar’sruler,was given the name “gourkan” which means “groom” in the local language there. Following numerous conquests, he hit upon the idea of invading India and subsequently implemented his plans in 801. In the present study, firstly, the attack ofTeymour on India, India’s internal affairs, the reasons for the invasion, description of some significant wars, the conquest of Delhi, the approach to Indian people, the economic consequences, and Teymour’s efforts at the spread of Islam are analyzed. Afterwards, according to the information mentioned, the question of whether or not his attempts have had a positive effect on the spread of Islam in India, is raised and carefully studied. Based on the facts and data provided, we’ll try to have the answer brought to light.

One of the most important events in the course of Ilkhanid era was the Conversation of Sultan Ahmed Tequder in 681 AH and Sultan Mahmud Ghazan to Islam In the year AH. Conversation of Ilkhans to Islam has direct impact in legitimacy and Strengthening the power base and as well as formation, Development of Iranian culture. In most research on religion and Islamism took place in contemporary Iran reflecting comments of earlier Iranian historians to be seen. This researchers, As scientific research is worthy, have not paid attention to Ilkanid Opposing viewpoints resource, especially Arabic Research in the Mamluks territory and European Researchers. so have not research about the hidden and neglected angles of the Conversation of Ilkhanid Sultans. Considering the importance of acceptance of Islam by the the Mongols Rulers,the present article attempts according to available resources to examine Motives and causes of religious behavior in two of Ilkhans. and studied its effects on domestic and foreign relations in comparative study.

Defeat of Hulegu Khan at the battle of Ayn Jalut (658 AH / 1260 AD) cause to tend the Ilkhans and Christian Europe state to establish and expand diplomatic, military and economic relations. Before encountering Ilkhans to resistance of Mamluks at syria, not Mongols paid attention to the pop and European ststes envoys، nor Europeans confidence to the Mongols. Ayn Jalut defeated and failur of next invasions of Ilkhans to the syria and Access to power of mamluks in Egypt and syria and theirs effort to drive out Crusade from the coast of Palestin and attacks on Lesser Armenia، led to European states sought to attract friendship of Ilkhanate. Review of available resources shows، Conflict with a common enemy caused the Relationship between Ilkhans and pop and European stste.

To justify and legitimize their power the muselem monarchy paid special atteintion to Islamic Rituals inclueling Haj cermoney. They normally appointed the Amir Al-Haj and try to secur the roads for plegramigos carvan. Invasion of Iran and muslem territories by Mongols and the collapse of Kharazmshahy and Abassid caliphate caused rise of Ilkhand dynasty over those Islamic territories. Taking into account that Ilkhanids were not faithfull to Islam, accordingly if was expected that they do not follow the previous policy in supportiy Haj cermoney, but in contrast they did and entered in a competition with Mamalik of Egypt in this regard. However invation of Iran by Mongols at first stage change the situation for while, but soon after the establishment of Ilkhands dynasty and they by help Iranian bureaucrats the Haj cermony was supported by Ilkhanids and they showed more tolerance toward Islamic rituals. In this paper it has tried to examine the Haj cermoney during the Ilkhanids and illustrate that why supported such kind of rituals in this period.

One of the most interesting aspects of the studing about the Ilkhan government is to investigate about political changes in the western boarder of Iran. This boarder was the most inflamed one among the Ilkhani boarders. In this side Ilkhans had a close contact with the various outhorities especially the authorized government of Egypt navy territories. The withstanding of the territories against developing measures of Ilkhan in Sham caused the appearance of hostil relations between them and the territories and the formation of the two antagonist political-martial unions and ouccurance of a series of coalition fights under the leadership of the territories and Ilkhans in accompany with their alliances. One of the most important centers of authority in this boarder were Ale-Fazl Arab tribes which were settled between Sham and Iraq. One of the changes of these eras which the researchers neglected it or not paied much attention to it was the action of the Ale-Fazl Arabs living in the wilderness and their role and portion in the conflicts of Ilkhans with the territories in Sham country. This research is to evaluate the quality of the complicated and full of up and downs relations of Ilkhans and Arab princes through the 4 phases and has the intention to answer this question that what the role of Arab tribes was in the appearance and the continuance of the extensive conflicts of Ilkhans and territories. This research will show that the Arab princes took up the opposite positions in these conflicts.

After entering the Aghooz Turks to Iran and establishment of the Seljuk dynasty by Togrol Big in 431 (Hegira), the next crucial issue was the proceedure of stabilization of the bases of authority and having the historical and political acceptability and legality. Seljuk Bigs, after the battle (Dandanghon) first under the flag of supporting the Islam and Abbasi succession and also giving the title, flag and charter, tried to give a legal nature to their rule. Then by attaining the position by an athorized and thoughtfull minister such as khaje Nezamol molk, vast endeavour was done in order to estadlize the bases of the new established Seljuk system. In this regard with the gauidance and leading of the Iranian court authorities, the Seljuk monarchs had recourse to spiritual pretexts such as desenting to Afrasiab mythical family and doing political marriges with domestic governours and Abbasi succession and adopting specific religious policy. The basic pivot of this text is to study some instances of these pretexts.